Nutrition Exam 1 Review

Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on identifying the nutrients found in foods and beverages and...

their actions within the body

What is the storage form of fat in adipose tissue?

triglycerides

A diet high in added sugars is considered 'unhealthy' because foods/beverages that contain added sugar are generally nutrient-poor but energy-dense, and therefore they displace the consumption of nutrient-dense foods.

true

Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable (i.e. yummy) foods over-ride (i.e., over-power) our homeostatic satiety signals and stimulate reward-driven eating behavior.

true

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) provide food/beverage -based recommendations to support health.

true

Application: Anna wants to 'optimize' her protein intake. Based on what she learned in class, she wants to consume 1.2 grams of protein per kg of body weight per day. In doing the calculations (given that she weighs 68 kg), she wants to consume 82 grams of protein each day - split up over 3 meals of ~27 g protein/meal. Anna's daily energy intake is 2400 kcal/d. Based on this information, approximately 31% of Anna's daily energy is coming from protein which is within the AMDR for protein.

within

Which type of fatty acids have double bonded Carbons (and thus have fewer Hydrogens on their chemical backbone), and therefore help to reduce the risk of chronic disease?

unsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following structures/cells contributes to the efficiency of the small intestine and allows for absorption of almost all macronutrients?

villi

Which of the following substances are organic (select 2?)

vitamin A and lipids

Which of the following is an example of a health claim on a nutrition label?

"A diet low in total fat may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease."

What are the recommended dietary strategies for individuals with lactose intolerance? (Select 2)

Gradually increase milk intake & consume it with other foods, consume yogurt or lactose-free milk

Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from cells and carries them to the liver to be recycled or disposed, and therefore is beneficial for health (i.e., "protective" against chronic disease risk)?

HDL

Allows food to enter into the stomach & keeps gastric juices & chyme from going back into the esophagus (i.e., prevents GERD)

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Maya, an 18 year old female college freshman, understands the importance of calcium in her diet for strong bones and overall health and well-being. As such, she has milk at nearly every meal and snacks on yogurt frequently. Given that she consumes so much dairy, she was curious what her calcium intake was. So, after collecting 3-days' worth of diet information, she discovered that her average intake of calcium is 1,500 mg per day. Is Maya meeting the DRIs; why/why not (select the most accurate statement)?

Maya is meeting the DRIs because she is above the RDA & below the UL

What type of digestion uses the various secretions of the GI tract to break down foods?

Mechanical

Which of the following principles are important in establishing a healthy dietary pattern? (select 4)

Moderation is key when eating energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, Choose a variety of foods to consume within each food group, Try to get your nutrients from foods, not supplements, Pay attention to portion sizes and choose smaller sizes

Begins digestion via mastication

Mouth

Since 2009, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?

Stayed Relatively the Same and has not Improved

Which of the following are NOT considered one of the recommended 'healthy' food groups to consume (select 2)?

Sugar-sweetened Beverages, Alcohol

_________ is the process of breaking food down into smaller molecules, whereas ________ is the process in which the smaller molecules are transported out of the GI tract and into the blood stream or lymph (for use by the body)

Digestion, Absorption

Which statement is true of dietary protein amounts?

Eating more than the RDA, between 1.2-1.6 grams of protein/kg body weight/day, is 'optimal' for several health benefits for the majority of Americans

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the actions of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?

FFAs can be directly converted to glucose when needed

Malnutrition ONLY refers to the inadequacy/deficiency in energy and/or nutrients.

False

Nutrition recommendations are often developed from the findings of a single study.

False

APPLICATION: Kylie, a student in NTR306, wanted to increase her protein intake based on the health benefits discussed this past week. There are many different protein sources to choose from and important factors to take into consideration - like protein and fat quantity and quality, taste, calories, processing, etc. Taking all of this into consideration, which protein-rich sources below are NOT recommended as part of a healthy diet? (select 4)

Fast-food Hamburger (fatty red meat), Collagen Protein (powder), Deli Ham (processed meat), Fried Chicken (fatty poultry)

Allows chyme to enter into the large intestine & prevents it from going back into the small intestine

Ileocecal Valve

A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 75 g of protein/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?

It's within the AMDR

What organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients after they pass through the GI tract, and then prepares those nutrients for use in the body? (It also has numerous other jobs including filtering and detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile, etc.)

Liver

Which of the following statements are true about polyunsaturated fats? (Select 3)

Lowers LDL blood cholesterol, Liquid at room temperature, Spoils easily

If Connor chooses the right breakfast, what hormone will be secreted to make him feel full?

PYY

Which fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, have the greatest improvements on heart health, and are involved with structure and function of cells in the eyes and brain? (Select the best option)

Polyunsaturated, Omega-3 fatty acids

Allows chyme to enter into the small intestine & opens/closes depending on the pH (acidity) levels

Pyloric Sphincter

The ______ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that is needed to meet the nutrient needs of 98% of healthy people.

RDA

provide an acidic or basic environment to optimize digestion

chemicals

Which of the following lists dietary fats is descending order of saturated fat content (from highest amount of saturated fat to lowest)?

coconut oil, butter, olive oil, canola oil

Protein quality is based on what 2 factors? (select 2).

digestibility, amino acid composition (focusing on the amount of essential amino acids)

break down foods into smaller molecules through hydrolysis

enzymes

Tube transporting food (bolus) into the stomach

esophagus

All cholesterol, including dietary (from foods) and internally-made, is detrimental to health.

false

Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.

false

Lipids get packaged into micelles and are transported directly into the blood stream to be used for energy by the body.

false

The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.

false

The increased protein content of dairy and red meat is the main dietary factor that contributes to the health risks associated with these foods.

false

The lymphatic system is the only system that transports nutrients from the small intestine to various parts of the body.

false

What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?

fiber

When blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes _______ to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use. However, when blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes _______ to promote glucose update into the cells.

glucagon, insulin

Which specific carbohydrate has the following characteristics: 1) Most abundant monosaccharide in nature 2) Sometimes called blood sugar 3) Sometimes called dextrose (when manufactured) 4) Found in every polysaccharide and disaccharide

glucose

Triglycerides are made up of: (Select 2)

glycerol "backbone", 3 fatty acids

What is the most common sign of malnutrition due to protein deficiency?

growth stunning

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are based on and apply to:

healthy populations

Which of the blood lipids increases the risk of heart disease? (select 2)

high blood LDL cholesterol, high blood triglycerides

signals to the gallbladder to release bile

hormones

Primary site of water absorption

large intestine

_______ get absorbed from the small intestine to be transported into the blood stream, whereas ______ move into the large intestine to be fermented by the gut bacteria.

monosaccharides, non-digestible (soluble) fiber

Primary site of absorption of macronutrients

small intestine

Where does most of lipid digestion occur?

small intestine

Where does protein digestion occur (select 2)?

small intestine, stomach

Which of the following are considered to be polysaccharides? (Select 3)

starch, fiber, glycogen

What are the 3 types of lipids? (Select 3)

sterols, triglycerides, phospholipids

Main temporary food storage area that converts food to a semi-liquid chyme

stomach

What is the best thing for Connor to eat in the morning based on his desire to find something that will help with appetite control & satiety?

sugar-rich energy bar

Nonessential amino acids are those which:

the body needs but can synthesize

Where are amino acids stored in the body (to use when needed)?

They are not stored anywhere; we have a limited 'pool' of amino acids to use each day

An experimental study examines the cause and effect of an intervention on a specific outcome.

True

The _____ is the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people, and beyond this maximum amount might be toxic.

UL

Protein has only 1 role in the body and that is to build skeletal muscle.

false

What is the storage form of energy in the body?

starch

What is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + fructose?

table sugar

Nutrition recommendations continue to change. Why does this occur?

As new scientific evidence is reviewed, the recommendations are changed to reflect these updates.

The AMDR for fat is between

20-35% of total energy

The recommended fiber intake in adult women ages 19-50 years is _____ g/day, and the recommended fiber intake in adult men ages 19-50 years is ____ g/day.

25, 38

APPLICATION: You and your roommate stopped at a convenience store before heading off to class. Your roommate purchased a bag of cookies and began eating them. Given your newly found interest and knowledge in nutrition, you were curious about the servings and the nutrition content since this was labeled as a 'Big Bag.' By the time you were able to grab the bag, your roommate had eaten the entire thing! Based on this information, how many kilocalories did your roommate consume?

420 kcals

What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?

50%

How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?

9 kcals

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming what percent of daily intake from saturated fats?

<10%

Controls the collection & excretion of stool

Anal sphincters

The hormone, ______ , is secreted by the duodenum when fat & protein-rich chyme enters the duodenum (of the small intestine). When this occurs, the _______ is stimulated to release bile which begins to break down fat. In addition, bile also acts back on the duodenum cells to _______ CCK secretion. This entire process is called a _______.

CCK, Gall Bladder, decrease, negative feedback loop

Senses food and allows it to pass down the esophagus

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?

active transport

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern should limit saturated fats, sodium, alcohol, and what else?

added sugars

Which of the following provides carbohydrates in the diet?

all of these foods are sources of carbohydrate

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Which protein sources generally have the highest protein quality?

animal sources

Which of the following is a component of pancreatic juice?

bicarbonate (to increase pH)

What molecule helps to breakdown large fat globules into smaller droplets AND helps regulate cholesterol concentrations in the blood?

bile

What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?

brain

Which of the following is not composed primarily of protein?

brain tissue

Increased protein consumption has been shown to have which of the following health effects? (select 3)

build muscle, improve weight management, increase strength and performance

Which of the following locations does enzymatic (chemical) digestion of carbohydrates take place? (Select 2)

mouth, small intestine

protect the cells of the GI tract

mucus

Compared to carbohydrates and lipids, which element is unique to protein-containing molecules?

nitrogen

APPLICATION: Since the DGAs limit the amount of added sugar intake to <10% of daily calories, which of the following 'sugar-rich' foods should be reduced and/or eliminated from the diet in order to meet these recommendations?

none of these

Through condensation reactions, many amino acids are bound together to form what?

polypeptide

If you have a fasting blood glucose of 115 mg/dL, what clinical range are you in?

prediabetes

When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select 2)

protein gets broken down to form glucose, fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel)

Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?

removes cholesterol from cells

Which of the following are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids? (Select 2)

salmon, flaxseed oil

What is the process that uses circular muscle contractions to churn chyme with digestive juices and to increase contact with absorbing cells?

segmentation

When dietary amino acids are low, the body begins breaking down proteins from what source?

skeletal muscle