Nutrition Exam 3
without sufficient ___, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.
insulin
what are other names for the citric acid cycle? - tricarboxylic acid cycle - glycolysis - electron transport chain - Krebs cycle
- tricarboxylic acid cycle - Krebs cycle
when is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?
- when oxygen is lacking - in cells without mitochondria
what is the main purpose of newborn screening?
identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders
high ADP concentrations outcome?
increase in energy-yielding reactions
the incomplete breakdown of fat results in ____.
ketone bodies
what is produces from incomplete fatty acid oxidation?
ketone bodies
the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called _____.
lipolysis
After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the _____.
liver
what organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?
liver
Where can gluconeogenesis occur?
liver cells and kidney cells
the electron transport chain is located in the ______
mitochondria
_________ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic
niacin
If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been _____
oxidized
a substance is ___ when it loses 1 or more electrons.
oxidized.
what molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?
oxygen
people with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of ___.
phenylalanine
The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to ____. - poor physical growth - pancreatic swelling - liver enlargement - high blood glucose levels
poor physical growth and liver enlargement
low levels of insulin outcome?
promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis
increased insulin level outcome?
promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
lipolysis
the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called ___.
the transition reaction
what are two functions of glycolysis?
to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds to produce energy
catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP? - water - carbon dioxide - heat - alcohol
water, carbon dioxide and heat
which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?: - catalase pathway - ADH pathway - gluconeogenesis pathway - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
- ADH pathway - MEOS - catalase pathway
what are some key functions of the liver? - alcohol metabolism - breakdown of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol - production of ketone bodies - nutrient storage
- alcohol metabolism - production of ketone bodies - nutrient storage
what are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?
- conversion of pyruvate to lactate - glycolysis
What are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration for glucose in the correct order? citric acid cycle transition reaction glycolysis electron transport chain
- glycolysis - transition reaction - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain
The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: Glycolysis
2 ATP
The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: electron transport chain
28 ATP
The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: complete oxidation of glucose (total)
32 ATP
During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function?
90%
what is the name of the main form of energy used directly by the body?
ATP
what is another name for fatty acids oxidation?
Beta-oxidation
in what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?
Cytoplasm
what pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?
MEOS
The term metabolism refers to ...
a chemical process involved in maintaining life
in the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to ___.
acetaldehyde
which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?
aerobic metabolism
what is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?
alcohol dehydrogenase
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ___ ____
amino acids
Energy (ATP) can be formed from _____________. - vitamins - amino acids - fatty acids - glucose
amino acids, fatty acids and glucose
During periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) _______ state
anabolic
during high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _____ glycolysis to produce ATP
anaerboic
how do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?
anaerobic metabolism
IN galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to ___. - bacterial infections - speech impairment - cataracts - intellectual disability
bacterial infections, cataracts and intellectual disability
fasting and feasting ____ metabolism. - do not - both affect -rarely affect
both affect
fatty acid oxidation
breakdown of fatty acids into compounds that enter the citric acid cycle
Typical fatty acids ___ converted into glucose.
cannot be
Removal of the amino group produces ___ ____, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways
carbon skeletons
carnitine
carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
condition in which high amounts of ketones are in the blood, usually due to uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
ATP is _____ recycled. - never - constantly being - occasionally
constantly being
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol of the cell
lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ___.
death
high ATP concentrations outcome?
decrease in energy-yielding reactions
Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid: - fruits - eggs - milk - meats
eggs, milk and meats
the genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called ___.
glycogen storage disease
the result of fasting is the accumulation of body ____.
fat
which yields the most ATP?
fatty acid
gluconeogenesis
generation of new glucose from certain amino acids
Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ___.
rapidly
A substance is ___ when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron
reduced
to prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations? - reduction in energy requirements - slowing of metabolic rate - reduction in required sleep - nervous system uses less glucose
reduction in energy requirements, slowing of metabolic rate and nervous system uses less glucose
Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.
removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy
fatty acid oxidation
the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP