Abdomen review
Which zone is the peripheral zone of the prostate?
1
Normal GB wall thickness is approximately:
1-3 mm
A normal kidney measures:
10 cm
The kidneys develop in the pelvis and ascend to their normal position by:
12-15 wks gestation
In the adult, splenomegaly is diagnosed when the length of the spleen exceeds:
13 cm
The approximate length of the normal liver is:
15.5 cm
The thyroid gland consists of the following number of lobes:
2
On US, the duct of Wirsung is considered abnormal if the lumen is greater than ____.
2 mm
Approximately what percentage of the liver's blood is supplied by the hepatic artery?
25%
How many zones is the prostate divided into?
3
The liver is anatomically divided into how many lobes?
3
Which zone is the transitional zone of the prostate?
3
The normal aortic diameter should be less than ________________.
3 cm
Which area is the fibromuscular stroma?
4
The normal length of the adult thyroid is
4-6 cm
In a normal adult with the GB intact, the luminal diameter of the common hepatic duct measures less than or equal to ______________.
4-6 mm
The normal dimensions of the prostate gland are:
4x3x4 cm
Normal scrotal wall thickness should measure less than ______ mm.
6 mm
The portal vein delivers approximately what percentage of blood to the liver?
80%
Which lab value is most specific for liver function?
ALT
What anatomic landmarks can be used to sonographically locate the left adrenal?
Aorta, spleen, left kidney
A renal lab value is _______________.
BUN
Which of the following, when elevated, would be an indication of obstructive uropathy?
BUN and creatinine
Where is the prostate gland located?
Between the bladder and the pelvic floor
Define bladder exstrophy:
Bladder pushing through abdominal wall
Which modality is considered the "gold standard" for imaging the pancreas.
CT scan
What hormone stimulates the GB to contract?
Cholecystokinin
Define ureterocele:
Cyst-like dilatation of the ureter
What definition describes a posterior urethral valve?
Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra
Two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are ____________________.
EPI and NEPI
From inner layer to outer layer, what are the three layers of supportive tissues surrounding each kidney?
Fibrous renal capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia
A major branch of the common hepatic artery is the ______________.
GDA
The liver is covered by a fibrous capsule called:
Glisson's capsule
On a longitudinal image, which of the following major vessels is located to the right of midline with the cephalic portion curving ventrally?
IVC
The head of the pancreas is located anterior to the _____________.
IVC
The right adrenal vein empties into:
IVC
The _________ courses anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA.
LRV
What structure is located posterior to the bilateral lobes of the thyroid gland?
Longus colli muscle
What separates the intrahepatic right lobe from the left lobe?
Main lobar fissure
The peritoneal space bound by the liver, kidney, colon and duodenum where fluid is likely to collect is _________________.
Morrison's Pouch
What is the largest prostate zone?
Peripheral
Functions of the spleen include all except ____________________. a. destruction of RBC's b. production of enzymes c. production of plasma cells d. blood reservoir
Production of enzymes
What is the most common male pelvic cystic mass found in the midline?
Prostatic utricle cyst
Where is the uncinate process located relative to the head of the pancreas?
Proximal
Which of the following vessels travel posterior to the IVC?
RRA
The GB is located in the:
RUQ
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
Which would be a reason for a renal U.S. exam?
UTI
What structures transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
What is the sonographic appearance of bladder diverticula?
Urine-filled outpouchings
Which sonographic technique is used to document a varicocele?
Valsalva maneuver
Adrenal gland tumors can lead to:
adrenal hyperfunction
Catacholemines are produced in the:
adrenal medulla
Which of the following cannot be visualized on a normal liver ultrasound? a. main lobar fissure b. ligamentum venosum c. all can be visualized d. falciform ligament
all can be seen
The common bile duct is joined by the main pancreatic duct. Together they open through the _________ into the duodenal wall.
ampulla of Vater
Which of the following statements is true about the spleen?
an accessory spleen is a normal variant
The persistence of the dorsal and ventral pancreas with the head encircling the duodenum is called:
annular pancreas
The right lobe of the liver is divided into _______________________.
