Nutrition exam 3
What adverse side effect is most likely to develop in infants who are deprived of solid foods for the entire first year of life? Delayed growth Impaired speech Mental dysfunction Impaired eye coordination
Delayed growth
Which of the following defines the association between nutrition and chronic disease? - Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases - Diet is the primary factor affecting the development of chronic diseases - Dietary influence in the development of chronic diseases is direct, straightforward, and well understood - Dietary advice for combating heart disease and cancer prevents their development if instituted early in life
Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases
A patient reports that since returning from overseas travel to a developing country, she has been experiencing stomach cramps and diarrhea. Which of the following food-borne organisms is most likely responsible for these symptoms? E. coli Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Listeria monocytogenes
E. coli
Antioxidant substances that are believed to help protect against cancer include all of the following except EDTA. vitamin E. vitamin C. beta-carotene.
EDTA.
Which of the following activities would result in the least exposure to nitrites? Eating bacon Drinking beer Driving a new car Smoking cigarettes
Eating bacon
Which of the following foods are most often the cause of allergies? Eggs, peanuts, and milk Bananas, juice, and cola Apples, noodles, and rice Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate
Eggs, peanuts, and milk
Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats? Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects. Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats. Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature. Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of life span.
Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature.
What organization is responsible for enforcing the tolerances that are set for a pesticide on food? EPA FDA WHO DDT
FDA
Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children? - The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g. - There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age. - Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients. - Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate.
Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate.
Which of the following statements represents current thought in the development of cancer? Fat in the diet appears to be protective against many types of cancer. Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer. Food contaminants play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer. Protein in the diet from animal sources appears to be protective of many types of cancer.
Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer.
What is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? Naturally occurring toxicants Food poisoning from microbes Pesticide residues from farmers Food additives from the food industry
Food poisoning from microbes
What list is composed of substances widely used for many years without apparent ill effects? FDA GRAS Delaney Additive Safety
GRAS
The substitution of soy protein for animal protein leads to a reduction in the blood levels of all of the following except LDL. HDL. cholesterol. triglycerides.
HDL.
Which of the following may be classified as an emerging risk factor for coronary heart disease? BMI of more than 30 High LDL-cholesterol levels Low HDL-cholesterol levels High C-reactive protein levels
High C-reactive protein levels
Which of the following is NOT among the diet-related risk factors for coronary heart disease? Obesity High sugar intake Glucose intolerance High blood cholesterol
High sugar intake
Which of the following is an example of food intoxication? Addition of alkaline and acidic agents to foods Illness produced by acute overconsumption of high-fat foods Addition of alcohol-containing beverages in the cooking of foods Illness produced from ingestion of food contaminated with natural toxins
Illness produced from ingestion of food contaminated with natural toxins
Your aunt Crystal asks you to recommend a diet that will help lower her blood pressure. She is willing to try just about anything. Which of the following choices would be most effective in lowering Crystal's blood pressure? - Eliminating the use of table salt altogether - Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day - Substituting all table salt use throughout the day with Mrs. Dash seasoning product - Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day plus restricting sodium to 2 g/day
Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day plus restricting sodium to 2 g/day
Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors? Increased iron absorption Increased bacterial growth Decreased allergy protection Decreased hormone production
Increased bacterial growth
Which of the following is NOT among the adverse effects of diabetes? Impaired vision Impaired circulation Increased resistance to infection Increased loss of water via the urine
Increased resistance to infection
What classification is given to a substance that leaches from the inside lining of a can to the fruit resulting in an off-flavor? Direct additive Indirect additive Migratory contamination Peripheral contamination
Indirect additive
What category is assigned to additives put in foods after a rational decision-making process? Indirect Incidental Intentional Contaminants
Intentional
When expressed per kilogram body weight, the nutrient needs of infants are markedly higher than those of young adults for all of the following nutrients EXCEPT iron iodine Vitamin C Vitamin D
Iron
When expressed per kilogram of body weigh, the nutrient needs of infants are markedly higher than those for young adults for all of the following nutrients except? Iodine Iron Vitamin C Vitamin D
Iron
Which of the following is an example of a food preservation technique? Carotenoids used to retard formation of nitrosamines Irradiation used to sterilize spices Sulfites used to retard growth of pathogenic organisms Nitrites used to form unique radiolytic particles when the food is overheated
Irradiation used to sterilize spices
What is the chief purpose of using ozone as a commercial water treatment? It acts as a disinfectant. It complexes with heavy metals. It stabilizes the carbon filtration process. It promotes chlorine dissipation and thus enhances taste.
