nutrition exam 1

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

-amount of a nutrient that should meet needs of 50% of the healthy population

Crohn's disease can cause inflammation of _______.

-any part of the GI tract

Essential nutrients

-body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs -must be supplied by food -examples= certain amino acids and linoleic and linolenic acids (fatty acids)

Teeth

-break food into smaller pieces

Digestion

-breaking down large food molecules into nutrients the body can use

Nutrients that provide energy (calories)

-carbohydrates -protein -fat (lipids) -water -minerals -vitamins

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n)

-condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.

6. Nutrition is a dynamic science

-constantly changing 1. Humans 2. Food choices 3. Environment 4. Knowledge

Which of the following is not a common sign or symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

-constipation

What are some factors that influence our food choices

-convince -cost -cultural influences -accessibility -appearance and smell of food -texture -occupation

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

-developed by food and nutrition board -set of energy and nutrient intake standards -used for planning and assessing diets

4. Foods and the nutrients they contain are not cure alls

-diet is the only aspect that influences a persons health -ex= scurvy and heart disease

3. Food is the best source of nutrients

-dietary supplements= contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or plant product, amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet (FDA does not regulate) -"more is not always better" -for each nutrient there is a safe range

Dairy foods= make fat free or low fat choices

-fat free or low fat milk (cow, soy, almond) -low fat cheese -Greek yogurt Dairy food equivalents -one cup milk -one cup yogurt -1.5 oz natural cheese -1.3 cup shredded cheese -2 oz processed cheese

Tolerable upper intake level (UL)

-how much is too much -higher average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed on a daily basis

Choosing whole grains

-intact, ground, or flaked seeds of cereal grains -more fiber and micronutrients

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome often includes making dietary changes and

-learning stress management strategies.

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and

-learning ways to manage stress effectively.

Ingredient list

-listed in descending order of predominance by weight

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness.

-lose weight rapidly

5. Malnutrition includes over nutrition as well as under nutrition

-malnutrition (MAL= bad) -bod is improperly nourished

Empty calorie foods

-may be added in moderation after a person consumes recommended amounts of food from all other food groups

***Food group plan= draw on exam

-more veggies and grain than fruits and protein -my plate is the most accurate food plan

1. Most foods are mixtures of nutrients

-nutrient dense= supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total kcals -energy density= amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food

Conditionally essential nutrients

-nutrients that are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions -serious illness -examples=certain amino acids in those with kidney or liver disease and tyrosine in those with PKU

Calorie labeling at restaurants

-patient protection and affordable care act of 2010 -if 20 more locations, calorie information listed for standard menu items -other nutrition information available to consumers (online)

DRIs include

-recommended dietary allowance (RDA) -adequate intake (AI) -tolerable upper intake level (UL)

Health claims

-regulated by FDA -specific world if -cannot diagnose, mitigate, or rest disease

Recommended dietary awareness

-represents a persons nutrient intake goal -meets the need of nearly all (97-98%) of healthy individuals in a life stage/gender group

Adequate intake (AI)

-same concept as RDA -used when not enough information is available to determine human requirements -"best guess" Ex= vitamin K and sodium

Salivary glands

-secrete saliva (4-6 cups a day) -water: 99% -mucus -lysozyme (antibacterial) -salivary amylase starch -lingual lipase (infants only)

Heart disease rates

-south has higher death rates -Florida is an exception because of money

Daily values (DV)

-standards developed for labeling purposes -adult DVs based on a 2000 kcal diet

Tongue

-taste buds -initiates swallowing reflex

What are the causes of diarrhea?

-the GI tract absorbs less water than normal -more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract

What we eat in North America

-too much: red meat, candy, cheese, sugary drinks, refined grains -too little: fruits, veggies, fish, whole grains, low fat dairy

Effective marketing

-toys in meals and boxes -coke with words/names on it -big words she bright colors

Kilocalorie (kcal)

-unit of energy -heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1L of water by 1 degree Celsius -kcal=smaller to make calories measurable

Absorption

-uptake and removal of nutrients from the GIT and into blood or lymphatic vessels

2. Variety, moderation, and balance can help insure a diets nutritional adequacy

-variety= eat foods from each food group -moderation= eat reasonable amounts of each food -balance= eat and appropriate number of calories and engage in regular physical activity

the two major components of the digestive system are

1. Accessory organs 2. GI tract

Organic labeling terms -produced without he use of:

1. Antibiotics 2. Hormones 3. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides 4. Genetic improvements 5. Lonizing radiation

Fruits -variety and no more that 1/3 as fruit juice

1. Apples 2. Blueberries 3. Oranges 4. Dried fruit Equivalents -1 small apple -8 large strawberries -1 cup sliced melon -1 cup applesauce -5 cups of dried fruit

utrition education and labeling act of 1990 -packaged food must state the following=

1. Common name of the product 2. Name and address of manufacturer, packer, and 3. distributed Net contents in terms of weight measure or count 4. Nutrient contents of the product for food allergies

Vegetables -variety from all live subgroups several times a week

1. Dark green 2. Orange and deep yellow 3. Legumes 4. Starchy 5. Other Equivalents -1 cup raw or cooked veggies -1 cup veggie juice -2 cup leafy greens -1 large sweet potatoes

Protein foods -make Lena or low fat choices

1. Fins 2. Legumes 3. Eggs 4. Lean meat 5. Nuts 6. Seeds Protein food equivalents -1 oz cooked lean pork, ham, poultry, fish -1 egg -1 tbsp peanut butter -0.5 of nuts -0.5 cup of cooked beans -2 tbsp hummus

