Nutrition exam 2
Manufacturers use _____ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity.
partial hydrogenated oils
Nonnutritive sweeteners supply _____ calories per serving.
0
Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?
B6
What is the highly toxic compound produced in the liver that is made to removed nitrogen from the body?
ammonia
Which of the following is not considered a fiber? Mucilage Cellulose Pectin Amylopectin
amylopectin
Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber? Apples Rye Wheat Rice
apples
High-protein diets are usually followed for
building muscle. weight loss.
Choose the type of fatty acids that are very susceptible to oxidation causing rancidity.
polyunsaturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids with a cis double-bond arrangement
Common menu items can be converted to meatless dishes by
removing meat, fish, or poultry.
Which of the following is a sugar alcohol? Acesulfame-K Neotame Aspartame Sorbitol
sorbitol
holesterol lowering margarines contain plant ____ , which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol
sterols
PKU is caused by
enzyme deficiency.
Vegetarians who do not consume fish may have difficulty obtaining ______.
omega-3 fatty acids
How is protein used by the body? Select all the possible metabolic fates of protein from the options below.
1.synthesis of glucose 2.production of ATP 3. synthesis and repair of muscle tissue
What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
45-65%
Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to
convert liquid oils into more solid fats.
Gluten-free products that are not nutrient dense include
cookies potato chips
Which of the following may result in elevated BUN levels?
Heart disease Bleeding in the GI tract Kidney disease Urinary tract obstruction
What would be the health benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product? Because they taste better Because they are cheaper Because they are better on the environment Because they have fewer calories
fewer calories
Plant proteins are a healthy alternative to animal proteins because this type of diet has lower rates of ______.
hypertension type 2 diabetes obesity
Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the _____.
stomach
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
Signs of kwashiorkor include
stunted growth. brittle hair. discolored patches of skin.
George has a banana, peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole wheat and a glass of 2% milk for lunch. This meal provides George with 22 grams of protein, 22 grams of fat and 93 grams of carbohydrate and 20 mg grams of cholesterol. Answer the following questions and show your work How many calories are in his lunch? What % of the calories in his lunch are from fats?
to find calories carbohydrate 93 grams x4 calories/g = 372 fat 22 grams x 9 calories/g = 198 Protein 22 grams x 4 calories/g = 88 cholesterol is not metabolized for energy. additionally - cholesterol is measured in mg not in grams total - 658 calories in lunch fat = 198/658 of 30% of the calories in this meal
Which of the following components is often missing from refined grain products? . Bran seed Oily germ Endosperm
bran seed
In most cases, an allergen is a(n)
protein
Which of the following contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate feces?
Insoluble fiber
The _____________ is a linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic energy metabolism.
ETC
Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on human metabolic processes. Complete each statement to describe the anabolic or catabolic influence of these hormones.
In the absorptive state, insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas increases and glucagon secretion by the alpha cells of the pancreas decreases. In the post-absorptive state, insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas decreases and glucagon secretion by the alpha cells of the pancreas increases. In the liver, insulin decreases glycogenolysis, but glucagon increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In the adipose tissue, insulin increases uptake of glucose and increases lipogenesis. In the muscle tissue, insulin increases uptake of glucose and amino acids. Consequently, lipogenesis decreases and protein synthesis increases.
Blood levels of triglycerides are borderline high when they are 150-199 mg/dl and are considered high at levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. What dietary and lifestyle modifications can reduce triglyceride levels? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply
Reduce intake of simple sugars Reduce intake of simple sugars Correct Reduce alcohol intakeReduce alcohol intake Incorrect If a person has obesity, reduce body weight
True or false: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.
false Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the PANCREAS.
