Nutrition Exam One: Unit 1-5

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups? a) Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, low-fat milk, peanut butter, orange juice, and fresh baby spinach b) Ready-to-eat cereal with strawberries, blueberries, banana, almond slices, and fat-free milk c) Sandwich made with Swiss cheese, cooked ham, mayonnaise, sliced tomato, and two slices of buttered whole-wheat bread d) Spinach salad with hard-cooked egg, diced pears, cooked macaroni, and cheddar cheese

Spinach salad with hard-cooked egg, diced pears, cooked macaroni, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following statements is true? a) A person who meets the EER that's been determined for his or her particular racial and/or ethnic ancestry will gain at least two pounds/week. b) Most Americans should consume 50% of the EAR for each nutrient to avoid developing nutrient deficiency diseases. c) To avoid developing nutrient toxicity disorders, people should consume less than the ULs for nutrients d) Registered dietitian nutritionists generally use Daily Values to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets.

To avoid developing nutrient toxicity disorders, people should consume less than the ULs for nutrients

Chyme is ________. a) organic fluid that keeps the stomach from digesting itself b) undigested material that's absorbed by lacteals c) a type of lipid that can be transported in blood d) a semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

a semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

Marlena is healthy, but she's concerned about her risk of type 2 diabetes. To reduce her risk of this disease, Marlena should _______. a) drink at least 8 glasses of water daily b) avoid gaining excess weight c) take iron supplements daily d) use foods that are artificially sweetened

avoid gaining excess weight

Vihaan has severe heartburn. To reduce his risk of damaging his esophagus and developing esophageal cancer, his physician recommended that he _______. a) eat more meals that include foods made with tomato-based sauces b) avoid lying down after meals c) take a multivitamin/multimineral pill that supplies at least 300 mg vitamin C before meals d) raise the foot of his bed by 3 inches, so his head is lower than his feet, when he lies down

avoid lying down after meals

Alicia has had a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for over 12 years. Based on this information, she has a higher than average risk of developing _______ than a person who does not have an IBD. a) gallstones b) gastroesophageal reflux disease c) colon cancer d) irritable bowel syndrom

colon cancer

Over the past six months, Levi lost 20 pounds, even though he didn't try to lose the weight. Additionally, he is tired all of the time and has bloody stools that are the thickness of a pencil. Based on this information, Levi should be tested for _______. a) colorectal cancer b) liver failure c) pancreatic blockage d) gallbladder disease

colorectal cancer

A person's diet is his or her _______. a) primary risk factor that cannot be modified b) current macronutrient intake c) efforts to lose weight by limiting intake of nutrients d) pattern of usual food selections

pattern of usual food selections

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into _______ and enter the ________. a) mucus; lower esophageal sphincter b) chylomicrons; lymphatic system c) chyme; hepatic portal vein d) micelles; liver

chylomicrons; lymphatic system

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes? a) Smoking less than 2 packs of cigarettes/week b) Drinking 2 servings of alcohol daily c) Taking vitamin C supplements d) Exercising daily

exercising daily

The form of carbohydrate that's stored in the body is _______. a) lignin b) xylitol c) cellulose d) glycogen

glycogen

Mattie wants to use organic farming methods. Which of the following steps can she take to grow organic produce and raise organic poultry on her farm? a) Give chicks a hormone that speeds up their growth rate. b) harvest peaches from trees that have been sprayed with a pesticide made from flowers c) Allow chicken to roam around the farm for at least 2 hours daily. d) Spread fertilizer made by a company that combines mineral elements obtained by refining oil.

harvest peaches from trees that have been sprayed with a pesticide made from flowers

Beto was born with a rare condition characterized by the lack of saliva-producing cells. Based on this information, Beto probably _______. a) has difficulty swallowing b) forms fewer blood cells c) bruises easily d) has kidney disease

has difficulty swallowing

Sean's 4-year-old son isn't feeling well. He lacks much interest in playing, he's lost weight, his breath has a strange odor, and he seems to be thirsty all the time. Based on this information, Sean should _______. a) have his son tested for type 1 diabetes b) decrease his son's intake of dietary fiber c) have his son tested for lactose intolerance d) decrease his son's intake of phenylalanine

have his son tested for type 1 diabetes

Bennet thinks he has type 2 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a sign or symptom of this chronic disease? a) Craving for salty foods b) Lack of thirst c) More than usual need to urinate d) Fewer than normal red blood cells

more than usual need to urinate

Which of the following statements is true? a) Scientists classify a form of fiber according to whether it dissolves or swells in oil. b) The human digestive tract makes enzymes that digest fiber into glucose molecules. c) Dietary fiber includes the stringy material found in tough, overcooked meat. d) Most Americans don't consume enough dietary fiber

most americans don't consume enough dietary fiber

For people who are over 4 years of age, the Daily Value for added sugars is 50 g/day. According the Nutrition Facts panel, a serving of chocolate-flavored crackers supplies 5.0 g added sugars. Based on this information, a serving of these crackers provides _____%DV of added sugars. a) 20 b) 15 c) 10 d) 5

10

A serving of food contains 12 g carbohydrate, 14 g protein, 6 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, 3 mg iron, and 100 g of water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ____ kcal. a) 212 b) 158 c) 246 d) 456

158 carb: 12g * 4kcal = 48 protein: 14g * 4kcal = 56 fat: 6g * 9kcal = 54

A sugar-sweetened, carbonated beverage that contains alcohol supplies 23 g carbohydrate, 1 g protein, 1 g fat, 8 g alcohol, 25 mg vitamin C, and 230 ml water per serving. Based on this information, a serving of this drink supplies ____ kcal. a) 161 b) 113 c) 203 d) 163

161 carb: 23g * 4kcal = 92 protein: 1g * 4kcal = 4 fat: 1g * 9kcal = 9 alcohol: 8g * 7kcal = 56

According to MyPlate, Chloe should consume 2½ cups of foods from the vegetable group daily. She wants to substitute enough vegetable juice to equal 2 cups of cooked vegetables. Based on this information, Chloe should drink _____ of the juice. a) 2 cups b) 2.5 cups c) .5 cups d) 1.5 cups

2 cups

According to MyPlate, Felicia should consume 2 cups of food equivalents from the fruit group daily. Felicia loves grapefruit juice. How much 100% grapefruit juice should she consume to meet the MyPlate recommendation? a) 1.5 cups b) 2 cups c) .5 cups d) 2.5 cups

2 cups

A sugar-sweetened beverage that contains alcohol supplies 35 g carbohydrate, 1 g protein, 0 g fat, 10 g alcohol, 25 mg vitamin C, and 230 ml water per serving. Based on this information, a serving of this drink supplies ____ kcal. a) 214 b) 203 c) 263 d) 232