anterior and posterior segments
The GB is located _____________ to the right kidney and _______________ to the pancreas.
anterior, lateral
The GDA is an important landmark of the pancreas head and is located ____________.
anterolateral
What is the name of the vessels that run between (divides) the renal cortex and the medulla?
arcuate
The arteries located at the base of the pyramids of the kidneys are the ____________.
arcuate arteries
The accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity in known as
ascites
Rete testis is located:
at the hilum of the testis
This portion of the liver is not covered by the peritoneum and rests directly against the diaphragm.
bare area
The left renal vein courses:
between aorta and SMA
Which of the following lab values are associated with biliary disease?
bilirubin
The endocrine products of the pancreas are transported via the
blood stream
Mickey mouse sign is the.....
bunny sign
What do the parathyroid glands regulate?
calcium
Which lobe of the liver is located posteriorly between the IVC and ligamentum venosum?
caudate lobe
Which of the following is seen as the seagull sign on ultrasound?
celiac axis
Which of the following should be done to better image the near field of the liver?
change from a sector to a curved array
Inflammation of the GB is known as:
cholecystitis
Which of the following could mimic a mass in the kidney?
column of Bertin
Which three structures form the portal triad?
common duct, portal vein, hepatic artery
The porta hepatis (portal triad) contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and what other structure?
common hepatic duct
The right and left hepatic ducts emerge from the right lobe of the liver in the porta hepatis and unite to form the:
common hepatic duct
With a normally functioning gallbladder, what is stimulated by ingesting a fatty meal?
contracting
The shape of the spleen is _________________.
convex superior concave inferior
The adrenal gland is an endocrine gland that can be divided into
cortex and medulla
Which is more sensitive and specific in determining renal dysfunction?
creatinine
Which lab value is associated with the kidney?
creatinine
A muscular structure seen in the upper abdomen at the level of the celiac axis; it aligns the vertebral column before crossing the midline posterior to the IVC and anterior to the aorta. May be mistaken for the right renal artery.
crus of diaphragm
Identify the syndrome that is associated with the adrenal gland?
cushings
What connects the GB to the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct?
cystic duct
The hepatic duct is joined by the _____________ to form the ___________ .
cystic duct; common bile duct
Functions of the liver
detoxification bile production storage
A patient presents with a dilated gall bladder and a dilated common bile duct. The level of the obstruction should be at the ______________.
distal common bile duct
Which of the following is a normal variant of the pancreas:
divisum
What pancreatic function occurs in the islets of Langerhans?
endocrine
The testis are considered to be
endocrine glands
Although in most cases the sonographic appearance of the testes remains unchanged after vasectomy, what changes can occur in approximately 40% of postvasectomy patients?
enlargment of the epididymis
Sperm mature and accumulate in the ___________.
epididymis
The triangular shaped echogenic structure seen within the TRV left lobe of the liver.
falciform ligament
Which ligament extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
The innermost layer, of the tissue layers, surrounding the kidney is?
fibrous capsule
A phrygian cap is:
folding of the GB fundus
The GB contracts in response to:
food entering the duodenum fatty meals release of cholecystokinin
A branch of the common hepatic artery is the:
gastroduodenal artery
Which is the outermost tissue layer surrounding the kidney?
gerotas fascia
The alpha cells are responsible for releasing:
glucagon
Prominent or bulging eyes with eyelid retraction can be seen in a patient with______________.
grave's disease
Infundibulum is another name for:
hartmanns pouch
Locating the inferior vena cava, superior mesenteric vein, and gastroduodenal artery helps identify what portion of the pancreas?
head
On a longitudinal scan of the scrotum, the sonographer views a normal image of the testicle. What structure would be visualized superior to the testis?
head of the epididymis
What is the equation used to calculate the volume of the prostate?
height x width x length x 0.52
What is the term that describes embryonic production of blood cells?
hemopoiesis
Which vessel supplies the liver with oxygen-rich blood?
hepatic artery
The ________drain the liver of venous blood.