When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source.
fatty acids
What are the five signs of metabolic syndrome?
hypertension large waist circumference elevated fasting triglycerides high fasting blood glucose low fasting HDL cholesterol
Which of the following actions is glucagon responsible for?
increase gluconeogenesis increase glycogenolysis increased glucose into the bloodstream
The blood test BUN can be used to asses the function of the
kidneys
The form of malnutrition with stunted growth and swollen cheeks is
kwashiorkor
Deamination occurs primarily in the
liver
The ___ is the main target organ for glucagon's actions.
liver
Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?
liver adipose cells muscle
Hypoglycemia is a condition when blood glucose level is too ______ to provide enough energy for the cells.
low
High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may increase the risk for ______.
osteoporosis cancer
Excess amino acids may be ______.
oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose
A(n) ______ complementation relates to plant proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
protein
What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?
protein complementation
Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because _____ breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins.
protein turnover
The carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ______.
sucrose
Sugar alcohols cost only 2 kcal/gram because ______.
they are not fully absorbed in the intestinal tract
Which one of the following is a highly toxic substance?
Acetaldehyde
What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?
The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?
The nitrogen group must be removed. Pyridoxal phosphate must be available.
Nondigestible plant material is termed ______.
fiber
Proteins are chains made from , Incorrect Unavailable different amino acid
20
A high-protein diet is defined as a protein intake of ______.
20 to 35% of calories
Gestational diabetes typically develops after the ____ week of pregnancy.
24th
Ariana is a 30-year-old female. Based on the Adequate Intake for fiber, Ariana should consume _______ grams of fiber daily.
25
Which description best describes a starch?
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely trigger the recruitment of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system?
A person drinks a lot of drinks one night of the week.
What is the AMDR for fat? What is the USDA Dietary Guidelines recommendation for saturated fat?
AMDR for fat is 20-35% of total calories Saturated fat is recommended to be less than 10% of total calories
Complete the following statements to describe how amino acids can be utilized for energy.
Before an amino acid can be metabolized to yield ATP, its nitrogen group must be removed. This process requires the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6. Amino acids that are converted into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle are called glucogenic amino acids. Amino acids that are converted into acetyl CoA are called ketogenic amino acids.
What is the most important use of some of the energy released during the electron transfer?
Binding Pi to ADP
Which of the following tests should a doctor perform to determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis?
Check blood pressure Test triglyceride levels Request lipoprotein profile
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs
Choose fiber-rich fruits Choose whole grains Choose vegetables
What is responsible for the bonding of two hydrogen molecules to one atom of oxygen to form H2O?
Cytochrome c
What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?
Vitamin B-12 Vitamin D Iron
Which process occurs primarily in the liver?
Deamination
What contributes to the cause of celiac disease?
Environmental factors Heredity
Match the following types of oligosaccharides with common food sources. Garlic Broccoli Raffinose Inulin
Garlic to inulin broccoli to raffinose
occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules with the help of coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate.
Glycogenolysis
Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal?
HDL
Which of the following are unproven diagnostic methods for allergies?
Hair analysis Electrodermal testing Diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner
Paul is in nutrition class and is learning about protein. He is overweight. Currently he weighs 200# (91 kg). He has a goal to reach a BMI of 25 (he would weigh 175# /79.5kg). He is planning to eat a healthy diet and wants to eat the RDA for protein. How much protein (in grams) should he eat?
Since Paul is overweight, he should use a healthy weight to calculate protein needs. RDA is .8 grams/kg. Therefore 79.5x.8 = 63.6 grams of protein would meet his RDA
Children with PEM are at risk for which of the following?
Stunted growth Lower intelligence Weakness and irritability
Which of the following statements is true? Hydrolyzed HDL is a toxic lipoprotein that contributes to cardiovascular disease. All forms of LDL cholesterol are considered unhealthy, because they increase the risk of diabetes. VLDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.
The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.
