Nutrition Exam 1 Study Set (Chapters 1-4)
Limit added sugars to less than ____ of daily calories - 10% - 20% - 15% - 12%
- 10%
_____ ____ _____ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians. - Conventional medical care - Mainstream medical practitioners - Institute of health - Alternative health care
- Alternative health care
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of _______. - Pepsin - Amylase - Protease - Lipase
- Amylase
The liver uses cholesterol to make ______. - Bile - Liver - Pancreas
- Bile
Most foods contain a mixture of _____. - Sodium - Chloride - Carbohydrate - Fat - Protein
- Carbohydrate - Fat - Protein
Observational epidemiological research includes ______. - Treatment groups - Case-control studies - Cohort studies
- Case-control studies - Cohort studies
Choose the foods that would not be considered Kosher - Cheeseburger - Whole grain bread - Hamburger casserole with cheese topping - Vegetables and fruits
- Cheeseburger - Hamburger casserole with cheese topping
Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per serving? - Chocolate chip cookies - Fat-free milk - Baked chicken - Fresh blueberries
- Chocolate chip cookies
What is the newest DRI category? - Adequate Intake - Macronutrient Distribution Range - Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) - Healthy People 2020 Goals
- Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)
After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into ______. - The hepatic portal vein - The lumen - Chylomicrons - Lacteals
- Chylomicrons
Which of the following is an appropriate food intake recommendation for women who are capable of becoming pregnant? - Consume 400 mcg of folic acid/day - Avoid all seafood due to their high methylmercury content - Consume iron rich food or take an iron supplement if recommended by a health care provider
- Consume 400 mcg of folic acid/day - Consume iron rich food or take an iron supplement if recommended by a health care provider
Which of the following is an appropriate food intake recommendation for women who are capable of becoming pregnant? - Avoid all seafood due to their high methylmercury content - Consume 400 mcg of folic acid/day - Consume iron rich food or take an iron supplement if recommended by a healthcare provider
- Consume 400 mcg of folic acid/day - Consume iron rich food or take an iron supplement if recommended by a healthcare provider
In 1994, Congress passed the _____, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements. - Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) - Delaney Clause - Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) - Food Additives Amendment
- Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect? - Laboratory experiments - Epidemiological
- Epidemiological
Which of the following would be effective in decreasing a person's risk for premature death? - Exercising regularly - Reading a good book - Consuming fruits and vegetables - Traveling to exotic locations
- Exercising regularly - Consuming fruits and vegetables
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n) _______. - Treatment group - Double-blind research study - Experiment - Test subject
- Experiment
In order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct _____. - Analyses - Evaluations - Experiments - Observations
- Experiments
Which of the following recommendations is an overarching guideline of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? - Avoid eating any form of refined grains - Increase your sodium intake to 4000 mg/day to lower your risk of hypertension - Do not consume alcohol - Follow a healthy dietary pattern during each life stage
- Follow a healthy dietary pattern during each life stage
The ______ inspired the development of other food pyramids for people who don't follow the Western diet. - Food Guide Pyramid - Mediterranean Pyramid - MyPyramid Plan
- Food Guide Pyramid
The _______ is the third segment of the small intestine. - Jejunum - Colon - Duodenum - Ileum
- Ileum
Components of saliva include _____. - Lingual lipase - Salivary amylase - Umami - Bicarbonate - Gastrin and pepsin
- Lingual lipase - Salivary amylase
Which classes of nutrients provide the body with energy? - Lipids - Vitamins - Water - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Minerals
- Lipids - Carbohydrates - Proteins
Which of the following nutrients function by regulating body processes and providing energy for the body? - Lipids - Vitamins - Minerals - Proteins
- Lipids - Proteins
The Nutrition Facts panel - Lists certain food constituents - Indicates the % Daily Value for all food constituents in the package - Indicates serving amounts - Indicates the % Daily Value of some food constituents
- Lists certain food constituents - Indicates serving amounts - Indicates the % Daily Value of some food constituents
The _______ is an accessory organ of the digestive system? - Colon - Liver - Epiglottis - Jejunum
- Liver
The hepatic portal vein takes water-soluble nutrients to the _____. - Pancreas - Liver - Stomach
- Liver
Which of the following can contribute to constipation? - High fat diets - Low water intake - Changes in routine - Lack of exercise
- Low water intake - Changes in routine - Lack of exercise
The hollow space in an organ that is surrounded by walls is called the ______. - Pancreas - Cell membrane - Colon - Lumen
- Lumen
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______. - Increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria - Decrease the amount of antibodies produced - Make same vitamins and neurotransmitter - Metabolize undigested food
- Make same vitamins and neurotransmitter - Metabolize undigested food
What is the state of health when the body is improperly nourished, including under- and overnutrition? - Starvation - Malnutrition - Obesity
- Malnutrition
A person typically needs strong positive motivation to get them to change their eating behaviors. What are the circumstances that will motivate a person to improve ingrained food-related behaviors? - Motivated to improve health - Someone forcing them to eat less to look better - Desire to gain/lose weight
- Motivated to improve health - Desire to gain/lose weight
List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish. - Mouth, stomach, small intestine, esophagus, large intestine - Esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
A scientist thinks she has discovered an essential nutrient for humans, because this substance is ______. - Needed for the normal development of human cells - Easily manufactured by food chemists - Required by cats and dogs - In most natural foods that undergo minimal processing
- Needed for the normal development of human cells
Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data. - Physical examinations of - Surveys of - Clinical trials of
- Physical examinations of - Surveys of
Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed via the ____ vein. - Subclavian - Pulmonary - Portal - Thoracic
- Portal
What are forms of dietary fiber that are digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon? - Soluble fiber - Prebiotics - Lactobacillus - Lactose
- Prebiotics
Certain brands of yogurt contain microbes called ______ designed to improve gut health. - Antibiotics - Probiotics - Phenols - Prebiotics
- Probiotics
Live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called ______. - Probiotics - Prebiotics - Antibiotics - Phytochemicals
- Probiotics
Which of the following pieces of information is required on most foods sold in stores? - Ingredients listed in ascending order by weight - Product name - Name and address of manufacturer - Amount of product in the package - Ingredients listed in descending order by weight
- Product name - Name and address of manufacturer - Amount of product in the package - Ingredients listed in descending order by weight
A group of researchers wants to determine whether certain dietary factors are associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The scientists follow a group of 500 healthy newborn babies for 10 years and collect health information as well as dietary practices for each child. At the end of the study period, the scientists analyze the data for correlations between the children's dietary practices and their likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD. This is an example of a _____ study. - Factorial - Retrospective - Prospective - Hypothetical
- Prospective
______ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice. - RN - MD - RD
- RD
Your diet is likely to be nutritionally adequate if your average daily intake for each nutrient meets the nutrient's ______ or AI value. - AMDR - UL - RDA - EAR
- RDA
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) must have members of the treatment and control groups assigned ______. - Randomly - By self-selection - On a first-come basis - By the lead investigator
- Randomly
Evidence-based information is supported by ______. - Scientific testimonials - Scientific studies - Scientific anecdotes
- Scientific studies
What is produced when a wheat kernel is stripped of its nutrient-rich germ and bran? - Mostly fat - White flour - Whole wheat flour
- White flour
An example of an internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a ______. - .edu site - .gov site - .com site - .org site
- .com site
One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is ______. - Amylase - Protease - Bicarbonate - Bile
- Bile
Which of the following statements is true? - Foods that taste bitter are generally good energy sources because of their high carbohydrate contents - Segmentation enables chyme to move through the esophagus - Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children - The gallbladder makes bile and stores the compound in the liver
- Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children
When preparing meals, Jared wants to use a "healthy" type of fat. Which of the following fats should he use? - Olive oil - Stick margarine - Butter - Shortening
- Olive oil
Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy for human cells? - Cholesterol - Vitamin D - Protein - Iron
- Protein
What have African-American traditionally added to their greens to add flavor? - Butter - Smoked pork - Mineral water - Beef bouillon
- Smoked pork
Native Americans have abandoned the traditional diets and adopted typical western diets resulting in - Food insecurity - Type 2 diabetes - Obesity - A higher fiber intake
- Type 2 diabetes - Obesity
If a person consumes more calories than he/she expends they will _______ weight.
Gain
Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.
Make observations, develop a hypothesis, design the study and perform tests, analyze data and draw conclusions, share results with peers.
________ foods are foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
Organic
A cell is the name of the __________ living functional unit in an organism.
Smallest
The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, ______. - "this product contains sugar and certain artificial color and flavor additives" - "the ingredients in this product are listed on the label" - "according to the FDA, this product is classified a dietary supplement, because it contains vitamins" - "all ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven"
- "all ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven"
A health claim could be included on a food label with - 19% of DV for Vitamin A - 2 g of fiber - 15 g of fat per serving - 5% of DV for iron
- 19% of DV for Vitamin A
Two tablespoons of vegetable oil supply about 200,000 calories, which is the same as ______ kilocalories. - 20,000 - 20 - 200 - 2000
- 200
If you consume 2000 kcal per day, you should limit your added sugars to less than - 300kcal - 400kcal - 500kcal - 200kcal
- 200kcal
How is the stomach lining protected by the stomach's acidic environment? - A layer of protective protein - A bicarbonate secretion - A mucus lining - Enzymes that break down the acid
- A mucus lining
Which of the following is an example of an acceptable health claim? - Calcium may reduce the risk for osteoporosis - Calcium reduces the risk for osteoporosis - Calcium will reduce the risk for osteoporosis by 12% - Calcium may reduce the risk for osteoporosis when given to infants
- Calcium may reduce the risk for osteoporosis
The traditional Asian dietary pattern is lacking in ______. - Vegetables - Grain-based foods - Protein - Calcium-rich foods
- Calcium-rich foods
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? - Fat-free milk - Iceberg lettuce - Cheese nachos - Soft margarine
- Fat-free milk
Which of the following substances is (are) secreted by the human stomach? - Gastric juice - Saliva - Bile salts - Chyme
- Gastric juice
Which of the following dietary guides were inspired by the Food Guide Pyramid? - Mediterranean Diet Pyramids - Islamic Diet Pyramid - Asian Diet Pyramid
- Mediterranean Diet Pyramids - Asian Diet Pyramid
Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion? - Gallbladder - Pancreas - Pituitary - Liver
- Pancreas
Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense? - Strawberries - Peanut butter - Raw apple slices - Whole-grain bread
- Peanut butter
The smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health is called a _______. - Recommendation - Requirement - Suggested amount
- Requirement
Chyme is formed in the ______. - Mouth - Small intestine - Stomach - Large intestine
- Stomach
Which of the following is true about organic food labeling? - Synthetic fertilizers have been used along with organic fertilizers - Can be used when foods contain at least 50% organic ingredients - The ability to use the label means the food has met strict government standards
- The ability to use the label means the food has met strict government standards
Which of the following is a true statement about the digestive system? - The human digestive system can digest and absorb foods from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria - There have been blockages as big as 40 pounds found in human digestive systems - The digestive system is not made to digest animal foods
- The human digestive system can digest and absorb foods from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria
Which of the following statements is true? - The traditional Asian diet contains high amount of milk and milk products - The traditional Mediterranean diet supplies more olive oil and fish than the traditional American diet - According to Mormon dietary laws, pork and pork by-products are forbidden as food - Jewish dietary laws forbid the use of alcohol
- The traditional Mediterranean diet supplies more olive oil and fish than the traditional American diet
The ____________________ complete digestion and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into capillaries or lymph vessels.
Absorptive cells
No specific food contains ________ the nutrients needed by the body.
All of
The main function of ______ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion.
Bile
The mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food formed in the stomach is called _______.
Chyme
A valid experiment requires both a treatment and ________ group.
Control
Your usual pattern of food choices is called your ______.
Diet
If an vitamin, amino acid, herb, or mineral is solid, it is considered a __________ supplement.
Dietary
True or False: Most foods are predominantly one nutrient.
False
True or False: Vitamins provide usable calories for the body.
False
Match the food with the food group with which it belongs.
Grain --------- popcorn Protein-rich ------ lentils Dairy --------- frozen yogurt Fats and Oils ------ olives
The _______ is the open space inside a structure such as the small intestine.
Lumen
A state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished is termed _____________.
Malnutrition
The standard of measurement used in nutrition is the ________ system.
Metric
The chemicals found in food that are necessary for the body to function properly are called ___________.
Nutrients
____________ is the study of how the body uses nutrients.
Nutrition
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called __________.
Peristalsis
Cohort studies can be retrospective or ______________.
Prospective
The USDA food guide created in the late 1980s was illustrated using a(n) ________ shape.
Pyramid
Many times, an individual's primary food selection and cooking habits ________ the individual's own cultural/ethnic heritage.
Reflect
Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health. - True - False
True
A __________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.
Variable
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as _________ whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as _________.
in vivo; in vitro
The traditional Native American diet was _____ in sodium and fat and _______ in fiber.
low; high
Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect. - Can - Cannot
- Cannot
Which information can be found on the Nutrition Facts panel? - Servings per container - Energy (calories) - Serving size - Types of amino acids
- Servings per container - Energy (calories) - Serving size
An unpleasant experience by helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as _____. - Vomiting - Ulcer - Diarrhea - Heartburn
- Vomiting
What is an effective way that your body has for removing harmful food and beverage? - Nausea - Vomiting - Constipation - Hyperventilation
- Vomiting
When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an ____________, or a report of a personal experience.
Anecdote
The majority of healthcare practices and products such as massage therapy, homeopathy, and chiropractic manipulations __________ accepted by the medical community.
Are not
A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide _________ information
Biased
Herbal supplements _______ interact with and influence other medications
Can
A __________ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.
Control
To compare results between two study groups, to determine whether a treatment has an effect, a ________ group is necessary.
Control
________ calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats and/or added sugar. They provide calories, but few to no nutrients. Some examples are cookies, cakes, sodas, pizza, and candy.
Empty
Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of ___________.
Quackery
_________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.
Random
Eating a high-salt diet increases people's chances of developing high blood pressure. Thus, a diet that supplies excessive amounts of salt is a ____________ for high blood pressure.
Risk factor
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______, which is produced by glands in the mouth.
Saliva
Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help mix the chyme in the small intestine are called _________________.