214 carb: 35g * 4kcal = 104 protein: 1g * 4kcal = 4 fat = 0g * 9kcal = 0 alcohol = 10g *7kcal = 70

A sugar-sweetened beverage contains 30 g carbohydrate, 1 g protein, 0 g fat, 15 g alcohol, 25 mg vitamin C, and 230 ml water per serving. Based on this information, a serving of this drink supplies ____ kcal. a) 317 b) 105 c) 152 d) 229

229 carb: 30g * 4 kcal = 120 protein: 1g * 4kcal = 4 fat: 0g * 9 kcal = 0 alcohol: 15g * 7kcal = 105

Adam's usual caloric intake is 2400 kcal per day. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugars should contribute less than 10% of a person's daily energy intake. Therefore, he should limit his added sugar intake to less than ____ kcal per day. a) 220 b) 230 c) 200 d) 240

240

According to the Nutrition Facts panel on a package of frozen mango slices, a serving of fruit provides approximately 20% of the DV for potassium. The DV for potassium is 4700 mg. Approximately how many mg of potassium are in a serving of the mango slices? a) 375 b) 940 c) 235 d) 630

940

The RDA for a nutrient meets about ______ of the population's need for the nutrient. a) 100-105% b) 50% c) 97-98% d) 100%

97-98%

Which of the following statements is true? a) A disclaimer on a product's label provides proof that the product is likely to live up to the manufacturer's claims. b) In the United States, people can include "RDN" after their name, even if they aren't qualified to use the credential. c) A person who uses a drink that contains vinegar as a cure for patients with lung cancer is practicing quackery. d) According to scientific research, anecdotes that describe how nutrients benefit health are reliable sources of information.

A person who uses a drink that contains vinegar as a cure for patients with lung cancer is practicing quackery.

What is the primary source of energy ("energy currency") for your cells? a) Sunlight b) ATP c) Fatty acids d) Protein

ATP

Which of the following statements about organic foods is true? a) According to the FDA, free-range chickens (chickens allowed to roam around the farm) should be labeled as "organic" after the birds are processed for food. b) According to the results of studies, organically grown food crops aren't more nutritious than conventionally grown food crops c) According to the EPA, fertilizers made from refinery oil can be used to stimulate the growth of crops that are intended for sale as "organic." d) Under certain conditions, corn and soybean crops that are treated with synthetic pesticides and fertilizers can be labeled as "100% organic."

According to the results of studies, organically grown food crops aren't more nutritious than conventionally grown food crops

Which of the following statements is true? a) Breads that are made with 100% white flour are rich sources of fiber. b) People may reduce their risk of type 1 diabetes by eating more fiber-rich foods. c) The typical American diet supplies recommended amounts of fiber. d) Beans and whole grains are sources of fiber

Beans and whole grains are sources of fiber

Which of the following dietary supplements is an herbal product that is highly toxic or contains cancer-causing material? a) Comfrey b) Vitamin E c) Garlic d) Potassium

Comfrey

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add a "margin of safety" amount to its _______. a) %DV b) EAR c) AI d) UL

EAR

Which of the following cellular activities is an example of catabolism? a) Bones cells using protein and calcium to build new bone tissue b) Enzymes breaking down glucose to release energy c) Immune cells making proteins that protect against infectious agents d) Nerve cells forming chemicals that transmit information between the cells

Enzymes breaking down glucose to release energy

Mitch recently tried a hair-restoring product that he purchased from an Internet website. The package's label displayed the following claim: "Rubbing a tablespoon of 'NutraTerraMino' on your scalp each day will cure the hair loss associated with the aging process." After a month of using "NutraTerraMino" daily, he stopped because the product made his hair fall out. Based on this information, Mitch should file a complaint with the ________. a) Environmental Protection Agency b) Bureau of Health Fraud c) Federal Trade Commission d) Department of Public Safety

Federal Trade Commission

Which of the following products is a popular dietary supplement among American adults? a) Pennyroyal b) Green tea extract c) Fish oil d) Kava

Fish oil

Which of the following recommendations is an overarching guideline of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a) Incorporate whole grains into meals. b) Focus on consuming more fish and seafood. c) Reduce salt intake to 2300 mg per day. d) Follow a healthy eating pattern across the life span

Follow a healthy eating pattern across the life span

In the United States, which agency is responsible for regulating the kinds of information that can be displayed on food product labels? a) Federal Communications Commission b) Environmental Protection Agency c) Federal Trade Commission d) Food and Drug Administration

Food and Drug Administration

Mariele purchased a box of cereal that had the following claim on the label: "Eat one bowl of this cereal a day for a month, and your skin with be healthier." Mariele is skeptical about the honesty of the claim. She should report her concern about the claim to the ________. a) Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics b) Environmental Protection Agency c) Better Business Bureau d) Food and Drug Administration

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following microbes is associated with an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers? a) S. aureus b) H. pylori c) E. coli d) C. botulinum

H. pylori

A nutrition researcher adds 10 mcg of the mineral copper to the daily diet of 40 four-week-old laboratory mice. After six weeks, the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse. According to his findings, the mice developed abnormal red blood cells. Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would be the best advice to tell him? a) He should contact other nutrition scientists directly and provide them with the details and findings of his study. b) He should prepare a research article that explains his findings and submit it to a peer-reviewed nutrition journal that publishes information concerning the mineral copper. c) He should repeat the study, but this time, use a scientific design that includes a larger number of mice and control group. d) He should contact national news outlets, so he can announce his important findings to the general public.

He should repeat the study, but this time, use a scientific design that includes a larger number of mice and control group.

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that only represent four different MyPlate food groups? a) Toasted cheese sandwich made with American cheese, Swiss cheese, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered, whole-wheat bread b) Hot oatmeal cereal made with 2% milk and topped with sliced peaches, fresh raspberries, and chopped walnuts c) Smoothie made with tofu, vanilla yogurt, orange juice, fresh strawberries, bananas, and peaches d) Stir-fry made with chicken, brown rice, green peas, broccoli, and onions

Hot oatmeal cereal made with 2% milk and topped with sliced peaches, fresh raspberries, and chopped walnuts

Which of the following dietary supplements is an herbal product that is highly toxic and can damage the liver? a) Garlic b) Ginger c) Kava d) Echinacea

Kava

Jose's usual intake of sugars and starches is about 330 g/day, which is 200 more grams per day than the RDA for carbohydrates. What happens to the extra digestible carbohydrates that he consumes? a) His pancreas can convert the extra digestible carbohydrates to proteins and release them into the bloodstream. b) Most of the extra digestible carbohydrates is used by his cells for energy or stored as fat c) Most of the extra digestible carbohydrates isn't digested, so it's eliminated in his feces. d) His large intestine can convert the extra digestible carbohydrates into dietary fiber and use the material to soften feces.