After being digested, most amino acids are first transported into
absorptive cells
Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages.
caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol caffeine may make the person feel more alert
Abdominal bloating, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss are all symptoms of
celiac
Most gallstones are made of ______.
cholesterol
Soluble-fiber improves heart health by binding to ______ in the GI tract.
cholesterol
Soluble-fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) have in protein digestion?
denatures food proteins activates pepsin from the inactive form
Eating foods that are rich sources of _____ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
dietary fiber
Celeste took her 4-year old daughter to a birthday party and was disappointed when her daughter's behavior at the party was uncontrolled hyperactivity. The most likely cause of the hyperactivity at the birthday party was ______.
excitement of the party that was different from her normal routine
True or false: Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.
false
True or false: Food intolerances trigger the body's immune response.
false food ALLERGIES do this
Gluten-free products are not always healthier as some are high in
fats. simple sugars. sodium.
According to the WHO, treating children with PEM includes
frequent health assessment. controlled refeeding. hospitalization.
Which of the following are considered catabolic hormones?
glucagon cortisol epinephrine
Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to _____
glucose fatty acids
What transports glucose from the blood into the cell?
glucose transport proteins
The muscle and liver are major sites for the storage and formation of ______.
glycogen
Polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large chainlike structures include ______.
glycogen starch
HDL cholesterol is considered___cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation
good
A personalized nutrition plan takes into consideration
height and weight. genes. blood pressure. health assessment.
Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?
lactate lactic acid
is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.
hormone sensitive lipase
Having a large waist circumference can be a sign of metabolic syndrome and dangerous to one's health, especially when it is accompanied by ______. low blood sugar levels hypertension elevated blood lipid levels low estrogen levels
hypertension elevated blood lipid levels
occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.
insulin resistance
The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is
insulin.
In the United States, the average protein intake ______.
is about 15 to 18% of total calories is about 1.44 g/kg body weight
An advantage of a high-protein diet is ______.
its satiating effect total calorie intake is usually less that it promotes fullness and reduces appetite
A person with which disease and an elevated BUN is often advised to eat less protein?
kidney disease
Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?
makes the person feel more alert may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include ______.
male sex family history (genetics) increasing age
Which of the following are sugar alcohols?
mannitol sorbitol xylitol
The form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as
marasmus
Match the food with its major lipid component. Use each food only once.
saturated: -beef -butter Monosaturated: -olive oil -peanut butter Polysaturated fat: -safflower oil -fatty fish
Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ________.
small intestine
What can reduce the absorption of bile salts in enterohepatic circulation?
soluble fiber
_____ dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria.
soluble,viscous
The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______.
synthesize hormones create structural molecules synthesize enzymes
George has a banana, a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole wheat, and a glass of 2% milk. This meal provides George with 22 grams of protein, 22 grams of fat, 93 grams of total carbohydrate with 10 grams of added sugar and 4 grams of dietary fiber. Answer the following questions and show your work How many calories are in his lunch? What % of the calories in his lunch are from carbohydrates?
to find calories carbohydrate 93 grams x4 calories/g = 372 fat 22 grams x 9 calories/g = 198 Protein 22 grams x 4 calories/g = 88 fiber and added sugar grams are included in total carbohydrate. Review label reading. Additionally, fiber stays in the intestines and not absorbed into body for metabolism. There is some gain of energy value when fiber is used by intestinal bacteria, but it is variable and less than 3 kcals/gram total - 372+198+88 = 658 calories in lunch carbohydrate % = 372/658 = 56.5% of the calories in this meal
After being digested, most amino acids are
transported into absorptive cells
During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______.
two; acetyl CoA
levels in both the blood and urine can be used as a marker of dietary protein intake.
urea
Which of the following are signs of metabolic syndrome?
waist circumference >/= 35 inches (women) triglycerides >/=150mg/dL
Signs of marasmus include Multiple select question. wasting.
wasting. weakness
Choose the foods that naturally contain small amounts of trans fats.
whole milk and whole-milk products meat butter
To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by ______.
0.8
Click and drag on elements in order Rank the fiber content of the following foods beginning with the food that has the highest fiber content and ending with the food that has the lowest fiber content.
1. kidney beans 2. bran cereal 3. raspberries 4. banana 5. white bread
AMDR for protein
10-35%
Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.