It acts as a disinfectant.
Why is ground meat more susceptible to microbial contamination than unground meat? It has more surface area It is usually undercooked It has a higher fat content It is not inspected as often
It has more surface area
What is the chief reason for NOT using irradiation for preserving dairy products? It imparts off flavors It coalesces the fat particles It is inefficient at killing microorganisms It results in high amounts of food radioactive particles
It imparts off flavors
What unintended benefit is derived from the freezing of fish by the food industry? It tenderizes the product. It inactivates botulinum toxin. It kills mature parasitic worms. It destroys the toxin from hepatitis A and B.
It kills mature parasitic worms.
Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? There is no limit to the supply It provides immunological protection The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby
It provides immunological protection
Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet? Age Gender Heredity Low HDL level
Low HDL level
Which of the following is descriptive of most older people? Mentally lucid Unhappy and unhealthy Dependent on caregivers Strong desire to remain isolated
Mentally lucid
Which of the following would most likely result from placing cooked hamburger patties on the same plate that held the uncooked patties? Flavor declination Meat juice retention Fat drippings exudation Microbial cross-contamination
Microbial cross-contamination
Which of the following is a known relationship between alcohol intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Moderate alcohol intake raises HDL cholesterol and inhibits formation of blood clots. The benefits of light alcohol intake on CVD risk are greatest in people of ages 25-44 years. Gin and vodka contain antiplaque compounds such as phenols and other phytochemicals. The beneficial effects of alcohol in lowering blood pressure appear stronger for men than women.
Moderate alcohol intake raises HDL cholesterol and inhibits formation of blood clots.
How does obesity increase the risk for developing hypertension? - Obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to higher blood pressure - The excess fat pads surrounding the kidneys impair blood flow to these organs and lead to a higher output of renin - Sodium intake in obese people significantly exceeds the recommended intake, thereby predisposing them to higher blood pressure - Higher lipoprotein lipase activity in obese people triggers the angiotensin cascade, leading to increased peripheral resistance to blood flow
Obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to higher blood pressure
What was the toxic substance that accidentally found its way into the food chain in the early 1970s and to which almost all of Michigan's residents became exposed? Lead acetate Methylmercury Listeria monocytogenes Polybrominated biphenyl
Polybrominated biphenyl
What is the term given to the factors that enhance the development of cancer after it has been initiated? Promoters Post-initiators Tumor formatives Tumor directives
Promoters
What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant? Oat Corn Rice Wheat
Rice
What is the primary source of dietary mercury? Seafood Legumes Unfiltered water Undercooked poultry
Seafood
What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure content of tap water used to prepare infant formula? - Whenever possible boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water. - Since upon sitting overnight the lead in hot water pipes settles out, draw the drinking water from this source first. - Since the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it. - Add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead and inhibit its absorption.
Since the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it.
What ingredient commonly used as a sweetener in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea? Sorbitol Maltose Saccharin Aspartame
Sorbitol
Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound. She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby. Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition? Suggest she attend congregate meals Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program Suggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need Have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to Rose
Suggest she attend congregate meals
Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table. Teach the individual to take small portions first and then second helpings if desired. Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate. Take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by dieting and regular exercise.
Teach the individual to take small portions first and then second helpings if desired.
What is aquaculture? A seaweed growth system The practice of fish farming. A water purification system The raising of plants in a water environment
The practice of fish farming.
About 50% of people with HIV infection will progress to AIDS within 1 year. 2 years. 5 years. 10 years.
10 years.