Most of the extra digestible carbohydrates is used by his cells for energy or stored as fat

Which of the following groups of Americans is most at risk of undernutrition? a) Older adults who are frail and live in long-term care facilities b) Young women who attend 4-year schools and live on campus c) Young adults who know which foods are nutrient dense, but they're too busy to shop for and prepare healthy food d) Women who are pregnant for the first time and have strange food cravings

Older adults who are frail and live in long-term care facilities

Which of the following dietary supplements is an herbal product that is highly toxic or contains cancer-causing material? a) Garlic b) Fish oil c) Vitamin C d) Pennyroyal

Pennyroyal

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who need to boost their nutrient intakes. Which of the following is a dietary standard that he's likely to use to develop the new formula? a) MyPlate b) %DVs c) Dietary Guidelines d) RDAs

RDAs

A popular fitness magazine has an article about the health benefits of high-fiber diets. Which of the following credentials indicates that the author is likely to be a reliable source of food and nutrition information? a) MSRN b) MS c) DMD d) RDN

RDN

Roberto has type 2 diabetes. After testing Roberto's blood, his physician told him that his blood glucose level was OK, but he needs to do a better job of controlling his blood glucose level. Why would the physician make such a recommendation to Roberto? a) Roberto was losing weight rapidly. b) Roberto's A1c value was 8.6 c) Roberto's blood pressure was too low. d) Roberto's ketone bodies were lower than expected.

Roberto's A1c value was 8.6

Brandon uses %DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. He should limit his daily intake of _____ to less than the Daily Value. a) Sodium b) Calcium c) Potassium d) Fiber

Sodium

A medical researcher asked 50 people with painful, arthritic knees to rub a cream that contained vitamin E on their knees for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, she asked the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. All 50 subjects reported improvement in their knee pain. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? a) The researcher shouldn't report her findings until after she conducts a single-blind study to test the vitamin E-containing cream. b) The results of this study prove, beyond a doubt, that rubbing a cream that contains vitamin E on arthritic knees is an excellent way to relieve knee pain. c) The researcher should repeat the same study at least twice to confirm her findings. d) The researcher's results aren't based on a well-designed, double-blind scientific study.

The researcher's results aren't based on a well-designed, double-blind scientific study.

Scientists conducted a study to determine how much vitamin E is toxic to adult humans. During the first two weeks of the study, members of the treatment group drank only a nutritionally complete formula diet that contained 30 mg of vitamin E/day (the adult RDA for the vitamin is 15 mg). At that point, all members reported feeling fine. Over the following weeks, the scientists gradually increased amounts of vitamin E in the formula and continued to monitor the participants' health. Within a few days of consuming a formula that supplied 1.1 g of vitamin E/day, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of bruising easily. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the ________. a) RDA for vitamin E is too low b) AI for vitamin E is between 1.0 and 1.1 mg/day c) EER for vitamin E was 1.1 g/day d) UL for vitamin E was less than 1,100 mg/day

UL for vitamin E was less than 1,100 mg/day

Which of the following statements is true? a) You can use AIs and RDAs to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of your diet b) Your requirement for vitamin C is the same amount as the RDA for vitamin C. c) To achieve optimal nutritional health, you should strive to consume 300% of the RDA or AI for each nutrient. d) By comparing the RDAs list on food labels, you can plan more nutritious meals.

You can use AIs and RDAs to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of your diet

Which of the following statements is true? a) Insoluble fiber swells in water, which attracts cholesterol molecules to the fiber. b) The human intestinal tract releases enzymes that breakdown dietary fiber into glucose molecules. c) a diet that contains whole-grain foods may help relieve constipation d) The human body stores soluble fiber in muscle tissue.

a diet that contains whole-grain foods may help relieve constipation

Which of the following statements is true? a) a healthy diet has a variety of many different kinds of nutrient-dense foods b) registered dietitians generally classify foods as either "good" or "junk" c) high doses of vitamins and minerals help prevent many serious chronic diseases d) peanuts, sunflower seeds, and cashews are rich sources of empty calories

a healthy diet has a variety of many different kinds of nutrient-dense foods

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the ________. a) minimum amount of a nutrient that prevents the nutrient's deficiency disease in 98% of the population b) amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population c) optimal amount of a nutrient that 100% of the population can safely consume daily d) range of intake for a particular nutrient that is not likely to cause toxicity or deficiency

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take the vitamin C pills, because he claims the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His information about the usefulness of the vitamin is a (an) ________. a) disclaimer b) motive c) bias d) anecdote

anecdote

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? a) broccoli b) watermelon c) soft margarine d) cheese pizza

broccoli

Which of the following foods isn't in a major food group of MyPlate? a) butter b) tofu c) soy "milk" beverage d) refined ready-to-eat cereal

butter

A team of scientists extracts a chemical that they call "Zombia" from the leaves of a common house plant. One of the scientists would like to market Zombia as a dietary supplement because it makes people sleepy, when it's injected into them. Based on this information, Zombia ________. a) cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement because it's widely available in nature b) can be marketed as a dietary supplement, but only if it's promoted as a conventional food item c) can be marketed as a dietary supplement because it's from a plant d) cannot be marked as a dietary supplement because it's an injected substance

cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement because it's an injected substance

Which of the following substances is a phytochemical that is known to relieve some pain when applied to skin? a) capsaicin b) vitamin d c) caffeine d) cholesterol

capsaicin

Which of the following nutrients is a macronutrient? a) water b) carbohydrate c) vitamin d d) alcohol

carbohydrate

Circulation of blood is the primary function of the _____. a) brain b) cardiovascular system c) liver d) immune system

cardiovascular system

Tissues are made up of small, living functional units called _____. a) atoms b) cells c) mitochondria d) organelles

cells

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, _____ should be consumed in amounts that are as low as possible. a) grilled meats b) potassium c) dietary supplements d) cholesterol

cholesterol

Within villi, most lipids become incorporated into ________. a) micelles b) lacteals c) chylomicrons d) bile

chylomicrons

Brenda is unable to absorb nutrients from the foods and beverages she consumes. She has a serious disease of the _______ system. a) reproductive b) digestive c) integumentary d) immune

digestive

Pancreatic amylase _______. a) digests starch in the small intestine b) is secreted by the gallbladder c) contributes to type 1 diabetes d) converts glucose to energy in cells

digests starch in the small intestine

Beau has type 1 diabetes and gives himself insulin injections to help manage his blood glucose level. One afternoon, Beau tested his blood and discovered that his blood glucose level was 98 mg/dl. Based on this information, Beau should _______. a) don't eat anything for the next 5 hours, which provides time for his blood glucose level to drop to normal naturally b) do nothing, because his blood glucose level is normal c) give himself an extra injection of insulin d) consume candy or fruit juice to increase his blood glucose level

do nothing, because his blood glucose level is normal

Over the past two days, Charlotte has had several bouts of loose, watery stools. To treat her condition, she should _____. a) drink watery fluids that contain sodium, potassium, and simple sugars b) follow a low-calorie diet that contains only fruits and vegetables c) consume nothing, until the diarrhea subsides d) give herself coffee enemas every 3 hours to cleanse her colon

drink watery fluids that contain sodium, potassium, and simple sugars

Brianna thinks she has type 2 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a sign or symptom of this chronic disease? a) Fewer than normal red blood cells b) Excessive thirst c) Less than normal need to urinate d) Craving for salty foods

excessive thirst

The primary function of the respiratory system is the _______. a) production of red blood cells b) transmission of nervous impulses c) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide d) destruction of toxic metabolic by-products