Segmentation
Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, ______ cannot be established. - Correlation - Causation - Association
- Causation
According to the dietary guidelines for Americans, adults should limit their intake of added sugars to - No more than 300 mg/day - Less than 20% of daily calories - Less than 10% of daily calories - No more than 2300 mg/day
- Less than 10% of daily calories
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? - Olive oil - Soy milk - Grape drink - French fries
- Soy milk
What are causes of diarrhea? - Less water than normal is secreted into the GI tract - More water than normal is absorbed by the GI tract - The GI tract absorbs less water than normal - More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract
- The GI tract absorbs less water than normal - More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract
Dietary analysis software programs and websites can be quick and easy tools for determining - The nutrient content of foods - If the food was organically grown - The energy content of foods
- The nutrient content of foods - The energy content of foods
Which two government agencies collaborate every five years to publish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? - USDA - Environmental Protection Agency - FDA - US Department of Health and Human Services
- USDA - US Department of Health and Human Services
Which of the following substances is not a macronutrient? - Carbohydrate - Vitamin C - Fat - Protein
- Vitamin C
The _______ uses cholesterol to make bile.
Liver
A type of fiber that is not digested well but supports and promotes the growth of probiotics in the colon is called __________.
Prebiotics
Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help to mix the chyme in the small intestine are called ______________.
Segmentation
Since no natural food contains all the nutrients as they are needed by the body, ___________ can help ensure the nutritional adequacy of a diet.
Variety
The nutritional needs of healthy people _______ during different life stages.
Vary
Which of the statements is true? - Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers. - Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions - A scientists professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings - The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics.
- A scientists professional affiliations and sources of financial support may
What term is used to describe a nutrient recommendation, when nutrition scientists are unable to develop RDAs for nutrients due to a limited body of research on the nutrient (this is part of the Dietary Reference Intakes)? - AI - EER - AMDR - UL
- AI
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures. - Primary - Tertiary - Accessory
- Accessory
The dietary supplement health and education act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that ______. - Adds to a persons dietary intake - Is promoted as a conventional food - Contains one or more dietary ingredients
- Adds to a persons dietary intake - Contains one or more dietary ingredients
The 7 standards that make up the Dietary Reference Intakes
- Adequate Intake - Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake - Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - Estimated Energy Requirement - Recommended Dietary Allowance - Tolerable Upper Intake Level - Estimated Average Requirements
Scientist record eating patterns of a group of healthy people and if this group shows no signs of a nutrient deficiency disorder, the average intake of the nutrient evaluated becomes the _____. - Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - Estimated Average Intake (EAR) - Adequate Intake (AI)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
Factors that influence food choices include _____. - Advertising - Genetics - Education - Flavor
- Advertising - Education - Flavor
Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics? - Berries - Butter - Eggs - Yogurt
- Berries
Which of the following nutrients is made by gut microbiots? - Cholesterol - Iron - Biotin - Zinc
- Biotin
An energy intake greater than energy expenditure results in _____. - Weight loss - Loss of body fat - Muscle mass increases - Body fat increases
- Body fat increases
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water are all ______. - Classes of nutrients - Suppliers of usable calories - Needed in equal amounts
- Classes of nutrients
The recommendation for dairy is to - Consume a variety of milk products with each meal and for snacks throughout the day - Consume fat-free or low-fat dairy foods including yogurt, cheese, and/or fortified soy products - Consume whole milk, yogurt, and cheese
- Consume fat-free or low-fat dairy foods including yogurt, cheese, and/or fortified soy products
Chyme moves from the stomach into the _______. - Ileum - Jejunum - Colon - Duodenum
- Duodenum
A drug ______. - May be natural or man-made - Cannot be regulated by FDA, according to DHSEA - Is a substance that alters body functions - May have beneficial as well as harmful effects
- May be natural or man-made - Is a substance that alters body functions - May have beneficial as well as harmful effects
When researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition, _____. - Very little change occurs because we are confident that our current information is the most accurate - The information will seem like quackery until widely accepted - Old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded
- Old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded
One day, Hillary consumed a handful of peanuts, a bowl of chocolate pudding, a sugar-sweetened soft drink, and three hard-cooked eggs. Which of these foods contains a lot of empty calories and is not a member of one of the USDA's major food groups? - Chocolate pudding - Peanuts - Eggs - Soft drink
- Soft drink
Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics? - Soybeans - Butter - Yogurt - Eggs
- Soybeans
Where could someone go to find good websites to evaluate food intake? - USDA sponsored websites - Food manufacturers websites - US Olympic training academy
- USDA sponsored websites
Which of the following are the major classes of nutrients? - Phytochemicals - Fiber - Water - Lipids - Carbohydrates
- Water - Lipids - Carbohydrates
Regularly making foods choices that include consuming more ________ could reduce the chances of developing disease. - Full fat dairy - Whole grain cereals - Salted nuts
- Whole grain cereals
Consuming reasonable amounts of food while obtaining enough nutrients from food is defined as dietary ______. - Overnutrition - Variety - moderation - Nutrient adequacy
- moderation
A product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake is called a(n) _____________.
Dietary Supplement
True or False: Nuts are an example of a food that is energy dense but do not contain empty calories.
True
True or False: USDA sponsored websites are a good resource to evaluate food intake
True
True or False: religious influences on dietary habits include the prohibition of certain foods and beverages
True
True or False: the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.
True
The nutrient that comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman is _________.
Water
A disease that produces thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems is called ______. - Bronchitis - Pancreatitis - Asthma - Cystic fibrosis
- Cystic fibrosis
Generally speaking, the typical American diet ____ comply with the USDA's dietary guidance. - Does not - Does
- Does not
A poor diet and physical inactivity will increase your risk of _____. - Falling - Dying prematurely - Being in a car accident - Having financial difficulties
- Dying prematurely
A specific way that people can change their eating habits in order to improve their health is to _____. - Eat fewer salty foods - Eat fewer fruits and vegetables - Eat more sugary foods - Eat more fatty foods
- Eat fewer salty foods
If you frequently eat less than the ____ for a nutrient, you may be at risk for developing the nutrients deficiency disorder. - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Experiments using whole living organisms are classified as _____. - In vivo experiments - In vitro experiments - In utero experiments
- In vivo experiments
Feces form in the ______. - Pyloric valve - Large intestine - Lower stomach - Lower esophageal sphincter
- Large intestine
Sweet potatoes, black-eyed peas, and "greens" are traditional foods with ______. - African heritage - Mediterranean influences - Chinese influences - Roots from the united kingdom
- African heritage
Jeremy would like to know the amount of vitamin C that is recommended for his life/stage group. He can obtain this information by - Checking the RDA table for vitamin C - Checking a Food List for vitamin C intake recommendations - Reading Nutrition Facts panels to determine the %DV for vitamin C - Reading the ingredients' list on a food label
- Checking the RDA table for vitamin C
Which Dietary Reference Intake sets a nutrient intake level that reduces chronic disease risk within a healthy population? - Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) - Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) - Adequate Intake (AI) - Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes (CDRR)
- Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes (CDRR)
The Exchange System (now referred to as Choose Your Foods) was originally developed to assist people with - Diabetes - Kidney failure - Heart disease - Osteoporosis
- Diabetes
What is responsible for the development of most stomach ulcers? - H.pylori - Heavy consumption of alcohol - Chronic use of aspirin and naproxen - Cigarette smoking
- H.pylori
After an immigrant population has assimilated fully, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure - Increases - Decreases - Stays the same
- Increases
What are some common causes of vomiting? - Intense pain - Migraine headaches - Heart disease - Rotating movements of the head - Hormonal changes in pregnancy
- Intense pain - Migraine headaches - Rotating movements of the head - Hormonal changes in pregnancy
Each day, Phil takes ten pills that each supply 1000 mg of vitamin C. The recommended amount of vitamin C is 90 mg/day. His daily vitamin C intake is an example of a _____. - Requirement - Physiological level - Marginal intake - Megadose
- Megadose
Humans _____. - Have an instinctual drive to choose the appropriate mix of nutrients for our health. - Need to learn about the nutritional value of food to eat well - Need to learn about the effects of food on their health to eat well
- Need to learn about the nutritional value of food to eat well - Need to learn about the effects of food on their health to eat well
The body breaks food down into _____ such as carbohydrates, fat and protein. - Nutrients - Phytochemicals - Enzymes
- Nutrients
The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called _______. - Bolus - Chyme - Nerve contractions - Peristalsis
- Peristalsis
The three broad groups of food that comprise the exchange system are ______. - Proteins - Carbohydrates - Meat and meat substitutes - Fats
- Proteins - Carbohydrates - Fats
Sheena prepared a casserole with canned tuna, cooked egg noodles, shredded cheddar cheese, and mayonnaise. She would like to serve the casserole with side dishes or beverages that would make the entire meal have items from 4 different food groups. Which of the following items should she include? - Fat-free milk - Yogurt smoothie - Whole-wheat dinner rolls - Sliced ripe tomatoes
- Sliced ripe tomatoes
Poor eating habits contribute to the development of _____. - Type 2 diabetes - Excess body fat - Heart disease - Epilepsy and seizures - Some types of cancer - tuberculosis
- Type 2 diabetes - Excess body fat - Heart disease - Some types of cancer
What are some examples of empty calorie foods? - Alcohol - Cookies - Chicken - Oatmeal - Ice cream - Diet soda
- Alcohol - Cookies - Ice cream
Diarrhea is most often caused by ______. - Bacterial infections - Overeating and drinking - Dehydration - Viral infections
- Bacterial infections - Viral infections
A person's usual pattern of food intake is called _____. - Diet - Food insecurity - Behavior modification - Informed food choices
- Diet
Match the type of supplement with its safety warning.
- Dietary supplements ------generally safe - Herbal supplements ------- may have toxic effects
Which of the following foods Is not a source of phytochemicals? - Cashew nuts - Whole-grain bread - Fresh blueberries - Lean meat
- Lean meat
The label on a jar of baby food lists the following ingredients, in this order: water, carrots, ground turkey, rice flour, wheat flour, peas, potato flour, onion powder. Which ingredient is most abundant, by weight, in the product? - Peas - Onion powder - Water - Rice flour
- Water
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation? - Minerals - Fat-soluble vitamins - Water-soluble compounds
- Water-soluble compounds
Which of the following statements is true? - Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care - A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing quackery - Disclaimers are clues that a product will meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims - The RDN credential can be used by anyone who earns a college nutrition degree
- A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing quackery
Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published? - An editor of ScienceDaily.com who regularly reviews scientific journal articles to report the findings to the public - A researcher from the University of Texas who specializes in breast cancer and who analyzed tumor biopsies for the study - An expert on soy isoflavones who works for the company the sponsored the research study - A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study
- A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study
Who has more body water? - Men - Women
- Men
The sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed ______. - Metabolism - Negative energy balance - Calorie
- Metabolism
Which of the following statements is false? - The sense of smell contributes to the sense of taste - Peristalsis occurs when villi absorb fat - Some absorption of alcohol occurs in the stomach - Mucus protects the lining of the stomach
- Peristalsis occurs when villi absorb fat
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______. - Cholesterol - Protein - Fat - Starch
- Starch
Choose examples of popular media sources that may provide inaccurate nutrition information. - Peer-reviewed journals - Television shows - Home shopping programs - Internet websites
- Television shows - Home shopping programs - Internet websites
Information based on the results of scientific studies is called _______ _______ information. - Testimonial-based - Evidence-based - Anecdote-based
- Evidence-based
The typical American diet of those 2 years and older does not provide enough - Refined grains - Fruits and vegetables - Fat-free and low-fat milk
- Fruits and vegetables - Fat-free and low-fat milk
To achieve nutritional adequacy one should consume a variety of foods from the following food groups. - Fruits and vegetables - Whole grains - Full fat dairy - Refined grains
- Fruits and vegetables - Whole grains
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that provides energy for humans? - Alcohol - Glucose - Thiamin - Caffeine
- Glucose
Choose the objectives that are set by Healthy People 2020 for nutrition and weight status. - Increase the variety and intake of vegetables among people who are 2 years of age and older - Reduce the proportion of obese children and adolescents - Increase saturated fat intake among people who are 2 years of age and older - Increase the proportion of adults who have a healthy weight
- Increase the variety and intake of vegetables among people who are 2 years of age and older - Reduce the proportion of obese children and adolescents - Increase the proportion of adults who have a healthy weight
Choose the objectives that are set by Healthy People 2020 for nutrition and weight status. - Increase whole grain intake among people who are 2 years of age and older - Decrease calcium intake among people who are 2 years of age and older - Reduce the proportion of obese adults - Increase fruit intake among people who are 2 years of age and older
- Increase whole grain intake among people who are 2 years of age and older - Reduce the proportion of obese adults - Increase fruit intake among people who are 2 years of age and older
The Nutrition Facts Panel - Indicates the % Daily Value for all food constituents in the package - Indicates the % Daily Value of some food constituents - Lists certain food constituents - Indicates serving amounts
- Indicates the % Daily Value of some food constituents - Lists certain food constituents - Indicates serving amounts
What can metabolize undigested food, make vitamins and neurotransmitters, and produce substances that the colon can use for energy? - Bicarbonate - Intestinal bacteria - Hydrochloric acid
- Intestinal bacteria
_____ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells. - Absorption - Photosynthesis - Metabolism - Digestion
- Metabolism
The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by ______. - Increasing the blood flow - Secreting a protein-based mucosal lining - Enzymes that attract the nutrients - Moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph
- Moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph
A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called _______. - Gastric lipase - Lumen - Mucus - Bicarbonate
- Mucus
Examples of foods that are nutrient dense and energy dense are _____. - Peanut butter - Nuts - Fruits and vegetables - Whole milk
- Peanut butter - Nuts
What term describes the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally? - Nutrient density - Energy density - Physiological dose
- Physiological dose
The "Western" diet - Lacks animal protein - Provides plenty of whole grains - Provides large amounts of animal protein - Provides large amounts of vegetables
- Provides large amounts of animal protein
A popular fitness magazine has an article about the health benefits of high-fiber diets. If the article's author has the credentials _______ after his or her name, the article is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information. - MS - MD - DNutr - RDN
- RDN
Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following? - Recommendations that promise a quick fix - Recommendations based on a single study - Recommendations based on studies published with peer review - Claims that sound too good to be true
- Recommendations that promise a quick fix - Recommendations based on a single study - Claims that sound too good to be true
Choose the titles that are legally protected - Nutritionist - Registered dietitian nutritionist - Dietary specialist - Registered dietitian
- Registered dietitian nutritionist - Registered dietitian
Why do nutrition recommendations change? - Scientists are influenced by manufacturers who wish to sell their products - Scientists form biased opinions - Scientists cannot make up their minds - Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.
- Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.
Seasonings and sauces added to Asian foods are made from ______. - Dairy products - Sesame seeds - Garlic, scallions, and peppers - Gingerroot
- Sesame seeds - Garlic, scallions, and peppers - Gingerroot
Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? - When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases. - When a population's level of physical activity increases, the percentage of people who develop heart disease decreases - When a population's intake of plant foods decreases, the percentage of obese people in that population increases - When a population's intake a vitamin C decreases, the percentage of people in the population who develop scurvy increases.
- When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases.
Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? - When pregnant women gain more weight than average, they are more likely to give birth to babies who are heavier than average - When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases. - As children increase their physical activity level, they develop greater muscle mass than children who are less active. - When children eat three or more servings fruits and vegetables a day, their blood levels of vitamin C increase.
- When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.
Which of the following foods is considered to be a probiotic? - Breads and cereals made from refined enriched wheat flour - Eggs laid by hens that consume organic feed - Yogurt with live and active cultures of Lactobacillus - Fresh lean meat
- Yogurt with live and active cultures of Lactobacillus
According to the main nutrition-related goal of Healthy People 2030, Americans should improve their health by _______. - Learning how to obtain nutrition information from reliable sources - Decreasing their intake of refined, enriched, and fortified foods - Reducing their children's exposure to energy-dense foods - making nutritious food more available
- making nutritious food more available
True or False: the information we have about diet and its relationship to health is constantly changing as new research becomes available.
True
Which of the following are appropriate food intake recommendations for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding - Consume foods rich in choline and iodine to support fetal growth and development - Take protein supplements to promote strength for delivery - Do not eat tilefish, shark, swordfish, and kind mackerel because they may contain high amounts of methylmercury - Consume 8 to 12 ounces of seafood per week from a variety of seafood types.
- Consume foods rich in choline and iodine to support fetal growth and development - Do not eat tilefish, shark, swordfish, and kind mackerel because they may contain high amounts of methylmercury - Consume 8 to 12 ounces of seafood per week from a variety of seafood types.
For five years, Michael ate only plant foods. He recently developed numbness in his feet and a sore swollen tongue. A few days after he added eggs and milk to his diet, his tongue healed and the numbness in his feet stopped bothering him. Based on this information, Michael probably ______. - Had been infected with a rare viral disease that was transmitted by certain plant foods - Suffered from a rare genetic disorder that developed when high levels of various phytochemicals were consumed - Developed a nutrient deficiency disorder that was cured by the eating animal foods - Had absorbed toxic minerals from plant foods, which were eliminated from his body when he consumed the animal foods
- Developed a nutrient deficiency disorder that was cured by the eating animal foods
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (starting at the beginning of the small intestine).
- Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum
Match the section of the small intestine with its correct function.
- Duodenum -------- bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid is secreted here - Jejunum -------- absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part - Ileum -------- minimal absorption occurs here
Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order? - Duodenum, jejunum, ileum - Ileum, duodenum, jejunum - Duodenum, ileum, jejunum - Jejunum, ileum, duodenum
- Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
A(n) _____ is the amount of the nutrient that should meet the needs of 50% of the healthy people who are in a particular life stage/gender group. - EAR - RDA - UL - AMDR
- EAR
Choose the statements that are true about essential nutrients. - Essential nutrients must be supplied by food - The body does not make enough of the nutrient to meet the body's needs or does not make the nutrient - Water is the least essential nutrient - If a person does not consume enough of the nutrient, the body can produce it.
- Essential nutrients must be supplied by food - The body does not make enough of the nutrient to meet the body's needs or does not make the nutrient
When Oprah goes on television saying that se lost 50 pounds following a special diet and exercise regime, this is considered _______ and is not reliable scientific information. - Helpful information - Untrustworthy - Anecdotal - Speculative
- Anecdotal
The majority of the digestion and absorption occurs in the _______. - Duodenum - Ileum - Jejunum - Colon
- Duodenum - Jejunum
In general, food guides do not group _______ with dairy foods. - Fat-free yogurt - American cheese - Unsalted butter - Pudding made with 1% milk
- Unsalted butter
Rose has an autoimmune disease that destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably _______. - Has difficulty eliminating feces during bowel movements - Digests foods too quickly - Must eat refined functional foods - Uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods
- Uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods
An organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, fungi, and even bacteria is called a(n) __________.
Omnivore
The ________ intestine doesn't have villi.
large
After examining a patient, a health care practitioner tells the patient that her mild back pain is caused by poor flow of energy from her mind to her back. The practitioner treats the patient with acupuncture, ginseng, and massage therapy. Based on this information, the practitioner's treatments indicate that he relies on _______. - Integrative medicine - Alternative health care - Conventional medicine - Placebo-based health care
- Alternative health care
Which of the following dietary guides were inspired by the Food Guide Pyramid? - Asian Diet Pyramid - Islamic Diet Pyramid - Mediterranean Diet Pyramids
- Asian Diet Pyramid - Mediterranean Diet Pyramids
Authentic Mexican meals are based primarily on - Cheese - Sour cream - Beans - Rice - Tortillas
- Beans - Rice - Tortillas
Which of the following statements is true? - People who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experiences to the GAO. - Physicians and registered dietitian nutritionists do not recommend dietary supplements for their patients - According to the legal definition developed by the FDA, a "dietary supplement" is a natural substance that benefits health. - Before taking a dietary supplement, people should determine whether the product is necessary and safe
- Before taking a dietary supplement, people should determine whether the product is necessary and safe
A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men. His study design involves enrolling 250 men who have stomach cancer and 250 men who are cancer-free but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer. The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle. Based on this information, what kind of study is the researcher conducting? - In-vivo - Experimental - Cohort - Case-control
- Case-control
A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to _______ when developing the new formula. - MyPlate - Food lists - DRIs - Dietary Guidelines
- DRIs
Which of the following statements is true? - According to the legal definition developed by FDA, a "dietary supplement" is a food that influences metabolism - Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes - Physicians and registered dietitian nutritionists do not recommend dietary supplements for their patients. - People who develop side effects after taking dietary supplements can report their experiences to the GAO.
- Dietary supplements may interact negatively with other substances a person takes
Lynne consumes 6 ounces of a beverage that supplies 63 kcal from alcohol. To determine how many grams of alcohol are in that amount of the beverage, she should _____. - Multiply 63 by 4 - Divide 63 by 4 - Multiply 63 by 9 - Divide 63 by 7
- Divide 63 by 7
Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea? - Epiglottis - Pharynx - Tongue - Voice box
- Epiglottis
In addition to diet, what other lifestyle habit is essential for good health? - Rural living - College education - Exercise
- Exercise
In order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct _______. - Observations - Evaluations - Analyses - Experiments
- Experiments
Which of the following best describes the passage of feces from the body? - Feces remain in the anal canal until moved into the anus and out the rectum. - Feces remain the rectum until moved into the anal canal and out the anus. - Feces remain in the rectum until moved into the anal canal when the involuntarily controlled external anal sphincter allows feces to be expelled.
- Feces remain the rectum until moved into the anal canal and out the anus.
Before diet analysis software became available, nutrient analysis relied on - Food labels for nutrient information - Food composition tables - Contacting manufactures for nutrient information
- Food composition tables
Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because ______. - Nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources - The FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation - The FDA cannot regulate nutrition-and health-related claims on product labels - Promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers
- Nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources - The FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation - Promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers
Choose the food that is energy dense but provides some nutrition. - Sugar-sweetened soft drink - Doughnut - Strawberries - Nuts
- Nuts
Which of the following are USDA approved organic labeling categories? - Organic - 50% organic material used - Made with organic ingredients - 100% organic
- Organic - Made with organic ingredients - 100% organic
Hillary consumed 3 servings of an orange-flavored sugar-sweetened soft drink that provided 140 kcal/serving. This amount of the beverage - Is nutritionally equivalent to 3 cups of orange juice - Substitutes for 3 eating fresh oranges - Should be considered a source of empty calories - Provides a nutrient-dense source of a watery fluid
- Should be considered a source of empty calories
Mexican restaurants have added _______ to their menu to make their foods more appealing to Americans - Sour cream - Beans - American cheese - High-fat beef
- Sour cream - American cheese - High-fat beef
There are ____ foods that will cure or prevent cancer.
No
Which of the following contribute to heartburn? - Drinking alcohol - Smoking cigarettes - Drinking water - Having excess body fat
- Drinking alcohol - Smoking cigarettes - Having excess body fat
The major role of carbohydrate is to provide the body with _______. - Energy - Maintenance of fluid balance - Production of structural components - Regulation of body processes
- Energy
List the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Esophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine - Rectum
A nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by food is considered _____. - Nonessential - Synthetic - Essential - Bioavailable
- Essential
A nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group is called the _____. - Adequate Intake (AI) - Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
People with ___________________ produce thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems. They often suffer serious breathing problems and respiratory infections.
Cystic fibrosis
When a study is complete, investigators that were not part of the study will be recruited to critically analyze the study. This is called a _____ review.
Peer
Which of the following menu items has major ingredients that represent three different MyPlate food groups? - Stir-fry made with shrimp, rice, green peas, broccoli, and onions - Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, orange juice, peanut butter, wheat germ, and fresh peaches - Oatmeal cereal with fresh strawberries, almonds, and fat-free milk - Toasted cheese sandwich made with American cheese, swiss cheese, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered, whole-wheat bread.
- Stir-fry made with shrimp, rice, green peas, broccoli, and onions
Typically, nutrients that can be analyzed by Dietary Analysis Software include - Several micronutrients - Macronutrients - Fiber - Empty calories
- Several micronutrients - Macronutrients - Fiber
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation? - Water-soluble compounds - Minerals - Fat-soluble vitamins
- Water-soluble compounds
Increasing the number of adults who are at a healthy weight, reducing the number of children who are obese, and increasing the calcium intake for people who are 2 years of age or older are all objectives of ______________________.
Healthy People 2030
The leading cause of death to Americans is ________________.
Heart Disease
The circulation of nutrients to the liver is via the ___________________ vein.
Hepatic portal
The supplement facts label must include the _____. - %DV of each nutrient - Website for more information - Manufacturer's contact information - Serving size
- %DV of each nutrient - Manufacturer's contact information - Serving size
The ______ uses cholesterol to make bile.
Liver
The EAR should meet the needs of ____ percent of healthy people in a particular life stage/gender group. - 50 - 80 - 75 - 97
- 50
GERD can be worsened by _____. - Drinking alcohol - Regular exercise - Being thin - Excess body fat - Smoking cigarettes
- Drinking alcohol - Excess body fat - Smoking cigarettes
Which of the following are functions of the liver? - Manufactures bile - Storage of bile - Releases digestive enzymes - Makes cholesterol
- Manufactures bile - Makes cholesterol
"our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" this claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information? - Attacks on conventional science - Testimonials - Promises of a quick fix - Recommendations based on a single study - Scare tactics
- Promises of a quick fix
Which of the following statements is true? - The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake - Nutrient requirements are the same, regardless of a person's age or sex - Recommended Dietary Allowances meet the nutrient needs of 50% of healthy people - A group of scientists at the academy of nutrition and dietetics developed the DRIs
- The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake
The basic premise of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans includes which of the following statements? - The dietary guidelines are designed to promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition-related chronic health conditions - All nutrient needs should be met through dietary supplements to provide an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health - All nutrient needs should be met through intake of foods and supplements to ensure an array of nutrients and non-nutrients that may benefit health.
- The dietary guidelines are designed to promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition-related chronic health conditions
A characteristic or other factor that can change and influence an outcome is called a _____. - Placebo - Supplement - Control factor - Variable
- Variable
The amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called that _______________ dose.
Physiological
According to results of a researcher's epidemiological study, diets that supply higher than recommended amounts of empty calories are associated with a higher than average risk of a chronic disease that affects the large intestine, This finding is an example of a(an) ______ correlation. - Prospective - In-vitro - Inverse (negative) - Direct (positive)
- Direct (positive)
In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine _____. - Has increased bacterial action - Has decreased bacterial actionIs longer in length - Lacks villi - Has increased secretions of enzymes - Lacks digestive enzymes
- Has increased bacterial action - Lacks villi - Lacks digestive enzymes
What does the scientific study of nutrition include? - Nutrients - The chemicals necessary for body functioning - Composition and characteristics of matter - How the body uses nutrients
- Nutrients - The chemicals necessary for body functioning - How the body uses nutrients
______ promotes useless medical treatments. - Use of the scientific method - Peer-reviewed journals - Nutrition misinformation
- Nutrition misinformation
Which of the following are true facts about the percentages of Daily Values when applied to the Nutrition Facts food label? - People requiring more or less than 2000-kcalories must make the necessary adjustment - They are based on 2000-kcalorie diet - The 2000-kcalorie diet applies to everyone as a nutrient goal to achieve for good health - The 2000-kcalorie diet allows easy comparison among similar foods
- People requiring more or less than 2000-kcalories must make the necessary adjustment - They are based on 2000-kcalorie diet - The 2000-kcalorie diet allows easy comparison among similar foods
Identify the basic goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans - Shift to healthier food and beverage choices - Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduced sodium intake - To emphasize underconsumption of nutrients - Follow a healthy eating pattern across a lifespan - To emphasize nutrient deficiencies, excesses, and toxicities - Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount of food
- Shift to healthier food and beverage choices - Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduced sodium intake - Follow a healthy eating pattern across a lifespan - Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount of food
Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _______ to be digested in the mouth. - Protein - Water - Starch - Alcohol
- Starch
The endosperm is mostly ____. - Starch - Protein - Calorie-free - Fat
- Starch
The lining of the small intestine is covered with ______, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food. - Villi - Arteries - Lacteals - Neurons
- Villi
The lining of the small intestine is covered with _______, and the surface of each villus is covered with ______. - Lacteal cells; capillaries - Villi; absorptive cells - Absorptive cells; villi - Microvilli; absorptive cells
- Villi; absorptive cells
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does not supply any energy for the human body? - Alcohol - Carbohydrate - Vitamin D - Fat
- Vitamin D
A plant chemical that is not considered a nutrient but may provide health benefits is called a ______________.
Phytochemical
Which of the following statements is a health claim that the FDA allows on a food package? - "foods that contain dietary fiber, vitamin A or vitamin C may reduce the risk of cancer. Although a serving of our creamed broccoli has 7 grams of fat, it is an excellent source of fiber and vitamins A and C." - "healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord defect." - "drinking whole milk adds calcium and vitamin D to your diet. These nutrients are essential for strengthening bones." - "vitamin C reduces the risk of the common cold by 50%."
- "healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord defect."
Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplements on the adult human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human adults and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another groups of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are _______. - Distractors - Interventions - Placebos - Antidotes
- Placebos
Judy wants to find out the amount of specific nutrient needed to sustain good health. She initially checks the RDA requirements and cannot locate that nutrient. Her next step is to _______. - Check EER standards - Check AI standards - Check UL standards - Realize that no standard is available for that nutrient - Report nutrient to USDA
- Check AI standards
Which of the following statements is true? - If you do not consume 100% of the Daily Values for nutrients, you have a high risk of developing nutritional deficiency disorders - The nutrition facts panel indicates amounts of phytochemicals in a serving of the food - Nutrition facts labels provide information about amounts of ingredients in product recipes - Daily values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes
- Daily values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes
What occurs when an essential nutrient is missing from the diet? - Deficiency disease will occur - Metabolism will increase - Other nutrients will substitute for the missing nutrient - Weight gain will occur
- Deficiency disease will occur
The absorptive cells of the villus _____. - Move nutrients from chyme into lacteals - Move nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood - Transport carbon dioxide to the kidneys
- Move nutrients from chyme into lacteals - Move nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood
In what year was the USDA food guide pyramid replaced with MyPlate? - 2011 - 1999 - 2000 - 2005
- 2011
The RDN credential indicates that the person _____. - Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition - Can prescribe medications to treat nutrition-related diseases, such as diabetes - Has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition
- Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition - Has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition
Which of the following statements are true? - Humans have an innate desire to eat in a healthy manner that directs us to make appropriate food choices. - Humans have no internal drive that motivates us to choose a healthy diet. - To eat well, we need to learn the effects nutrition has on our health.
- Humans have no internal drive that motivates us to choose a healthy diet. - To eat well, we need to learn the effects nutrition has on our health.
Segmentation differs from peristalsis in that segmentation _____. - A wave of contraction and relaxation that moves food through the digestive system - Mixes chyme through a back and forth movement - Alone aids in digestion and absorption
- Mixes chyme through a back and forth movement
Which of the following statements is true? - Milk, bananas, and soybeans are among the few nutritionally perfect foods for humans - According to nutrition experts, junk foods have no nutritional value - Strawberries are an energy-dense food - Most naturally occurring foods contain more than one nutrient.
- Most naturally occurring foods contain more than one nutrient.
The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by ______. - Enzymes that attract the nutrients - Moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph - Increasing the blood flow - Secreting a protein-based mucosal lining
- Moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph
The main goal of ______ is to remind consumers to think about building a healthy plate at meal times and to learn more about healthy eating. - MyPlate - The Food Pyramid - Healthy People 2020 - MyPyramid
- MyPlate
In addition to the product name, name and address of the manufacturer, amount of product in the package, and the ingredients panel, the _______ must list certain nutrients. - Nutrient Details panel - Nutrition Facts panel - Dietary Guidelines for Americans - Nutrition Section
- Nutrition Facts panel
Dietary moderation can be achieved by ______. - Eating an abundance of empty calories - Obtaining nutrients from the foods one eats - Consuming food in reasonable amounts
- Obtaining nutrients from the foods one eats - Consuming food in reasonable amounts
Which of the following statements is true? - Organic milk is from cows that are not given hormones to increase milk production or antibiotics - A food label cannot include the organic symbol if it contains any detectable amount of nonorganic ingredients - Organic food is more nutritious than foods that contain conventionally-grown ingredients - A food that contains at least 90% orgainc ingredients can be labeled "100% certified organic."
- Organic milk is from cows that are not given hormones to increase milk production or antibiotics
While baking, Max wants to use an ingredient that contains healthy fat in a recipe. Which of the following fats should he use? - Cream - Peanut oil - Unsalted butter - Shortening
- Peanut oil
What occurs when an essential nutrient is missing from the diet? - Weight gain will occur - Deficiency disease will occur - Metabolism will increase - Other nutrients will substitute for the missing nutrient
- Deficiency disease will occur
Which is true about the role of diet in health? - Diet is only one aspect of lifestyle that affects health - Diet is the most important aspect of lifestyle that impacts on health - Physical activity is the most important aspect of lifestyle that impacts on health
- Diet is only one aspect of lifestyle that affects health
Choose the true statements about cystic fibrosis. - Affects the digestive system but not the respiratory system - Digestion of nutrients may be impaired - Inherited incurable disease - Cells produce a thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways in the body
- Digestion of nutrients may be impaired - Inherited incurable disease - Cells produce a thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways in the body
Characterize the "Western" diet - Lacks whole grains - High in dairy - Lacks fruits and vegetables - Contains large amounts of animal protein and fat
- Lacks whole grains - Lacks fruits and vegetables - Contains large amounts of animal protein and fat
Match the nutrient with its major function in the body.
- Vitamins ----- maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components. - Minerals ----- regulation of fluid balance, formation of certain chemical messengers, structural and functional components of various substances and tissues. - Water ----- regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportation of substances - Lipids ----- energy source and necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins
Constipation can be caused by a diet that is __________ in fiber and water.
Lacking
Identify the foods that are recommended in abundance by the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. - Grains - Vegetables - Fruits - Meats
- Grains - Vegetables - Fruits
The large intestine is home to viruses, fungi, and bacteria that are collectively called _____. - The cause of colorectal cancer - Brewers - Intestinal dysbiosis - Gut microbiota
- Gut microbiota
Monique is a 19-year-old college student who would like to follow a Mediterranean diet pattern instead of her typical "western" diet. Based on this information, Monique should - Increase her red meat intake - Decrease her intake of fish and seafood - Eat fewer beans and peas - Increase her intake of fruit
- Increase her intake of fruit
Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his ______. - Intestinal tract does not absorb much fat - Hepatic portal vein can rupture - Ability to digest proteins is reduced - Lumen does not allow chyme to enter the small intestine
- Intestinal tract does not absorb much fat
Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract. - Esophagus - Gallbladder - Anus - Liver - Pancreas
- Gallbladder - Liver - Pancreas
Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a (an) _______. - Overgrowth of probiotics in her stomach - Excessive amount of secretory activity within her digestive tract - Blockage caused by undigested fiber deposits in her jejunum - Condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning
- Condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning
The information we know about the relationship between diet and health is ____. - Constantly evolving - Definitely correct - Widely accepted by the medical community - Set in stone and unlikely to change
- Constantly evolving
A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(an) _______. - Testimonial - Anecdote - Disclaimer - Placebo
- Disclaimer
If a health claim appears on the label of a nutrient supplement, it must also include a - List of relevant research studies documenting the health claim - Disclaimer from the FDA - Website for additional information - Detailed explanation of the health claim
- Disclaimer from the FDA
Which of the following statements is true? - Anyone who earns a nutrition degree from a 4-year college can refer to himself or herself as an RDN - Scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of most forms of alternative health care - Disclaimers are clues that a product may not meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims - A person with a PhD who promotes drinking vinegar as the cure for lung cancer is practicing conventional medicine.
- Disclaimers are clues that a product may not meet your expectations or the manufacturer's claims
Lynne wants to estimate the grams of carbohydrate in a sugar-sweetened soft drink that supplies 200 Kcal/serving. The soft drink contains no fiber, protein, fat, and alcohol. To obtain this value, she should _______. - Multiply the number per serving by 9 - Divide the number of kcal by 9 - Divide the number of kcal by 4 - Multiply the number of kcal by 4
- Divide the number of kcal by 4
Lynne wants to estimate the grams of fat in a serving of oil that supplies 400 kcal. The oil contains no fiber, protein, carbohydrate, and alcohol. To obtain this value, she should ______. - Divide the number of kcal by 4 - Divide the number of kcal by 9 - Multiply the number of kcal by 4 - Multiply the number per serving by 9
- Divide the number of kcal by 9
Much of the information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television is not ______, or not supported by scientific evidence. - Endorsed by manufacturers - Evidence based - Misinformation
- Evidence based
The ability to control the external anal sphincter voluntarily usually occurs by _____ years of age. - Two - Four - Ten - One
- Four
Jamie wants to eat more foods that are naturally high in phytochemicals and fiber. Based on this information, which of the following foods would you recommend? - Fresh fruits and vegetables - Eggs - Low-fat dairy foods - Organic beef
- Fresh fruits and vegetables
Phytochemicals are found in ______ and provide significant health benefits. - Dairy, eggs, and cheese - Fruits and vegetables - Meats and fish
- Fruits and vegetables
Which of the following meals exemplifies the recommendations of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid? - Pork burritos, black beans, fried ripe plantains, beet - Fruits, vegetables, beans, olive oil, and wine in moderation - Fried chicken, breaded okra, black-eyed peas, iced tea - Pepperoni pizza, tossed green salad, diet cola
- Fruits, vegetables, beans, olive oil, and wine in moderation
After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into chylomicrons and enter ______. - Special cells lining the hepatic portal vein - Lacteals within the villi - The lower esophageal sphincter - Chyme
- Lacteals within the villi
Traditional ethnic diets are often based on - Large amounts of locally grown fruits and vegetables - Beet sugar - Unrefined grains - Small amounts of animal foods
- Large amounts of locally grown fruits and vegetables - Unrefined grains - Small amounts of animal foods
By making certain dietary changes (such as decreasing fat intake), a person may ______. - Cure a genetic disease - Lessen the severity of a disease - Forestall the development of certain diseases - Cure a severe acute disease
- Lessen the severity of a disease - Forestall the development of certain diseases
Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called ______. - High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets - Fad diets - Dietary intervention - Medical nutrition therapies
- Medical nutrition therapies
Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body? - Minerals - Proteins - Vitamins - Carbohydrates - Lipids
- Minerals - Vitamins
Select all that apply. Choose factors that are most likely to influence food choices. - Mood - Stature (height) - Religious beliefs - Peers
- Mood - Religious beliefs - Peers
Since the Pima Indians have adopted a more "western" diet, obesity and type 2 diabetes is ______. - More common - Less common - Unchanged
- More common
Before she shops for groceries, Terry plans several nutritionally adequate daily menus for her family. Which of the following guides is the best menu-planning tool for her to use? - Basic four food groups - MyPlate - Daily values - Recommended dietary allowances
- MyPlate
Foods that are produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides are called - Natural foods - Organic foods - Macrobiotic foods
- Organic foods
What term describes the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally? - Nutrient density - Physiological dose - Energy density
- Physiological dose
Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking th product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake - he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of the ______ effect. - Subject bias - Nocebo - Placebo - Anecdotal
- Placebo
A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of obesity. Which of the following activities is not likely to be a component of their research efforts? - Submitting an article describing the study to a peer-reviewed journal - Posting findings at the main researcher's internet web site - Making observations and formulating a hypothesis - Collecting data and analyzing results
- Posting findings at the main researcher's internet web site
Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(an) _______ study. - Prospective - Nutritive - Introspective - Retrospective
- Prospective
Choose the foods and beverages that are considered "empty calories" - Whole bread and cereal - Regular soft drinks - Alcohol - Cakes and cookies
- Regular soft drinks - Alcohol - Cakes and cookies
Most ulcers are now attributed to infection with H. pylori. Other risk factors that may contribute to the development of an ulcer include ______. - Rapid loss of excess weight - Regular use of NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs). - Heavy alcohol consumption - Smoking
- Regular use of NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs). - Heavy alcohol consumption - Smoking
A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a _______ study. - Prospective - Case-control - Retrospective - Macrosomatic
- Retrospective
Epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the - Risk factors for major diseases - Prevalence of major diseases - National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure - Specific causes of major diseases
- Risk factors for major diseases - Prevalence of major diseases - National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure
Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? - Scientists summarize the findings - Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers - Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals - Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis
- Scientists summarize the findings - Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals - Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis
Choose the chronic diseases in which dietary factors contribute to the disease's development. - Stroke - Suicide - Cancer - Kidney disease - Alzheimer's disease
- Stroke - Cancer - Kidney disease - Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is NOT required on the Supplement Facts label? - Serving size and amount - Structure-function claim - Product ingredient(s) - Suggested dosage
- Structure-function claim
Which of the following practices is most likely to result in a nutrient toxicity disorder? - Consuming 6 servings of fruits and vegetables daily - Eating 4 ounces of chicken liver once a week - Drinking 8 ounces of fat-free milk with each meal - Taking megadoses of various vitamin supplements daily
- Taking megadoses of various vitamin supplements daily
A famous football players appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called a _______. - Reference - Review - Testimonial - Claim
- Testimonial
A personal endorsement of a product is called a ______. - Testimonial - Source of scientific-based information - Reliable source of information
- Testimonial
The general requirements that must be met before a health claim can be made for a food product include - The food must be a good source of fiber, protein, vitamin A, calcium, or iron - The claim may describe the relationship between the product and disease - A food that is a good source of saturated and trans fats but low in sodium and cholesterol
- The food must be a good source of fiber, protein, vitamin A, calcium, or iron - The claim may describe the relationship between the product and disease
Which of the following is true about control groups? - All conditions differ between the control and treatment groups - The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used. - Scientific studies do not require control groups and are valid with or without them
- The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.
Choose the statements that accurately describe gut microbiota. - The roles of microbiota are being researched to determine if they have a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases - Includes viruses, fungi, and bacteria located in the large intestine - Content of microbiota varies from person to person - Includes numerous bacteria, viruses, and fungi located in the small intestine
- The roles of microbiota are being researched to determine if they have a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases - Includes viruses, fungi, and bacteria located in the large intestine - Content of microbiota varies from person to person
The purpose and framework of the Exchange System includes which of the following? - This tool categorizes foods into carbohydrates, protein, and fats - The exchange system organizes foods based on their alcohol and water content - The tool provides a manageable framework, especially for treatment of diabetics - The tool provides a manageable framework for designing diets
- This tool categorizes foods into carbohydrates, protein, and fats - The tool provides a manageable framework, especially for treatment of diabetics - The tool provides a manageable framework for designing diets
A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first two weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (adult males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and reddened facial skin. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contain 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that adult males' - AMDR for niacin was between 16 and 24 mg/day - EER for niacin was 16 mg/day - UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day - Requirement for niacin was 16 mg/day
- UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day
Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? - When members of a population consume fewer fruits and vegetables, their risk of high blood pressure increases. - When a group of children increases their physical activity levels, the percentage of the children who contract cold infections decreases - When a populations intake of green tea increases, the percentage of lung cancer cases in that population decreases. - When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.
- When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.
