nutrition exam 2
10. Define complete and incomplete proteins. Give examples.
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14. Name the primary function of fat and protein.
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15. Define and name a good food example for each of the following terms:
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16. What is glycolysis? - the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Does not require oxygen.
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17. What type fats have the worst effect on blood lipid levels and risk for heart disease? - LDL Cholesterol
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22. How can you change your BMR? -BMR is basal metabolic rate. It can be altered by increasing lean body mass, growing, and caffeine.
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23. The thermic effect of food is one of the components that determine how many kcalories
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29. What happens to amino acids when protein intake is in excess of your body's needs?
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3. What are the unique chemical structures of triglycerides & proteins?
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30. Distinguish between body weight and body composition. How is each measured? Body weight is simply the weight while body composition takes into account the amount of lean body mass and fat that make up the body.
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hydrogenated fats
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you need each day. Name the other two components. - Basal metabolism and physical activity.
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8. What is the optimal rate of weight loss? Calculate a weekly weight loss or weight gain.
1-2 lbs/ week.
31. Describe the "ideal" weight loss diet. - eat a healthy diet, exercise, aim for 1
2 lbs per week.
The long chain omega
3's come from marine sources such as fish, or more specifically from the micro-algae the fish eats. The two primary types of long-chain omega-3's are: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
7. Approximately how many kcalories are in a pound of adipose?
3500Kcal
2. What are ADP and ATP?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate, and is the energy used by an organism in its daily operations. It consists of an adenosine molecule and three inorganic phosphates. After a simple reaction breaking down ATP to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) , the energy released from the breaking of a molecular bond is the energy we use to keep ourselves alive.
21. What does BMI measure? What is considered a "healthy" BMI range?
Body mass index. Height vs weight. "healthy is 18.5-24.9".
6. How is excess energy stored in the body?
Fat
4. What form of energy is used in early (first 24 hrs) vs. late fasting?
Glucose is first form of energy then the body feeds on the protein stores and fats.
13. What is the Dietary Guideline recommendation for alcohol consumption?
If alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation.
5. Explain ketosis and its impact on the body. How is it reversed?
Ketosis is a sign that the body's chemistry is going awry. Acidic blood denatures proteins, leaving them unable to function. Elevated blood ketones are excreted in the urine. A fruity odor on the breath develops reflecting the presence of the ketone acetone.
20. Define the different types of vegetarians. List advantages and disadvantages of a vegan diet.
Lacto-ovo- vegetarians use animal derived foods such as milk and eggs. Vegans consume nothing animal related.
19. What are the daily recommended intakes for protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fats? (based on a 2000 kcal diet).
Protein 20-35% , total fat 25%,<10% saturated fat, <300mg cholesterol, and as little trans fats as possible.
9. What end products of digestion, when metabolized, yield glucose?
Proteins
phospholipid
a compound similar to a triglyceride but having a phosphate group and choline in place of one of the fatty acids.
saturated
a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms; for example stearic acid. Ex. animal fats.
polyunsaturated
a fatty acid that lacks four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbons, for example, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Common in vegetable oils.
monounsaturated fat
abundant in olive oil.
12. What food is rated as the highest quality protein?
animal products
32. Compare the characteristics of bulimia vs. anorexia?
anorexia is something that the person is unaware of while bulimia is a conscious decision
Short
chain omega-3's come from plant sources like flax, canola oil, and walnuts. The primary short-chain omega-3 is: ALA (alpha linolenic acid)
Sterol
compound containing a four ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached.
essential fatty acids, EPA, DHA and ALA.
fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), ALA
trans fat
fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond.
25. Discuss the benefits of amino acid supplements in the diet.
if someone is not receiving adequate amounts of proteins in their diets these supplements can make up the difference.
27. How is alcohol metabolized differently from CHO, fat and protein?
it needs no digestion therefore it can reach the brain very quickly.
1. Define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism. Give examples of catabolism/anabolism in the body.
metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Catabolism are reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones and release energy. Anabolism are reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones and require energy.
Cholesterol
one of the sterols containing a four ring structure with a carbon side chain.
11. What two primary criteria are used to determine protein quality (PDCAA)?
protein's digestibiblity and its amino acid composition.
18. What is the benefit of EPA, DHA and ALA in the diet? Where is each found?
they are essential for normal growth, visual acuity, and cognitive development.
24. What are the consequences of too little protein in the diet?
without proteins to perform their critical roles, many of the body's activities come to a halt.
28. How is waist circumference used to assess health risk?
women with waist in excess of 35 in and men with greater than 40 in have a high risk of central obesity related health problems.