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which of the following foods is the richest source of lactose per standard serving? a) cocoa butter b) ground turkey c) soy milk beverage d) fat-free milk

fat-free milk

In a healthy person, the large intestine helps form _____ by absorbing excess water from undigested material. a) chyme b) feces c) micelles d) mucus

feces

A food scientist has chemically analyzed a food item to determine its ingredients. One of the ingredients was a complex chemical that consisted of hundreds of monosaccharide molecules bonded to each other. Upon further analysis, the scientist determined the ingredient wasn't digested by human intestinal enzymes. This ingredient was a form of _____. a) starch b) mannose c) fiber d) glucose

fiber

Which of the following foods is energy dense? a) peanut butter b) blueberries c) french fries d) sweet potato

french fries

Which of the following foods isn't a rich source of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)? a) Fresh apple b) Hard candy c) "Regular" sweetened soft drink d) Pecan pie

fresh apple

Which of the following fast food menu items contains a lot of empty calories? a) fried onion rings b) 100% orange juice c) garden salad d) roast chicken sandwich

fried onion rings

_____ sugar is the common name for fructose. a) fruit b) complex c) milk d) malt

fruit

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are _______. a) glucose, galactose, and sucrose b) galactose, glucose, and fructose c) maltose, lactose, and galactose d) fructose, lactose, and levulose

galactose, glucose, and fructose

Oscar often eats a large meal about an hour before he lies down to sleep. Based on this information, he's likely to develop _______. a) gastroesophageal reflux disease b) chronic constipation c) ulcerative colitis d) irritable bowel syndrome

gastroesophageal reflux disease

_____ helps maintain your blood glucose level within normal limits, while you're asleep and when you haven't eaten for awhile. a) insulin b) neotame c) glucagon d) amylase

glucagon

Joseph has a disease that weakened his esophagus. As a result of this condition, Joseph probably ________. a) digests foods too quickly b) must eat raw foods c) has difficulty eliminating feces during bowel movements d) has difficulty swallowing food

has difficulty swallowing food

_____ increases a person's risk of type 2 diabetes. a) Having northern European ancestry b) Having a lower than average body weight c) Having a height that's higher than average d) Having too much body fat

having too much body fat

Insulin _______. a) binds simple sugars so they can be eliminated by the intestinal tract b) signals cells to break down glycogen c) is released by the pancreas during fasting periods, such as between meals d) helps glucose enter cells

helps glucose enter cells

The last segment of the small intestine is the ______. a) duodenum b) colon c) jejunum d) ileum

ileum

Hayley usually has two bowel movements each week. Based on this information, she should _______. a) increase her intake of high-fiber foods and water to relieve her chronic constipation b) avoid eating peppermint and dark chocolate because these foods can worsen constipation c) take a gentle laxative so she has at least two bowel movements daily d) not worry, because she's not constipated

increase her intake of high-fiber foods and water to relieve her chronic constipation

Fritz is constipated; he generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve his constipation without taking medications, Fritz should _______. a) reduce his intake of whole-grain breads and cereals b) increase his intake of refined carbohydrates c) increase his intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber d) reduce his intake of fruits and vegetables

increase his intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber

About a week ago, Atticus noticed a small amount of bright red blood in his stools. Since then, he's developed rectal itching, which makes sitting through long lectures uncomfortable. His doctor told him the disorder is very common. She also told Atticus to avoid becoming constipated and contact her if the bleeding gets worse. Based on this information, Atticus probably has _____. a) inflamed hemorrhoids b) diverticulitis c) irritable bowel syndrome d) ulcerative colitis

inflamed hemorrhoids

The ______ is the second segment of the small intestine. a) colon b) duodenum c) jejunum d) ileum

jejunum

A food scientist has developed an infant formula that has the same carbohydrate composition as milk. Based on this information, the formula contains ______. a) fructose b) lactose c) maltose d) xylitol

lactose

Beatrice is a 19-year-old college student. She avoids milk, because she claims drinking the beverage upsets her stomach and gives her intestinal "gas." However, she can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Beatrice probably has _______. a) ulcerative colitis b) type 2 diabetes c) botulism poisoning d) lactose intolerance

lactose intolerance

Last night, Parker ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy cole slaw for dinner. For dessert, he had a thick chocolate milk shake. About an hour after eating this food, he suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Parker probably has ________. a) large gallstones b) ulcerative colitis c) irritable bowel syndrome d) inflamed hemorrhoids

large gallstones

Tabitha is a 19-year-old African American who wants to follow recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. According to the guidelines, Tabitha should ________. a) limit her intake of added sugars to less than 10% of her total caloric intake b) take a dietary supplement that contains vitamin A daily c) drink at least two servings of alcohol daily d) reduce her sodium intake to 2500 mg/day

limit her intake of added sugars to less than 10% of her total caloric intake

The _____ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that makes bile. a) jejunum b) appendix c) gallbladder d) liver

liver

The stomach ________. a) secretes salivary amylase b) releases gastric acid, which begins the digestion of amino acids c) digests vitamins and minerals d) mixes food with hydrochloric acid

mixes food with hydrochloric acid

An example of mechanical digestion is the ______. a) break down of cholesterol that occurs in the duodenum b) recycling of bile that happens in the large intestine c) formation of ATP that happens in the upper small intestine d) mixing activity that occurs in the stomach

mixing activity that occurs in the stomach

The basic chemical unit of carbohydrates is a (an) _______. a) disaccharide b) polysaccharide c) oligosaccharide d) monosaccharide

monosaccharide

Which of the following statements is true? a) Registered dietitian nutritionists determine a population's nutrient intakes by relying on MyPlate recommendations. b) To avoid developing iron deficiency, each day you need to consume foods that supply at least 100% of the RDA for iron. c) Most healthy people whose diets supply enough vitamin C to meet the RDA for the nutrient aren't at risk of developing the vitamin's deficiency disease d) Daily Values are designed to help medical experts determine the nutritional adequacy of Americans' diets.

most healthy people whose diets supply enough vitamin C to meet the RDA for the nutrient aren't at risk of developing the vitamin's deficiency disease

Starch digestion begins in the ______. a) colon b) duodenum c) mouth d) lower esophageal sphincter

mouth

Food guides usually classify mayonnaise with _____. a) peanut butter b) spices c) oils d) ice cream

oils

Which of the following statements is true? a) Eggs are generally classified with milk products. b) Butter is classified as a full-fat dairy food. c) Most food guides classify milk in the protein foods group. d) olives may be grouped with oils

olives may be grouped with oils

Which of the following items isn't a major source of added sugars in Americans' diets? a) hard candies b) sugar-sweetened beverages c) cookies and other baked goods d) orange juice

orange juice

A collection of tissues that function in a related manner is a (an) _____. a) organism b) cell c) organ d) membrane

organ

Which of the following statements is true? a) People who drink sugar-sweetened soft drinks may gain body fat b) Children who eat large amounts of sugary foods have a higher than average risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. c) Sugars and other digestible carbohydrates comprise over 80% of the average American's total energy intake. d) A gram of sugar provides about twice the calories as a gram of starch.

people who drink sugar-sweetened soft dinks may gain body fat

_____ moves chyme through the intestines. a) constipation b) peristalsis c) umami d) reflux

peristalsis

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of the mineral zinc on the human body. The study involves providing pills that contain zinc to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain zinc or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain zinc are ________. a) probiotics b) antidotes c) supplements d) placebos

placebos

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D on the human body. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are ________. a) placebos b) antidotes c) distractors d) interventions

placebos

Kristan uses % DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients? a) Potassium b) Sodium c) Water d) Cholesterol

potassium

Maya's fasting blood glucose level is usually between 110 and 120 mg/dl. Based on this information, Maya has _______. a) pre-diabetes b) diverticula c) lactose intolerance d) metabolic syndrom

pre-diabetes

Glucagon _______. a) lowers blood glucose levels b) promotes the breakdown of glycogen c) stimulates cells to store glucose as glycogen d) helps glucose enter cells

promotes the breakdown of glycogen

A food scientist would like to develop a functional food that includes phytochemicals that may kill harmful microbes and reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers. Based on this information, which of the following substances is the scientist most likely to use? a) capsaicin b) saponins c) vitamins c and d d) beta-carotene

saponins

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they're not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a (an) ________. a) biased report b) scare tactic c) anecdotal evidence d) scientific observation

scare tactic

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? a) scrambled egg b) grape drink c) organic celery d) french fries

scrambled egg

Organs of the endocrine system _____. a) secrete hormones b) eliminate wastes c) transmit nervous signals d) protect against infectious disease

secrete hormones

Some food guides classify dried beans and peas with ________. a) seeds and nuts b) oils c) fruits d) dairy products

seeds and nuts

According to 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should avoid eating _______ because the fish can be high in methylmercury. a) carp b) shark c) sea bass d) catfish

shark

_____ is the primary cause of preventable deaths in the United States. a) being physically inactive b) smoking cigarettes c) driving while drunk d) engaging in illegal behavior

smoking cigarettes

One day, Donnie ate snacks that included peanut butter on crackers, a bowl of chocolate pudding made with low-fat milk, a sugar-sweetened soft drink, and a hard-cooked egg. Which of these foods is a major source of empty calories in Americans' diets? a) soft drink b) peanut butter c) hard-cooked egg d) chocolate pudding

soft drink

Which of the following statements is true? a) Soluble fiber provides no health benefits to humans, whereas insoluble fiber reduces the risk of heart disease. b) Soluble fiber can be digested by humans, whereas insoluble fiber cannot be digested. c) Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally doesn't change In water d) Soluble fiber is in animal foods, whereas insoluble fiber is in plant foods.

soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally doesn't change in water

Which of the following statements is true? a) Some absorption of alcohol occurs in the stomach b) The lower esophageal sphincter prevents chyme from entering the small intestine. c) Choking occurs when food enters the esophagus because the epiglottis has covered the opening to the trachea. d) A thick layer of muscle tissue protects the lining of the stomach.

some absorption of alcohol occurs in the stomach

Hillary consumed 3 servings of an orange-flavored sugar-sweetened soft drink that provided 140 kcal/serving. According to MyPlate, these drinks should be classified as ________. a) fruit juices b) watery fluids c) sources of empty calories d) carbohydrate-rich foods

sources of empty calories

Nicki has severe lactose intolerance. Which of the following foods should she consume to obtain a lot of calcium? a) cream cheese b) fat-free milk c) cottage cheese d) soy milk

soy milk

Which of the following foods is a source of phytochemicals? a) chicken b) soybeans c) plain yogurt d) swiss cheese

soybeans

Today, the only food Meghan ate was 16 ounces of lemon-flavored yogurt, 8 ounces of cooked turkey, and 2 cups of ready-to-eat cereal. According to MyPlate, she ate nothing from the food group that includes ________. a) soy "milk" beverage b) eggs c) strawberries d) whole-grain pasta

strawberries

Which of the following conditions is one of the top five leading causes of death in the United States that's related to diet? a) suicide b) stroke c) anemia d) kidney disease

stroke

Dave has phenylketonuria. He'd like to sweeten his coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for him to use? a) sucrose b) sucralose c) xylitol d) aspartame

sucralose

Payton uses brown sugar to sweeten homemade applesauce. Brown sugar contains _______. a) maltose b) lactose c) galactose d) sucrose

sucrose

Sucrose is refined from _______. a) coconut palms b) sugar beets c) raw honey d) fresh grapes

sugar beets

Shanea likes to drink a commercially prepared chocolate milk. According to the label, the flavored milk contains 2% milk, sucrose, water, high-fructose corn syrup, saccharin, and natural vanilla flavoring. The sources of carbohydrate in this beverage are _______. a) sugar, 2% milk, and high-fructose corn syrup b) 2% milk, saccharin, and natural vanilla flavoring c) high-fructose corn syrup, sugar, and saccharin d) high-fructose corn syrup and water

sugar, 2% milk, and high-fructose corn syrup

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing an herbal product for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a (an) ________. a) testimonial b) placebo effect c) peer review d) anecdote

testimonial

Phyllis is a food scientist who works for a company that manufactures medical products. She wants to prepare a formula diet for people who cannot eat "regular foods." Her formula for a day's supply of the product contains 130 g glucose, 30 g fiber, 50 g fat, 70 g protein, 2300 ml water, and all essential minerals. The Food and Drug Administration didn't approve this product for sale. Why? a) the product contains too much water b) the product needs more fiber c) the product lacks vitamins d) the product needs to contain a few grams of alcohol

the product lacks of vitamins

Metabolism is ________. a) a way of living b) the total of all chemical changes that occur in cells c) the rate at which cells produce energy d) a form of energy

the total of all chemical changes that occur in cells

According to MyPlate, Erika should consume the equivalent of 3 cups of milk daily. She wants to substitute plain yogurt for 2 cups of milk. How much plain yogurt should she eat? a) five cups b) two cups c) three cups d) four cups

two cups

Which of the following statements is true? a) To remain healthy, your fasting blood glucose level should always be at least 140 mg/dl. b) People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. c) Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease d) A healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level is greater than 7.5%.

type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease

During the past two months, Cindy has had abdominal pain after eating as well as bloody diarrhea. Additionally, she's lost about 10 pounds even though she wasn't trying to reduce her weight. Based on this information, Cindy should be tested for _______. a) gastroesophageal reflux disease b) gallstones c) irritable bowel syndrome d) ulcerative colitis

ulcerative colitis

In general, food guides don't group _____ with dairy foods. a) unsalted butter b) American cheese c) ice cream d) frozen yogurt

unsalted butter

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of unreliable food or nutrition information? a) www.amysnutritionorganization.com/curing_cancer b) www.fda.gov/foodlabels c) www.eatright.org/informationforprofessionals d) www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/about-cholesterol

www.amysnutritionorganization.com/curing_cancer

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? a) www.cdc.gov b) www.iastate.edu c) www.shedthatunwantedfatfast.com d) www.mayoclinic.org

www.shedthatunwantedfatfast.com

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)? a) Corn flakes cereal b) Raw carrots c) Raw apple d) Fat-free milk

corn flakes cereal

Most food guides classify products made from soybeans in the _____ group. a) protein foods b) fruits and vegetable c) nutrient dense d) other foods

protein foods

In the United States, which of the following practices is highly recommended to reduce the risk of serious chronic diseases, especially premature heart disease? a) quitting smoking b) increasing vitamin d intake c) eating more fat-free foods d) taking aspirin daily

quitting smoking

Hillary would like to consume more insoluble fiber. Which of the following foods or beverages should she consume? a) wheat bran b) green tea c) coconut oil d) egg whites

wheat bran

Which of the following foods is a rich source of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)? a) "Regular" sweetened soft drinks b) Whole-grain breads c) Baked potato chips d) Red seedless grapes

"Regular" sweetened soft drinks

Mickey wants to increase her intake of potassium without taking a dietary supplement. When she shops for food, she reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help her choose foods that are good sources of potassium? a) Organic food logo b) Structure/function claims c) %DVs d) Country of origin information

%DVs

According to MyPlate, 8-year-old Drew should consume 1½ cups of food equivalents from the fruit group daily. He loves raisins and other dried fruit. To meet the MyPlate recommended fruit intake, Drew would like to substitute some dried fruit for 1 cup of fruit. Based on this information, he should consume _____. a) 1.25 cups b) .5 cup c) 1 cup d) .75 cup

.5 cups

Which of the following statements about organic foods is true? a) Products from crops that were treated with manufactured pesticides cannot be labeled as "organic" b) Milk from cows that were given a hormone to stimulate milk production can be sold as "organic." c) According to the EPA, fertilizers made from refinery oil can be used to stimulate the growth of crops that are intended for sale as "organic." d) According to the FDA, chickens that weren't kept in cages while they were alive can be labeled as "organic" after the birds are processed for food.

Products from crops that were treated with manufactured pesticides cannot be labeled as "organic"

Which of the following statements is true? a) In general, commercial (*.com) Internet websites are reliable sources of scientifically based nutrition information. b) Testimonials for weight loss supplements are usually based on scientific evidence. c) The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of consumers to be protected from health misinformation. d) Promoters of nutrition misinformation often take advantage of the general public's mistrust of scientists.

Promoters of nutrition misinformation often take advantage of the general public's mistrust of scientists.

Which of the following substances is a nonnutrient that provides energy for the human body? a) alcohol b) cholesterol c) protein d) glucose

alcohol

A primary fuel for muscles and other cells is ______. a) glucose b) glycogen c) starch d) fructose

glucose

Which of the following organs is a major site for glycogen storage in humans? a) bone b) spleen c) thyroid gland d) liver

liver

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it wasn't helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are ________. a) quackery b) placebos c) anecdotal evidence d) testimonials

quackery

Which of the following foods is a rich source of fiber? a) refined white rice b) sweet potato c) beef steak d) grilled salmon

sweet potato

Which of the following statements is true? a) If you do not consume 100% of the Daily Values for nutrients, you have a high risk of developing nutritional deficiency disorders. b) Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes c) Daily Values are nutrient recommendations that are based on the EERs for adults. d) Daily Values have been established for each nutrient.

Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the ________. a) centers for disease and prevention (CDC) b) environmental protection agency (EPA) c) agricultural research service (ARS) d) federal trade commission (FTC)

Federal trade commission (FTC)

Derek consumes a protein-rich drink before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the drink to his diet. His report about the positive effects of the special drink is an example of a (an) ________. a) anecdote b) scientific conclusion c) testimonial d) peer review

anecdote

Gabriella is a food scientist who has discovered a chemical in whole grains, fruits, and other commonly eaten foods that has antioxidant functions. This chemical is a new vitamin, if it _____. a) cannot be made by the body b) results in a deficiency disease when it's not in diets c) is unsafe to consume in high amounts d) is in other foods that people usually eat

b) results in a deficiency disease when it's not in diets

If you wanted to include a starchy food with your meal, which of the following foods would you add? a) Fresh asparagus b) Baked potatoes c) Green grapes d) Plain yogurt (homemade)

baked potatoes

Justin's blood cholesterol level is too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add? a) beans b) eggs c) butter d) liver

beans

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? a) bestdietsever.com b) psu.edu c) fda.gov d) eatright.org

bestdietsever.com

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a (an) ________. a) placebo b) anecdote c) disclaimer d) testimonial

disclaimer

Cells in the _____ make insulin. a) pancreas b) kidneys c) liver d) gallbladder

pancreas

The _____ is an accessory organ of the digestive system. a) cecum b) tongue c) epiglottis d) spleen

tongue

Five-year-old Kenya consumes a lot of sugary snacks. Based on this information, Kenya has a high risk of _______. a) metabolic syndrome b) tooth decay c) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d) type 1 diabetes

tooth decay

The kidneys are organs of the ______ system. a) urinary b) immune c) cardiovascular d) nervous

urinary

Calista experiences gastrointestinal distress when she consumes cow's milk, but she wants to make sure she consumes enough protein, calcium, and vitamin D to support her bone health. Which of the following plant-based dairy alternatives counts as 1 cup of dairy foods, according to MyPlate? a) 1 cup of calcium-fortified coconut milk b) 1 cup of calcium-fortified almond milk c) 1 cup of calcium-fortified oat milk d) 1 cup of calcium-fortified soy milk

1 cup of calcium-fortified soy milk

Which of the following statements is true? a) In a single-blind study, both the researchers and the human subjects don't know their group assignments. b) Before scientists begin their research, they usually develop a question to guide their study. c) An experimental study doesn't need to have a control group. d) In the United States, nutrition scientists often conduct studies on humans before doing animal testing.