250
If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds)
60 grams of protein per day
Karen's grandma has Type 2 diabetes and has just met with a Registered Dietitian to learn about her diet. They developed a meal plan to spread carbohydrate intake evenly throughout the day. The dietitian recommendsa meal plan with 60 grams of CHO at breakfast, at lunch, and at dinner and 20 grams for one snack. Grandma is on an 1800 calorie diet. What % of her diet will be from carbohydrate? For credit, show your work
60 grams x3 meals = 180 + 20 for snack = 200 grams 200 grams of CHO is 800 calories (4 calories x 200 grams) 800/1800 = 44.4%
Complete the following statements to describe the biochemical pathways used to metabolize alcohol
Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and transported to the liver, the primary site of alcohol metabolism. When a moderate amount of alcohol is consumed, alcohol is converted to acetyl CoA by the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway. When an excessive amount of alcohol is consumed, the excess alcohol is converted to acetyl CoA by the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system. This pathway wastes some energy in the form of heat. The acetyl CoA produced as a result of these pathways can be further metabolized to yield energy via the citric acid cycle. This process yields 7 kcal per gram of alcohol.
Match the activity of dietary fiber that is related to its health benefit.
Fiber increases satiety: Helps promote weight loss Correct Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion:Reduces cardiovascular disease risk Correct Soluble fiber slows digestion and minimizes dramatic swings in blood glucose:Improves diabetes management Correct Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity: Promotes colon health Correct
What is an acceptable hemoglobin HbA1c level for a person with diabetes?
less than 7%
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
no
What happens to amino acids once they enter the absorptive cells?
peptides are broken down into amino acids
The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called
protein turnover
Is the cholesterol that is found in an egg HDL ("the good") cholestertol? Explain your answer with details why or why not
HDL and LDL are lipoproteins made by the body to be carriers of cholesterol. They are molecules that carry cholesterol, fatty acids, and other lipid compounds. Increased blood LDL has been associated with heart disease and is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. HDL does not increase risk of heart disease. But in food, cholesterol is just the chemical cholesterol, it is not in a package of HDL or LDL until it is in the body and needs to be carried through the blood.
What is the condition that can result in the removal of too much glucose from the bloodstream by the cells?
Hyperinsulinemia
Which of the following are major functions of proteins in the body? Check all that apply.
In clotting compounds in blood To make certain hormones As components of harded structures, such as hair and nails As compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance To build antibodies that fight disease organisms
Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that is a leading cause of death in the United States. Complete the sentence with its appropriate term.
The majority of Americans with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. The major type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance. Approximately 5% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes. The less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in overproduction of insulin The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. Women who have this condition are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth.
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Complete the following statements to describe what happens to pyruvate
Under anaerobic conditions, such as intense exercise, pyruvate is converted to lactate . This 3-carbon molecule travels through the blood to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose by the Cori cycle. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl CoA . This 2-carbon molecule goes on to participate in a series of oxidative reactions called the citric acid cycle.
Ketoacidosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________.
bloodstream
Glycogen from the liver can be broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream to supply all tissues of the body. Glycogen from the skeletal muscle serves only to fuel the muscle cells.
true
Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intakes. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ________ kcal/day.
180
The percentage of adults who do not eat meat, fish or poultry is about ______.
3.3%
What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?
Native Americans African Americans Latino/Hispanic Americans
Catabolism of carbohydrates to yield ATP is a multistep process. Complete the following sentences to describe the three phases of carbohydrate catabolism.
The first step of carbohydrate catabolism is glycolysis. This process converts the 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This series of chemical reactions takes place in the cytosol. The next step of carbohydrate catabolism takes place in the mitochondrion . With the help of coenzyme A, the 3-carbon pyruvate molecules are converted to acetyl CoA. This is the entry point for the citric acid cycle, a 6-step process that harvests the chemical energy stored in carbohydrates in the form of high-energy electrons. During the last step of carbohydrate catabolism, the high-energy electrons liberated during previous steps are shuttled to the electron transport chain, which is a series of enzymes embedded in the membrane of the mitochondrion. The chemical energy is used to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Treatment for diabetes includes which of the following? Multiple select question. Sleep Insulin injections Oral medications Exercise Diet
Insulin injections Oral medications Exercise Diet
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
Lipoprotein lipase
True or false: The presence of damaged villi can help confirm diagnosis of celiac disease.