What is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcal/kg body weight? 25 35 75 100
100
Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70-year-old versus a 30-year-old? 2 10 20 30
20
Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is under control of her genes? 0 25 50 75
25
What is the life expectancy of males and females in the United States? 62-67 years 68-80 years 81-84 years 85-89 years
68-80 years
Of the millions of imported shipments of raw foods arriving in U.S. ports each year, approximately what percentage is not inspected by the FDA? Less than 5 Less than 20 50 98
98
Which of the following statements describes a relationship between salt intake and high blood pressure? A high salt intake is not a risk factor for the development of high blood pressure. Ninety-five percent of people under 50 years of age with high blood pressure respond favorably to low salt intake. Most people are genetically sensitive to sodium and can develop high blood pressure from excess salt intake. Ninety-five percent of people with high blood pressure who restrict salt intake show a significant decrease in blood pressure.
A high salt intake is not a risk factor for the development of high blood pressure.
What is colostrum? A clot in the bloodstream A major protein in breast milk A hormone that promotes milk production A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery
A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery
Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol? Begin drug treatment Consume a high protein diet Consume large amounts of fish and fish oils Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight
Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight
A reasonable fiber intake for a 5-year-old would be 2 grams. 5 grams. Age plus 5 grams. Age plus 10 grams.
Age plus 5 grams.
What is the term given to the child who is hyperactive with severe and impulsive behavior? Food hypersensitivity Fetal alcohol syndrome Caffeine hypersensitivity Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Which of the following steps should be undertaken by the parent or guardian to ensure that young people eat well? Control the availability of food. Control the consumption of food. Prohibit eating except at mealtime. Provide an emotional climate that discourages snacking.
Control the availability of food.
Which of the following sources of nutrition is least likely to become contaminated with microorganisms? Soy formula Breast milk Iron-fortified formula Liquid concentrate formula
Breast milk
What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? Breast milk contains less fat. Breast milk is digested faster. Breast milk is less nutrient dense. The amount of milk consumed per feeding episode is lower in breast-fed infants.
Breast milk is digested faster.
Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition? - It is generally easier to overfeed a breast-fed infant than a formula-fed infant. - Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life. - For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breast-feeding. - Breast-fed infants generally score higher on tests of mental development than do formula-fed infants.
Breast-fed infants generally score higher on tests of mental development than do formula-fed infants.
Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn't exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion? Platelet count C-reactive protein concentrations LDL cholesterol serum concentrations HDL cholesterol serum concentrations
C-reactive protein concentrations
An infant diagnosed with "goat's milk anemia" is most likely deficient in iron. folate. vitamin B6. vitamin B12.
folate.
An adverse reaction to food that does not signal the body to form antibodies is termed a food allergy. food intolerance. mild food challenge. transient food episode.
food intolerance.
What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly? To economize when food prices increase To improve appearance among their peers to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose to reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia
to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except sodium. vitamin D. iron and folate. zinc and vitamin A.
vitamin D.
Your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that the doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. You inform your father that - these vegetables significantly reduce absorption of the drug. - these vegetables significantly increase absorption of the drug - variable intake of green leafy vegetables will affect activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors - inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug.
inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug.
Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from intestinal bacterial overgrowth. insufficient intake of vitamin B12. reduced output of intrinsic factor. reduced output of hydrochloric acid.
insufficient intake of vitamin B12.
A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be polydipsic insulin resistant hyperglucagonemic pancreatic beta-cell deficient
insulin resistant
Aspirin is best known to alter the requirements or utilization of iron and folate. zinc and chromium. biotin and cobalamin. calcium and phosphorus.
iron and folate.
The consumption of milk by children should not exceed 4 cups per day in order to lower the risk for solute overload. iron deficiency. vitamin A toxicity. vitamin D toxicity.
iron deficiency.
Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases except cancer. diabetes. kwashiorkor. hypertension.
kwashiorkor.
When a slice of fresh apple turns a brown color it is most likely the result of oxidation. dehydration. microbial contamination. ethylene oxide treatment in the ripening process.
oxidation.
Tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in clot formation are called plaques. T-cells. platelets. thrombocytes.
platelets.
All of the following are among the symptoms of diabetes except polyuria. polydipsia. polyphagia. polysaccharidosis.
polysaccharidosis.
A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is lack of intrinsic factor. loss of iron due to more frequent running activity. blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures. poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.
poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.
Functions of the T-cells include all of the following except recognition of antigens. production of antibodies. release of killer chemicals. suppression of the immune response when approximate.
production of antibodies.
The nutrients most likely to be lacking in the diet worldwide include all of the following EXCEPT iron iodine protein vitamin A
protein
HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the following sources EXCEPT saliva. blood. semen. vaginal secretions.
saliva.
Risk factors that predict the development of hypertension include all of the following except age. race. salt intake. family background.
salt intake.
A cancer that originates from bone is a sarcoma. carcinoma. osteocarcinoma. hematopoietic neoplasm.
sarcoma.
Worldwide food production is limited by all of the following except shrinking of desert areas. thinning of the ozone layer. higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. increasing salt concentration of food-producing land.
shrinking of desert areas.
A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her skin. colon. mouth. stomach.
skin
All of the following are features of iron nutrition in children except anemia makes children more disruptive. iron deficiency may be mistaken for lead poisoning. the brain appears to be less sensitive to iron-deficiency than the rest of the body. children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants do not show normal school performance even after iron status improved.
the brain appears to be less sensitive to iron-deficiency than the rest of the body.
Which of the following is NOT among the nutrient characteristics of human breast milk? The sodium content is low. The zinc is highly bioavailable. The iron is highly bioavailable. The vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements.
The vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements.
Why are sulfites a prohibited additive for refined grain products in the United States? They destroy thiamin. They impart off colors. They impart off flavors. They shorten the shelf-life.
They destroy thiamin.
Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism? They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth. They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults. They show increased frequency of urination which results in higher requirements. They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation.
They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth.
Which of the following is NOT among the features of dietary fat and cancer? Type of fat may influence cancer initiation Type of fat may influence cancer promotion Intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish may protect against some cancers Recent studies have weakened the associated risk of high-fat diet with cancer
Type of fat may influence cancer initiation
Which of the following would be the most effective substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone? UHT milk Low-cost expired milk Calcium carbonate tablets Greens with highly bioavailable calcium
UHT milk
What nutrient, when taken in large doses, is known to reduce excretion of aspirin, thereby retaining more of the medication in the bloodstream? Iron Calcium Vitamin C Omega-3 fats
Vitamin C
What nutrients in foods are most vulnerable to losses during food handling and preparation? Trace elements Fat-soluble vitamins Polyunsaturated fats Water-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed angina a stroke a vascular event metabolic syndrome
a stroke
The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as antigens. antibodies. synergisms. immunoglobulins.
antigens.
Macrobiotic diets refer to diets that are tailored to very large individuals. are restricted to a few grains and vegetables. recommend specific ratios of the macronutrients. encompass a very broad range of vegetables and fruits.
are restricted to a few grains and vegetables.
The adolescent growth spurt affects the brain primarily. decreases total nutrient needs. affects every organ except the brain. begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys.
begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys.
Regular use of antacids is known to interfere significantly with absorption of all of the following EXCEPT iron biotin folate vitamin B12
biotin
A child is brought into the emergency room with breathing difficulties. He also has difficulty swallowing and speaking. The mother mentions that he ate some home-canned beans yesterday. You suspect microbiological food poisoning. The most likely toxin is botulinum. giardiasis toxin. campylobacteria toxin. salmonella toxin.
botulinum.
All of the following are associations between smoking and coronary heart disease except smoking damages platelets. smoking increases blood pressure. smoking as a risk factor for CHD is the same for women and men. cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 18 months.
cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 18 months.
All of the following are rules to help prevent illness from Salmonella except use hands to mix foods. thaw meats in the refrigerator. use a meat thermometer to avoid undercooking. use hot, soapy water to wash hands, utensils, and countertops.
use hands to mix foods.
Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. To reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents, Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet EXCEPT maintaining a healthy body weight. eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids eating a variety of foods that contain vitamins C and E getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes.
getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes.
All of the following are characteristics of nutrition in people with HIV infection except the FDA warns these individuals to avoid sushi. common bacteria on foods become life-threatening to these individuals. appropriate nutrient intake can prevent and reverse malnutrition. the DRI Committee and the American Medical Association have devised specific dietary strategies for treatment.
the DRI Committee and the American Medical Association have devised specific dietary strategies for treatment.
Chelation therapy is purported to work by ridding the body of tumor cells. toxic metals. organic toxins. excess fat-soluble vitamins.
toxic metals.