hepatic veins
Which vessels are used to delineate the right and left lobes; the right posterior and right anterior segments; and the left medial and left lateral segments?
hepatic veins
Which vessels increase in size as they course superiorly toward the diaphragm?
hepatic veins
Which of the following is considered a functional liver cell?
hepatocyte
Hepatocellular disease can be defined as a process that affects the:
hepatocytes and interferes with liver function
Normal portal venous blood flow is ________________.
hepatopetal
Accessory spleens are most often located in the:
hilum of the spleen
What is the correct term for kidneys fused at the lower poles?
horseshoe
Which of the following is not an anomaly of number?
horseshoe kidney
The normal thyroid gland is typically ____________ to the neck muscles.
hyperechoic
When compare to a normal liver, the echogenicity of the pancreas in a 60 year old patient is:
hyperechoic
Which is the routine way to image the thyroid gland?
hyperextend the patient's neck
Which renal vessels are positioned between the medullary pyramids?
interlobar
The liver is considered _______________.
intraperitoneal
The lobes of the liver are clearly defined by segmental anatomy which is differentiated by the portal and hepatic veins. The portal veins are ______.
intrasegmental
What term describes the echogenicity of the normal splenic parenchyma when compared to the liver?
isoechoic
The sonographic appearance of a normal spleen in relationship to the liver is:
isoechoic and homogenous
The sonographic appearance of the parathyroid is
isoechoic to the thyroid
Elevation of serum bilirubin results in:
jaundice
The head of the pancreas lies in the:
lap of duodenum
The adrenal glands are located just __________ to the crus of the diaphragm.
lateral
A dromedary hump refers to __________________________.
lateral bulging of the left kidney
The LHV (left hepatic vein) is located within which fissure?
left intersegmental fissure
What is the location of a mass detected anterior and to the left of the ligamentum venosum?
left lobe
The left adrenal vein empties into the _____________.
left renal vein
What vessel can be imaged anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA?
left renal vein
The embryologic remnant of the obliterated umbilical vein is _____________.
ligamentum teres
The falciform ligament extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and contains the:
ligamentum teres
The most appropriate transducer choice for scanning a thyroid is
linear 10 MHz
The enzyme that is the most sensitive over time in the laboratory tests for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is:
lipase
Which lab value is most indicative for pancreatitis?
lipase
Which of the following is a pancreatic enzyme
lipase
Which of the following is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that is essential to the digestion and absorption of essential nutrients?
lipase
Normally, the echogenicity of the pancreas is equal to or greater than that of which organ?
liver
The best acoustic window for the right hemidiaphragm is the ___________.
liver
The _______________ is considered incomplete and runs from the right portal vein to the GB fossa.
main lobar fissure
The right and left lobes of the liver are separated sonographically by __________________.
main lobar fissure
The _____________ extends from the neck of the GB to the _________________ .
main lobar fissure; portal vein
The trachea lies ___________ to the thyroid gland.
medial and posterior
What divides the scrotal pouch into two main compartments?
median raphe
Which of the following is true of the sonographic appearance of the adrenal gland?
medulla is hyperechoic to cortex
From lowest to highest echo amplitude, what is the correct order for the normal renal structures?
medulla, cortex, sinus
The portal vein (PV) is formed posterior to the _________ of the pancreas by the junction of the___________ and splenic vein.
neck, SMV
The functional unit of the kidney is the __________________.
nephron
The passage of urine, internally to externally, goes from ______________.
nephron, renal pyramid, calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
Non-visualization of the GB can be due to:
non fasting
The surgical removal of a testicle is termed:
orchieotomy
Which structure does the common bile duct join prior to terminating at the major duodenal papilla?
pancreatic duct
The RT & LT hepatic ducts run ________ to the anterior wall of the intrahepatic portal veins?
parallel
The adrenal glands are separated from the kidneys by the:
perinephric fat
What is the reticuloendothelial function of the liver?
phagocytosis by Kupffer cells
A fold in the fundus of the gall bladder is known as a ________________.