Before scientists begin their research, they usually develop a question to guide their study.

Which of the following cellular activities is an example of anabolism? a) Muscle cells breaking down fat to release heat b) Bone cells making proteins to lengthen a growing child's bones c) Brain cells destroying chemicals that transmit information between the cells d) White blood cells metabolizing glucose for energy

Bone cells making protein to lengthen a growing child's bones

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that only represent two different MyPlate food groups? a) Fruit smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, orange juice, fresh peaches, and fresh baby spinach b) Tuna-noodle casserole made with canned tuna, bread crumbs, cheddar cheese, mayonnaise, and egg noodles c) Cheese sandwich made with American cheese, mayonnaise, slice of tomato, and 2 slices of whole-wheat bread d) Cooked oatmeal cereal made with water and served with 2 slices of whole-grain, buttered toast

Cooked oatmeal cereal made with water and served with 2 slices of whole-grain, buttered toast

Charlotte has a rare medical condition that prevents her body from storing glycogen. Every four hours, day and night, she has to consume a beverage that's slowly digested into glucose molecules, which are absorbed by her intestinal tract. Which of the following substances should she mix with water to form her life-saving beverage? a) Stevia extracts b) Corn starch c) Sucralose d) Dietary fiber (cellulose)

Corn starch

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutrient contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices? a) DVs b) AIs c) ULs d) RDAs

DVs

You recently watched an infomercial at an Internet website in which an actor promoted a new weight loss product. The actor stated that you'll lose weight almost instantly by consuming the product, because it contains a secret herbal formula that's both safe and effective. The promoter also said that you can continue to eat all of your usual foods and still lose weight, while taking the herbal formula. You're concerned that people might waste their money on this product. Which agency should you contact to file a complaint about the website? a) National Organization Against Health Fraud b) Consumer Protection Alliance c) Department of Human Resources d) Federal Trade Commission

Federal Trade Commission

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that only represent four different MyPlate food groups? a) Toasted cheese sandwich made with slices of American and cheddar cheese, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered whole-wheat bread b) Hot cereal made with water and topped with raspberries, blueberries, chopped walnuts, and a sliced banana c) Sandwich made with salmon salad on a whole-grain bun, topped with tomato slices and a slice of processed cheese d) Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, fat-free milk, orange juice, bananas, and fresh peaches

Sandwich made with salmon salad on a whole-grain bun, topped with tomato slices and a slice of processed cheese

An ad for a weight-loss product contains several dishonest and misleading statements. Which of the following statements is a "red flag" statement that's in the ad? a) This product can damage your liver when combined with other drugs, so do not take it with alcohol and/or medications. b) This product may raise your blood pressure and increase your risk of a heart attack, so don't take more than the recommended dose. c) This product is guaranteed to raise your metabolism by 400%, which is why it causes you to lose weight safely and rapidly. d) This product should not be taken during pregnancy, because it can harm your baby.

This product is guaranteed to raise your metabolism by 400%, which is why it causes you to lose weight safely and rapidly.

When she sampled a spoonful of hot soup, Bekha burnt the back of her tongue. During the 48 hours that followed the injury, Bekha had difficulty detecting foods that tasted _______. a) greasy b) cold c) metallic d) bitter

bitter

A food scientist has chemically analyzed a food item to determine its ingredients. One of the ingredients was a complex chemical that consisted of hundreds of glucose molecules linked to each other by a bond that human digestive enzymes couldn't break apart. This ingredient was _____. a) cellulose b) lignin c) oligogalactose d) starch

cellulose

Which of the following statements is true? a) children generally have more taste buds than older adults b) Even when you're healthy, your sense of smell interferes with your tongue's ability to taste. c) Foods that taste sweet are usually rich sources of vitamin C, iron, and phytochemicals. d) There are 7 different kinds of tastes: sour, salty, bitter, sweet, umami, oily, and juicy.

children generally have more taste buds than older adults

Which of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States isn't related to diet? a) stroke b) cancer c) chronic lower respiratory infections d) diabetes

chronic lower respiratory infections

The pyloric sphincter _______. a) is the muscular valve that connects the esophagus to the stomach b) prevents chyme from leaving the small intestine before digestion is complete c) signals the liver to secrete bile into the small intestine d) controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine

controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine

Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per four-ounce serving? a) raw berries b) fat-free milk c) frosted doughnut d) orange juice

frosted doughnut

The liver breaks down glycogen to release _____ molecules. a) ATP b) glucose c) cellulose d) hemicellulose

glucose

Roberto's father died from a condition that's the leading cause of death in the United States. Based on this information, Roberto's father died of ______. a) alcohol poisoning b) heart failure c) complications from diabetes d) lung cancer

heart failure

Berna's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it's very low in carbohydrate. As a result of following this diet, her body forms more than normal amounts of _______. a) beta cells b) ketone bodies c) muscle fibers d) glycogen stores

ketone bodies

McKenzie's mother died of ______, which is a leading cause of death in the United States that's often related to diet. a) cystic fibrosis b) kidney disease c) iron-deficiency anemia d) chronic upper respiratory disease

kidney disease

An essential nutrient _______. a) is only in foods from natural sources b) must be supplied by your diet c) performs several vital functions in your body d) is made by your body

must be supplied by your diet

Eating salty foods, sugar-sweetened foods, and fatty beef is associated with increased likelihood of having premature heart disease. Such poor diets are a ________ for heart disease. a) critical determinant b) risk factor c) predictive action d) significant behavior

risk factor

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a new protein-containing product on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he's in the experimental group, because he's certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he didn't receive the new source of protein. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he's certain his muscle mass increased while he consumed the product. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________. a) participant fatigue b) an anecdotal report c) the placebo effect d) human subject bias

the placebo effect

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy people should limit their sodium intake to less than _____ mg/day. a) 300 b) 4300 c) 2300 d) 1000