True
What part of the wheat kernel is used to make white flour?
endosperm
The diagram below shows how blood sugar levels are regulated right after a meal and then several hours after a meal. Drag and drop the hormones insulin and glucagon to their correct location on the diagram.
1. pancreas releases insulin 2. pancreas releases glugacon
Which of the following is a complementary protein dish? Check all that apply.
1. peanuyt butter jelly on whole wheat bread 2. beans and rice 3. hummus and sesame seeds
The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the _____. Bile acids produced in the _____ and stored in the _____ aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. The _____ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat. Position 1 of 4 small intestine correct toggle button unavailable small intestine Position
1. small intestine 2. liver 3. gallbladder 4. pancreas
Humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. For this reason, vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about ______% to meet their protein requirements.
10
Liver glycogen becomes depleted in about __ hours
12-24
A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol.
13-14
Match each of the dietary fat and cholesterol recommendations listed below.
20-35% of total calories - total fat Less than 10% of total calories -saturated fat 5-10% of total calories -lineolic acid 0.6-1.2% of total calories -alpha lineolic acid As little as possible while consuming a healthy diet -cholesterol
Protein is unique because it is the only macronutrient that has a nitrogenous component as part of its chemical makeup. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting product. What happens to ammonia?
Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. Select all of the dietary practices that can help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. Check all that apply.
Eat hard cheeses and yogurtEat hard cheeses and yogurt Correct Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk, such as Lactaid® Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk, such as Lactaid® Correct Drink calcium-fortified soy milkDrink calcium-fortified soy milk Correct Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods
Complete the following statements to describe how cells use fatty acids for fuel.
Free fatty acids are taken up by cells from the bloodstream. Before they can be metabolized for fuel, fatty acids must be bound to coenzyme A. Activated fatty acids must be transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrion of the cell. The transport protein that shuttles fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane is carnitine. Next, fatty acids are cleaved into 2-carbon fragments in a process called beta-oxidation. The 2-carbon fragments are converted into acetyl CoA. The 2-carbon fragments that arise from these cleavage reactions can then be oxidized in the citric acid cycle. High-energy electrons released by this series of reactions are taken up by two coenzymes, NAD and FAD. ATP can be generated from the chemical energy stored in the reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH₂) that are produced by these reactions. This final phase of fatty acid catabolism is the electron transport chain
Which of the following must be present in a food labeled "whole grain"?
Oily germ Fiber-rich bran Starchy endosperm
Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols.
Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol.
What confirms the diagnosis of celiac disease?
Positive blood test Damaged villi
Which of the following coenzymes are required to convert glycogen to glucose?
Pyridoxal phosphate
Bob exercises 5 days a week with a regimen of cardio and strength training. He wants to increase muscle and he eats a high protein diet and drinks protein shakes after each workout. He believes that any excess protein he eats will be stored in the body and if it is not stored, the excess protein will be excreted in the urine. In detail, explain what really happens to excess protein the body.
While there is a small pool of amino acids circulating in the blood, the body has no capacity to store excess amino acids. If protein intake is greater than needs, the amino acids undergo deamination which means the nitrogen group (NH2) is removed, leaving the CHO backbone. The NH2 goes to the liver where is made into ammonia. Ammonia is a toxic waste product and the liver can use the ammonia to make urea. Urea goes into the blood and if filtered and excreted by the kidneys. The CHO backbone can be used for energy and if the energy is not needed, it can be used for other compounds. But it is important to note that excess PROTEIN is NOT excreted by the kidneys. While there is always a small amount of protein in urine, large amounts, known as proteinuria, is an indication that the kidneys are not functioning properly.
Choose the two amino acids present in aspartame.
aspartic acid phenylalanine
By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an____ , a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together.
emulsifier
