Nutrition Exam 3

without sufficient ___, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.

insulin

what are other names for the citric acid cycle? - tricarboxylic acid cycle - glycolysis - electron transport chain - Krebs cycle

- tricarboxylic acid cycle - Krebs cycle

when is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

- when oxygen is lacking - in cells without mitochondria

what is the main purpose of newborn screening?

identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

high ADP concentrations outcome?

increase in energy-yielding reactions

the incomplete breakdown of fat results in ____.

ketone bodies

what is produces from incomplete fatty acid oxidation?

ketone bodies

the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called _____.

lipolysis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the _____.

liver

what organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

liver cells and kidney cells

the electron transport chain is located in the ______

mitochondria

_________ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic

niacin

If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been _____

oxidized

a substance is ___ when it loses 1 or more electrons.

oxidized.

what molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

oxygen

people with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of ___.

phenylalanine

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to ____. - poor physical growth - pancreatic swelling - liver enlargement - high blood glucose levels

poor physical growth and liver enlargement

low levels of insulin outcome?

promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis

increased insulin level outcome?

promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

lipolysis

the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called ___.

the transition reaction

what are two functions of glycolysis?

to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds to produce energy

catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP? - water - carbon dioxide - heat - alcohol

water, carbon dioxide and heat

which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?: - catalase pathway - ADH pathway - gluconeogenesis pathway - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

- ADH pathway - MEOS - catalase pathway

what are some key functions of the liver? - alcohol metabolism - breakdown of triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol - production of ketone bodies - nutrient storage

- alcohol metabolism - production of ketone bodies - nutrient storage

what are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?

- conversion of pyruvate to lactate - glycolysis

What are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration for glucose in the correct order? citric acid cycle transition reaction glycolysis electron transport chain

- glycolysis - transition reaction - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain

The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: Glycolysis

2 ATP

The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: electron transport chain

28 ATP

The number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism: complete oxidation of glucose (total)

32 ATP

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function?

90%

what is the name of the main form of energy used directly by the body?

ATP

what is another name for fatty acids oxidation?

Beta-oxidation

in what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?

Cytoplasm

what pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?

MEOS

The term metabolism refers to ...

a chemical process involved in maintaining life

in the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to ___.

acetaldehyde

which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?

aerobic metabolism

what is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?

alcohol dehydrogenase

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ___ ____

amino acids

Energy (ATP) can be formed from _____________. - vitamins - amino acids - fatty acids - glucose

amino acids, fatty acids and glucose

During periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) _______ state

anabolic

during high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _____ glycolysis to produce ATP

anaerboic

how do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?

anaerobic metabolism

IN galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to ___. - bacterial infections - speech impairment - cataracts - intellectual disability

bacterial infections, cataracts and intellectual disability

fasting and feasting ____ metabolism. - do not - both affect -rarely affect

both affect

fatty acid oxidation

breakdown of fatty acids into compounds that enter the citric acid cycle

Typical fatty acids ___ converted into glucose.

cannot be

Removal of the amino group produces ___ ____, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways

carbon skeletons

carnitine

carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

condition in which high amounts of ketones are in the blood, usually due to uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

ATP is _____ recycled. - never - constantly being - occasionally

constantly being

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol of the cell

lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ___.

death

high ATP concentrations outcome?

decrease in energy-yielding reactions

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid: - fruits - eggs - milk - meats

eggs, milk and meats

the genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called ___.

glycogen storage disease

the result of fasting is the accumulation of body ____.

fat

which yields the most ATP?

fatty acid

gluconeogenesis

generation of new glucose from certain amino acids

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ___.

rapidly

A substance is ___ when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron

reduced

to prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations? - reduction in energy requirements - slowing of metabolic rate - reduction in required sleep - nervous system uses less glucose

reduction in energy requirements, slowing of metabolic rate and nervous system uses less glucose

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.

removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

fatty acid oxidation

the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP