PSY 254 Final Capone

If a friend is considering nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression, your BEST advice would be:

"St. John's wort should only be used for mild or moderate cases of depression."

Pseudocommando

-preoccupied with weapons (stockpiles) -long period of planning deliberation -no clear understanding of this type of killer -needs to make name for oneself -usually male, lifelong loner, dysfunctional family, feelings of rejection, attempts to join military/police -can shoot at school, but its not a "school shooting"

paranoid personality disorder

4.4% of adults have this in US and men are more likely to get it than women

A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables." Which will help the student?

A correlation coefficient close to zero (0)

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of:

A positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.

Which statement is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression?

Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely

A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on, and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is:

Accurate

If a new test for anxiety is normed on individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams, the new test is surely lacking:

Adequate standardization

A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:

Agoraphobia and panic disorder

Today, electroconvulsive therapy:

Also involves the use of muscle relaxants

A researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety and decides to study it in rats by conditioning in them the dear of high-pitched noise and then testing the rats' reactions with and without the drug. This is an example of a(n):

Analogue experiment

Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n):

Antipsychotic drug

Which is the BEST example of broad social anxiety?

Apprehension about being evaluated by others

One who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be most likely to agree that:

At one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive

A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and comes to think of herself as Cinderella, is experiencing a(n) ____ hallucination and a delusion of _______.

Auditory; grandeur

In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the manipulation of an independent variable. This initial observation period is called the:

Baseline period

A therapist treating a patient for depression first finds out what activities the client once found pleasurable. These activities are then reintroduced into the patient's daily schedule. Which type of therapies the therapist using?

Behavioral Therapy

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanation of depression?

Behavioral and sociocultural

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

Behaviorism

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?

Benzodiazepine

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the:

Biochemical orientation

The most current research suggests that, among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei result from:

Both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):

Brain seizure

Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:

Bringing the four body humors back into balance

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with?

Catatonic

"The force that operates on the 'reality principle' is an independent, powerful force in human functioning." What kind of therapist is the theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement?

Classical Fruedian

Those Most often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were:

Clergy

"Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire." Which theoretical orientation does this research finding support?

Cognitive

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:

Cognitive Therapy

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should:

Continue to take tricyclics once they are symptom-free

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder.

Cyclothymic

Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:

Delusions of reference

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:

Demonological

A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:

Denial

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used Most often in the treatment of:

Depression

Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?

Determining general laws of behavior

Which is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive therapy for unipolar depression?

Discussion with family members about their maladaptive thoughts

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?

Dysfunction

Vagus nerve stimulation is MOST similar to:

ECT

Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

Effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine

The finding that in the United States women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men is MOST likely due to _____ research.

Epidemiological

The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a group in a given time period is termed:

Epidemiological (incidence)

According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder?

Excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress

In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the study?

Exercise

"Humans are born with freedom yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be:

Existential

The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is:

Facebook users don't always know they are being studied

Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on:

Focusing on the here and now

The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that:

Hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve belief

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:

Has received support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder

The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:

Higher than with adoptive relatives

In the 1960s and 1970s, the social upheaval and soul searching in Western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy?

Humanistic and existential

Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed:

Hysterical

Which statement reflects the MOST coon obsessive thought?

If I touched the doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated

Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to:

Improper sodium transport

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:

Inappropriate affect

For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. this principle is called:

Informed consent

Terri has withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in. Her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an:

Interpersonal deficit

Which statement is a reason to question the validity of clinical interviews?

Interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather

Which is a motivational symptom of depression?

Lack of desire to eat

Therapists who treat African American clients for depression need to be aware that their clients are:

Less likely to receive newer second-generation drugs

According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are:

Likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur

Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate?

Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?

Low activity of serotonin

If you had high blood pressure, you would want to be especially careful when using:

MAO inhibitors

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression:

Makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive

The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that:

Mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect.

