nutrition exam 1
Estimated average requirement (EAR)
-amount of a nutrient that should meet needs of 50% of the healthy population
Crohn's disease can cause inflammation of _______.
-any part of the GI tract
Essential nutrients
-body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs -must be supplied by food -examples= certain amino acids and linoleic and linolenic acids (fatty acids)
Teeth
-break food into smaller pieces
Digestion
-breaking down large food molecules into nutrients the body can use
Nutrients that provide energy (calories)
-carbohydrates -protein -fat (lipids) -water -minerals -vitamins
Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n)
-condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.
6. Nutrition is a dynamic science
-constantly changing 1. Humans 2. Food choices 3. Environment 4. Knowledge
Which of the following is not a common sign or symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
-constipation
What are some factors that influence our food choices
-convince -cost -cultural influences -accessibility -appearance and smell of food -texture -occupation
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
-developed by food and nutrition board -set of energy and nutrient intake standards -used for planning and assessing diets
4. Foods and the nutrients they contain are not cure alls
-diet is the only aspect that influences a persons health -ex= scurvy and heart disease
3. Food is the best source of nutrients
-dietary supplements= contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or plant product, amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet (FDA does not regulate) -"more is not always better" -for each nutrient there is a safe range
Dairy foods= make fat free or low fat choices
-fat free or low fat milk (cow, soy, almond) -low fat cheese -Greek yogurt Dairy food equivalents -one cup milk -one cup yogurt -1.5 oz natural cheese -1.3 cup shredded cheese -2 oz processed cheese
Tolerable upper intake level (UL)
-how much is too much -higher average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed on a daily basis
Choosing whole grains
-intact, ground, or flaked seeds of cereal grains -more fiber and micronutrients
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and
-learning stress management strategies.
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and
-learning ways to manage stress effectively.
Ingredient list
-listed in descending order of predominance by weight
Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness.
-lose weight rapidly
5. Malnutrition includes over nutrition as well as under nutrition
-malnutrition (MAL= bad) -bod is improperly nourished
Empty calorie foods
-may be added in moderation after a person consumes recommended amounts of food from all other food groups
***Food group plan= draw on exam
-more veggies and grain than fruits and protein -my plate is the most accurate food plan
1. Most foods are mixtures of nutrients
-nutrient dense= supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total kcals -energy density= amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food
Conditionally essential nutrients
-nutrients that are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions -serious illness -examples=certain amino acids in those with kidney or liver disease and tyrosine in those with PKU
Calorie labeling at restaurants
-patient protection and affordable care act of 2010 -if 20 more locations, calorie information listed for standard menu items -other nutrition information available to consumers (online)
DRIs include
-recommended dietary allowance (RDA) -adequate intake (AI) -tolerable upper intake level (UL)
Health claims
-regulated by FDA -specific world if -cannot diagnose, mitigate, or rest disease
Recommended dietary awareness
-represents a persons nutrient intake goal -meets the need of nearly all (97-98%) of healthy individuals in a life stage/gender group
Adequate intake (AI)
-same concept as RDA -used when not enough information is available to determine human requirements -"best guess" Ex= vitamin K and sodium
Salivary glands
-secrete saliva (4-6 cups a day) -water: 99% -mucus -lysozyme (antibacterial) -salivary amylase starch -lingual lipase (infants only)
Heart disease rates
-south has higher death rates -Florida is an exception because of money
Daily values (DV)
-standards developed for labeling purposes -adult DVs based on a 2000 kcal diet
Tongue
-taste buds -initiates swallowing reflex
What are the causes of diarrhea?
-the GI tract absorbs less water than normal -more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract
What we eat in North America
-too much: red meat, candy, cheese, sugary drinks, refined grains -too little: fruits, veggies, fish, whole grains, low fat dairy
Effective marketing
-toys in meals and boxes -coke with words/names on it -big words she bright colors
Kilocalorie (kcal)
-unit of energy -heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1L of water by 1 degree Celsius -kcal=smaller to make calories measurable
Absorption
-uptake and removal of nutrients from the GIT and into blood or lymphatic vessels
2. Variety, moderation, and balance can help insure a diets nutritional adequacy
-variety= eat foods from each food group -moderation= eat reasonable amounts of each food -balance= eat and appropriate number of calories and engage in regular physical activity
the two major components of the digestive system are
1. Accessory organs 2. GI tract
Organic labeling terms -produced without he use of:
1. Antibiotics 2. Hormones 3. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides 4. Genetic improvements 5. Lonizing radiation
Fruits -variety and no more that 1/3 as fruit juice
1. Apples 2. Blueberries 3. Oranges 4. Dried fruit Equivalents -1 small apple -8 large strawberries -1 cup sliced melon -1 cup applesauce -5 cups of dried fruit
utrition education and labeling act of 1990 -packaged food must state the following=
1. Common name of the product 2. Name and address of manufacturer, packer, and 3. distributed Net contents in terms of weight measure or count 4. Nutrient contents of the product for food allergies
Vegetables -variety from all live subgroups several times a week
1. Dark green 2. Orange and deep yellow 3. Legumes 4. Starchy 5. Other Equivalents -1 cup raw or cooked veggies -1 cup veggie juice -2 cup leafy greens -1 large sweet potatoes
Protein foods -make Lena or low fat choices
1. Fins 2. Legumes 3. Eggs 4. Lean meat 5. Nuts 6. Seeds Protein food equivalents -1 oz cooked lean pork, ham, poultry, fish -1 egg -1 tbsp peanut butter -0.5 of nuts -0.5 cup of cooked beans -2 tbsp hummus
Major food groups
1. Grains 2. Dairy foods 3. Protein foods 4. Fruits 5. Vegetables 6. Oils 7. Empty calorie foods and beverages
Does you diet matter- yes
1. Heart disease is the leading death for men and women 2. Cancer 3. Chronic lower respiratory infections 4. Accidents 5. Stroke 6. Alzheimer's 7. Diabetes 8. Influence and pneumonia 9. Kidney disease 10. Suicide
Primary
1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Colon 8. Rectum 9. Anus
Oils -Select from healthy food sources
1. Olive oil 2. Canola oil 3. Fatty fish 4. Nuts 5. Avocado Equivalents -1 tbsp oil -2 tbsp salad dressing -4 large olives -0.5 medium avocado -2 tbsp peanut butter -1 oz nuts
Taste buds 5 basic tastes:
1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Bitter 4. Salty 5. Umami • They are located under the tongue and on the tip
The 5 primary tastes are
1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami
accessory
1. Teeth 2. Tongue 3. Salivary glands 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Pancreas
States with highest rates of obesity
1. West Virginia 2. Iowa 3. Alabama 4. Mississippi 5. Arkansas 6. Oklahoma -similar with poverty rates
-water accounts for about _____ of a pets body weight
70%
***fat protein carbs
9 grams of fat 4 grams of fat 4 grams of fat
mastication
A physics activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is
Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?