Major food groups

1. Grains 2. Dairy foods 3. Protein foods 4. Fruits 5. Vegetables 6. Oils 7. Empty calorie foods and beverages

Does you diet matter- yes

1. Heart disease is the leading death for men and women 2. Cancer 3. Chronic lower respiratory infections 4. Accidents 5. Stroke 6. Alzheimer's 7. Diabetes 8. Influence and pneumonia 9. Kidney disease 10. Suicide

Primary

1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Colon 8. Rectum 9. Anus

Oils -Select from healthy food sources

1. Olive oil 2. Canola oil 3. Fatty fish 4. Nuts 5. Avocado Equivalents -1 tbsp oil -2 tbsp salad dressing -4 large olives -0.5 medium avocado -2 tbsp peanut butter -1 oz nuts

Taste buds 5 basic tastes:

1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Bitter 4. Salty 5. Umami • They are located under the tongue and on the tip

The 5 primary tastes are

1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami

accessory

1. Teeth 2. Tongue 3. Salivary glands 4. Liver 5. Gallbladder 6. Pancreas

States with highest rates of obesity

1. West Virginia 2. Iowa 3. Alabama 4. Mississippi 5. Arkansas 6. Oklahoma -similar with poverty rates

-water accounts for about _____ of a pets body weight

70%

***fat protein carbs

9 grams of fat 4 grams of fat 4 grams of fat

mastication

A physics activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract?

IBD

Macro vs micro nutrients

MACRO= body requires large amounts

How much of a nutrient should you be consuming daily?

Nutrient needs based on= age, gender, and in females, pregnant or lactating

Love microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good healthy for their humans hosts

Probiotics

Elements in nutrients

Water Carbohydrates Fat Protein Vitamins Minerals 1. carbon has all but minerals 2. oxygen has all but minerals 3. hydrogen has all but minerals 4. nitrogen has protein and some vitamins 5. minerals only have minerals

The extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it is termed

bioavailability

duodenum

biocarbonate (an alkaine fluid) is secreted here jejunum- absorption of nutrients occurs in the upprt part ileum- minimal absorption occurs here

from the mouth ___ enters the pharynx

bolus

Macronutrients

carbohydrate, protein, fat

Complex

carbohydrates have three or more monosaccharides bonded together

The liver uses _____ to make bile

cholesterol

dietary supplements

contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or plant product, amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet (FDA does not regulate

Organic

contains carbon

peptic ulcer

deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating a symptoms of

Vitamins and minerals...

do not add calories to the diet

Inorganic

does not contain carbon (minerals and water)

balance

eat and appropriate number of calories and engage in regular physical activity

variety

eat foods from each food group

moderation

eat reasonable amounts of each food

Large intestine

elimination of waste products

The main function of bile is to _____ thus assisting in fat digestion

emulsify fat

The major monosaccharide found in the body is

glucose

Swollen veins in the anal canal are called

hemorrhoids

OPTIMAL

how much is needed for disease prevention and optimal health. Not to just prevent a deficiency Ex= vitamin C

Nutrients

life sustaining substances in foods

Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ___ and in the ___

liver and muscles

Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she

lose excess body fat

Small intestine

major site of chemical digestion and absorption

Stomach

muscular sac that can hold up to four cups of food

-Difference between us my plate and Canada as well Harvard

no dairy

Organic vs inorganic nutrients

organic and inorganic

Live microorganisms that help feed friendly bacteria in the large intestine are known as

prebiotics

Salivary glands

produce and secrete salivary amylase

Pancreas

produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes

Nutrient content claims

reduced sugars- 25% less sugar than original fat free- less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving high fiber- more than 5 grams of fiber per serving (must also be low fat)

Gallbladder

release bile into the duodenum

The movement of a nutrient form higher concentration to where it is less concentrated is

simple diffusion

Absorption begins in the

small intestine

nutrient dense

supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total kcals

defining a serving

today- 1 muffin= 2-3 servings 1885- 1 muffin= 1 serving

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

***leading deaths in America due to poor diet

- heart disease - cancer - storke - alzheimers -diabetes -kidney disease

The truth about food marketing

-$1.8 billion spent per year on marketing aimed at children and teens

Why are food labels important to consumers ?

-54% of Americans report that they read food labels often

Which of the following is/are often a treatment for IBD?

-Avoiding trigger foods -Medications -Surgery

________ are small pouches that form in the inner lining of the large intestine. In some cases, the presence of these pouches may lead to inflammation, infection, and rectal bleeding.

-Diverticula

Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false?

-Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production. -located in the small intestine

Grains -at least one half of grain selections WHOLE grains

-WG pasta -WG bread -WG cereal Grain food equivalents -one slice of bread -one small tortilla -one cup ready to eat cereal -half cup of cooked rice, pasta, or cereal -five small whole wheat crackers

How can you use DVs?

-am I eating a little or a lot of nutrient ? -compare similar products

Differences between male and female

62 Water 57 18 Fat 25 16 Protein 13 6 Minerals 5 1 Carbohydrates 1

*** ____ of American adults are over weight or obese

70%

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk and sugar lactose?

Glucose and galactose

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract

Primary and Accessory

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called

ageusia

energy density

amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of

amylase

ulcerative colitis

an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and the rectum

Mouth

begins the chemical digestion of starch

Hypoglycemia is the sign that occurs when blood glucose levels are too low to provide enough

energy for the cells

omega 3 fatty acids

fish and nuts

Liver

produce and secrete bile

healthy people 2020

reduce portion of obese adults

Esophagus

transfer of food from mouth to stomach

hemorrhoids

Chronic constipation and straining bowel movement play a role in the development of