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:

Modeling

Mass murderers

Murderers who kill 4 or more victims at the same time in one location.

Armand does not feel much emotion and does not really want to do anything. He has also completely withdrawn from his friends and family. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ____ schizophrenia

Negative

A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. MOST likely, she will:

Neither progress to postpartum psychosis nor physically harm her child

A person says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is _____ obsessive thoughts.

Neutralizing

As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical researchers is:

Nomothetic

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?

Not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

When José did not get the job, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:

Overgeneralization

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):

Panic disorder

The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:

Participant and experimenter expectancies

A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing is that:

People are more likely to receive treatment for "problems in living."

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:

People who are more devout are also psychologically healthier

A "fake" pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:

Placebo

A primary focus of the community treatment approach to abnormality is:

Prevention

According to Freudian psychodynamic interpretation, people who develop schizophrenia regress to a state of?

Primary Narcissism

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST clearly represent?

Psychodynamic

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

Psychodynamic

Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g. mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis?

Psychogenic

Which patient group was the first treated with ECT?

Psychotic patients

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:

Psychotropics

Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address:

Role transitions in relationships

Internal validity reflects how well a study:

Rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied

During a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue, you found enlarged ventricles. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:

Schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms.

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:

Schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine

Multicultural theorists would explain higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:

Social factors leading to stress

One who believe that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormally comes from which of the following paradigms?

Sociocultural

Which model of abnormality would focus on factors such as norms, family structures and support systems, in particular?

Sociocultural

Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as:

Somatogenic

According to Martin Seligman's theory, who would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?

Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event

Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of:

Subject bias

The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:

Teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions

Which "new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive?

Terrorism Terror

That many people with severe disturbances are not being treated appropriately is MOSTLY a problem with which level of prevention?

Tertiary

In the Middle Ages, which model of mental illness did MOST people believe in?

The demonology model

In a study designed to test a new anti depressant, a large number of outpatient psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The other group was given identical-loookign inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning. The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently, using the Beck Depression Inventory. Which was the independent variable in this study?

The drug

A clinician using an ABAB design to reduce the frequency of suicidal thoughts in a client finds that in suicidal thoughts, the second "A" condition, remain as low as they had been at the end of the first "B" condition. The clinician can be reasonably sure that:

The independent variable is not controlling the suicidal thoughts

Correlation coefficients indicate:

The magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables

Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?

The manipulation of a variable by the researcher

The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:

The number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.

The principle of informed consent assumes that:

The participant can understand the explanation

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?

The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes

The main concern with the various forms of cyber therapy that are currently being used is:

The quality of the treatment

Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a true experiment?

The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable

Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?

The results of the memory test

Which is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

Therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:

There may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders

People experiencing mania

Want excitement and companionship.

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

Women and men equally likely to develop depression

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights / "psychopaths" , "sociopaths"

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

What is personality disorder?

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment

"odd" personality disorders (cluster B)

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic ("Dramatic")

"Odd" Personality Disorders (Cluster C)

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive (anxious)

MAO inhibitors work by:

blocking MAO from breaking down norepinephrine

Like adults with antisocial personality disorder...

children with a conduct disorder persistently lie and violate rules and other people's rights, and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder lack foresight and judgement and fail to learn from experience

mass murders occur

every 2 weeks, 75% of them feature a lone killer, 67% involve the use of gun, and most are committed by males

According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is:

latent content

antisocial personality disorder

must be 18 to diagnose but can develop 15 with behaviors like truancy, running away, cruelty to animals or people, and destroying property

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

negative interpretation of events

"Odd" Personality Disorders (Cluster A)

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Usually have odd or eccentric behaviors that are similar to schizophrenia

The behavioral view of schizophrenia:

provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you," is a:

psychodynamic clinician

autogenetic

self-generated

characteristics of mass murderers

severe feelings of anger or resentment, feelings of being persecuted or grossly mistreated, and desires for revenge

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

superego