phrygian cap
The triad of the portal vein, common bile duct, and hepatic artery entering/existing the liver is known as:
porta hepatis
In which vessels does the right branch bifurcate into an anterior branch and a posterior branch?
portal vein
What structure lies posterior to the CHD (common hepatic duct) and anterior to the IVC?
portal vein
Which of the following does not describe the area labeled SV in the image below?
portal-splenic confluence
The largest part of the pancreas lies__________ to the wall of the stomach.
posterior
The uncinate process lays directly _______ to the SMV.
posterior
The epididymal head is located:
posterior and superior to the testis
The retroperitoneal space is defined as the area between which of the following?
posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall muscles
Characteristics of a simple cyst include all of the following except: A. anechoic appearance B. posterior shadowing c. through transmission d. smooth, thin walls
posterior shadowing
The left renal vein courses ___________ to the SMA and ____________ to the aorta before draining to the IVC.
posterior, anterior
The caudate lobe occupies the _____________________ surface of the liver.
posterior-superior
The esophagus is seen ___________ to the thyroid gland and slightly _________ of midline.
posterior; left
One of the functions of the kidneys is:
produce urine
Triangular shaped areas in the medulla between the renal columns are which of the following?
pyramids
An inferior tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver, which is a normal variant:
reidel's lobe
Compare the echogenicities of the following structures and place them in order. Begin with the least echogenic and end with the most echogenic.
renal parenchyma//liver/pancreas/renal sinus
Urine in the major calices next passes into the:
renal pelvis
Urine passes in the order given, through the following structures?
renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
The lower urinary tract is:
retroperitoneal
The pancreas is a(n) __________________ gland.
retroperitoneal
The main portal vein bifurcates at the porta hepatis into
right and left portal veins
The IVC courses vertically to enter the:
right atrium
Which of the following vessels do not branch off of the celiac trunk?
right gastric artery
During a renal sonogram on an adult, the sonographer notes a normal right kidney measuring 11 cm. When evaluating the left upper quadrant, the left kidney appears to be absent. The sonographer should
scan the pelvis
Which of the following is a function of the adrenal cortex?
secrets steroid hormones
Which of the following are the symmetric, paired structures superior to the prostate?
seminal vescicles
The three layers of the gallbladder wall are:
serous, mucosa, epithelial
The left kidney is in contact with the:
spleen, pancreas, colon, and jejunum
The central area of the spleen that allows vascular and lymph structures to emerge or enter
splenic hilum
A vascular landmark that will aid in localizing the pancreas is:
splenic vein
Which vessel lies posterior to the pancreas and is reliable for identifying the body and tail?
splenic vein
Which of the following vessels form the confluence of the main portal vein?
splenic vein SMV IMV
Which of the following structures may mimic the pancreatic duct?
splenic vessels
What anatomy is located on the anterior border of the spleen?
stomach
The function of the GB is:
store bile
The muscle group that forms the anterior border of the thyroid is______.
strap
The base of the prostate is the most:
superior
The thyroid gland sits directly __________ to the clavicle bones.
superior
The __________ artery is located anterior to the aorta and originates 1-2 cm below the celiac trunk.
superior mesenteric artery
The gastroesophageal junction exhibits a ______________ appearance.
target
Sperm is produced in the ____________.
testes
Each scrotal compartment contains
testis
The splenic artery is ________________.
the branch of the celiac trunk found superior to the pancreas
The spleen is ________
the largest lymphoid organ in the body
What statement is true about the kidneys:
the left kidney is more superior
The adrenal glands are similar to the kidney because ___________________.
they have a cortex and medulla
Gallbladder sludge is:
thick bile
What is the smallest prostate zone?
transitional
In the patient is in the standard anatomic position, what is the course of the portal vein?
transverse
The _____________ is the name of the fibrous capsule which surrounds the testes.
tunica albuginea
What is the term for enlargement of the veins in the spermatic cord?
varicocele
The ___________ isa continuation of the epididymis.
vas deferens
Which criteria accurately differentiate portal veins from hepatic veins?
walls are more echogenic
An urachal cyst is a tubular structure:
where urine becomes trapped within fused ends