H. pylori
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract?
IBD
Macro vs micro nutrients
MACRO= body requires large amounts
How much of a nutrient should you be consuming daily?
Nutrient needs based on= age, gender, and in females, pregnant or lactating
Love microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good healthy for their humans hosts
Probiotics
Elements in nutrients
Water Carbohydrates Fat Protein Vitamins Minerals 1. carbon has all but minerals 2. oxygen has all but minerals 3. hydrogen has all but minerals 4. nitrogen has protein and some vitamins 5. minerals only have minerals
The extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it is termed
bioavailability
duodenum
biocarbonate (an alkaine fluid) is secreted here jejunum- absorption of nutrients occurs in the upprt part ileum- minimal absorption occurs here
from the mouth ___ enters the pharynx
bolus
Macronutrients
carbohydrate, protein, fat
Complex
carbohydrates have three or more monosaccharides bonded together
The liver uses _____ to make bile
cholesterol
dietary supplements
contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or plant product, amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet (FDA does not regulate
Organic
contains carbon
peptic ulcer
deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating a symptoms of
Vitamins and minerals...
do not add calories to the diet
Inorganic
does not contain carbon (minerals and water)
balance
eat and appropriate number of calories and engage in regular physical activity
variety
eat foods from each food group
moderation
eat reasonable amounts of each food
Large intestine
elimination of waste products
The main function of bile is to _____ thus assisting in fat digestion
emulsify fat
The major monosaccharide found in the body is
glucose
Swollen veins in the anal canal are called
hemorrhoids
OPTIMAL
how much is needed for disease prevention and optimal health. Not to just prevent a deficiency Ex= vitamin C
Nutrients
life sustaining substances in foods
Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ___ and in the ___
liver and muscles
Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she
lose excess body fat
Small intestine
major site of chemical digestion and absorption
Stomach
muscular sac that can hold up to four cups of food
-Difference between us my plate and Canada as well Harvard
no dairy
Organic vs inorganic nutrients
organic and inorganic
Live microorganisms that help feed friendly bacteria in the large intestine are known as
prebiotics
Salivary glands
produce and secrete salivary amylase
Pancreas
produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes
Nutrient content claims
reduced sugars- 25% less sugar than original fat free- less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving high fiber- more than 5 grams of fiber per serving (must also be low fat)
Gallbladder
release bile into the duodenum
The movement of a nutrient form higher concentration to where it is less concentrated is
simple diffusion
Absorption begins in the
small intestine
nutrient dense
supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total kcals
defining a serving
today- 1 muffin= 2-3 servings 1885- 1 muffin= 1 serving
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
***leading deaths in America due to poor diet
- heart disease - cancer - storke - alzheimers -diabetes -kidney disease
The truth about food marketing
-$1.8 billion spent per year on marketing aimed at children and teens
Why are food labels important to consumers ?
-54% of Americans report that they read food labels often
Which of the following is/are often a treatment for IBD?
-Avoiding trigger foods -Medications -Surgery
________ are small pouches that form in the inner lining of the large intestine. In some cases, the presence of these pouches may lead to inflammation, infection, and rectal bleeding.
-Diverticula
Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false?
-Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production. -located in the small intestine
Grains -at least one half of grain selections WHOLE grains
-WG pasta -WG bread -WG cereal Grain food equivalents -one slice of bread -one small tortilla -one cup ready to eat cereal -half cup of cooked rice, pasta, or cereal -five small whole wheat crackers
How can you use DVs?
-am I eating a little or a lot of nutrient ? -compare similar products
Differences between male and female
62 Water 57 18 Fat 25 16 Protein 13 6 Minerals 5 1 Carbohydrates 1
*** ____ of American adults are over weight or obese
70%
Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk and sugar lactose?
Glucose and galactose
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract
Primary and Accessory
The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called
ageusia
energy density
amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of
amylase
ulcerative colitis
an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and the rectum
Mouth
begins the chemical digestion of starch
Hypoglycemia is the sign that occurs when blood glucose levels are too low to provide enough
energy for the cells
omega 3 fatty acids
fish and nuts
Liver
produce and secrete bile
healthy people 2020
reduce portion of obese adults
Esophagus
transfer of food from mouth to stomach
hemorrhoids
Chronic constipation and straining bowel movement play a role in the development of