2300

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily. Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day, because she's heard the practice strengthens fingernails. The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a (an) ________. a) testimonial b) biased report c) scientific conclusion d) anecdote

anecdote

Yamiche is a biochemist with a company that manufactures substances that can be added to foods to improve their flavor. She's discovered a chemical that she called "Agent X" in beet juice. Agent X prevents human cell membranes from being damaged by highly unstable substances that are in the environment. Based on this information, Agent X is a (an) _______. a) antioxidant b) supplement c) free radical d) risk factor

antioxidant

While in college, Rachael gained several pounds of body fat. She wants to use the recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans to achieve a healthy body weight. According to these guidelines, she should ________. a) increase her intake of protein-rich foods b) consume fewer potassium-rich foods c) eat grapefruit and other foods that increase the metabolic rate d) become more physically active

become more physically active

Which of the following substances isn't secreted by cells in the human stomach? a) hydrochloric acid b) mucus c) gastric juice d) bile

bile

Lexi thinks she may have colorectal cancer because, for several weeks, she has had _______. a) irritable bowel syndrome b) increased appetite c) blood in her stools d) chronic heartburn

blood in her stools

Carlos has reactive hypoglycemia. Based on this information, Carlos should _______. a) take insulin to reduce his blood glucose level b) eat smaller, more frequent meals c) increase his intake of refined carbohydrates d) eliminate fat from his diet

eat smaller, more frequent meals

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea? a) tongue b) teeth c) epiglottis d) lower esophageal sphincter

epiglottis

Which of the following substances is one of the most important dietary monosaccharides for humans? a) sucrose b) glucose c) xylose d) mannose

glucose

Which of the following nutrients provides energy for humans? a) potassium b) protein c) thiamin d) vitamin c

protein

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals? a) fat-free milk b) salmon c) mayonnaise d) red pepper

red pepper

Which of the following nutrients is the most essential for life? a) calcium b) water c) vitamin d d) protein

water

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that's needed by the body but it doesn't provide any calories? a) water b) glucose c) protein d) beta-carotene

water

Which of the following substances are phytochemicals in red, blue, and purple fruits and vegetables that have antioxidant activity? a) sterols b) saponins c) anthocyanins d) free radicals

anthocyanins

Edmond wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1½ cups of cooked vegetables. According to MyPlate recommendations, how much of the greens should he eat? a) 2cups b) 1/2 cup c) 1.5 cups d) 3 cups

3 cups

Nora's usual caloric intake is 2000 kcal per day. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugars should contribute less than 10% of a person's daily energy intake. Therefore, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ____ grams per day. a) 50 b) 75 c) 30 d) 200

50

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that only represent three different MyPlate food groups? a) Tuna casserole made with canned tuna, cream, bread crumbs, mayonnaise, and cooked macaroni b) Toasted cheese sandwich made with Swiss cheese, mayonnaise, butter, and two slices of whole-wheat bread c) Cooked oatmeal cereal made with fat-free milk, dotted with butter, and topped with sliced peaches and fresh blueberries d) Fruit smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, orange juice, and a ripe banana

Cooked oatmeal cereal made with fat-free milk, dotted with butter, and topped with sliced peaches and fresh blueberries

Men's Journal and Family Circle may be unreliable sources of nutrition information, because ________. a) the general public and public libraries subscribe to them b) registered dietitians are usually hired to write the articles about nutrition that are published in these journals c) authors generally pay the editors of popular magazines to publish their nutrition articles d) articles in such popular magazines generally do not undergo peer-review before they are published

articles in such popular magazines generally do not undergo peer-review before they are published

Which of the following statements is true about people with type 1 diabetes? a) People who have the disorder need to lose weight and exercise more often. b) People with the disorder should be careful to avoid infecting other people. c) People who have the disorder need to obtain insulin because their beta cells don't produce the hormone d) People with the disorder should avoid eating foods that contain digestible carbohydrates.

people who have the disorder need to obtain insulin because their beta cells don't produce the hormone

Mandy smokes cigarettes, drinks excess alcohol, and takes aspirins regularly to treat headaches. Based on this information, she has a high risk of developing _______. a) irritable bowel syndrome b) chronic constipation c) gallbladder disease d) peptic ulcers

peptic ulcers

Which of the following statements is true? a) People who are infected with H. pylori have a high risk of developing type 1 diabetes. b) Peptic ulcers usually form in the lining of stomach and duodenum c) Acid reflux often results when the lower esophageal sphincter closes. d) Vomiting blood is a serious sign associated with irritable bowel syndrome.

peptic ulcers usually form in the lining of stomach and duodenum

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are ________. a) antidotes b) treatments c) placebos d) supplements

placebos

Ari is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter his stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Ari probably has a disorder that _______. a) allows chyme to build up in his stomach b) blocks his pyloric sphincter c) reduces peristalsis d) causes an overgrowth of probiotics in his esophagus

reduces peristalsis

Trisha was a participant in a clinical study to determine how much vitamin C is required by young women. During the study, T At that point, researchers gave 1 mg vitamin C to Trisha each day for a week, but her signs and symptoms of the deficiency remained. The next week, the scientists added 2 mg vitamin C to her daily diet, so that her formula contained 3 mg of the vitamin. By the end of that week, Trisha was still sick. Eventually, her formula supplied 10 mg vitamin C/day. Within a week of drinking this formula, Trisha reported feeling much better. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the young woman ________. a) required about 10 mg vitamin c b) was consuming the AMDR for vitamin C, which for her, was between 2 and 10 mg c) had an RDA of 10 mg for the vitamin, which included a margin of safety amount of 5 mg d) suffered from vitamin C toxicity

required about 10 mg vitamin C

When conducting nutrition-related experiments on human subjects, ______. a) scientists need to include some degree of bias in their study's design b) medical investigators shouldn't give any placebos to their control group members c) nutrition scientists shouldn't be aware of testimonial group members d) researchers need to have a control group

researchers need to have a control group

Which of the following statements is true? a) Each gram of fiber supplies about 6 kcal for humans. b) Diets high in fiber increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. c) Eating foods rich in insoluble fiber helps reduce the risk of heart disease. d) Your digestive tract doesn't produce enzymes that can digest dietary fiber

your digestive tract doesn't produce enzymes that can digest dietary fiber

The _____ secretes enzymes into the small intestine. a) gallbladder b) pancreas c) liver d) epiglottis

pancreas

A serving of food contains 31 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein, 15 g fat, 5 mcg vitamin D, and 225 g of water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ____ kcal. a) 87 b) 283 c) 194 d) 330

283 carb: 31g * 4kcal = 124 protein: 6g * 4kcal = 24 fat: 15g * 9kcal = 135

The label on a bag of salt-free pretzels indicates that they are "low-fat." This means the pretzels provide _____ gram(s) of fat or less per serving. a) 1 b) 7 c) 5 d) 3

3

A sugar-sweetened beverage contains 25 g carbohydrate, 5 g protein, 2 g fat, 5 g alcohol, 25 mg vitamin C, and 240 ml water per serving. Based on this information, a serving of this drink supplies ____ kcal. a) 87 b) 152 c) 173 d) 117

173 carb: 25g * 4kcal = 100 protein: 5g * 4kcal = 20 fat: 2g * 9 kcal = 18 alcohol = 5g * 7kcal = 35

Anna is preparing a meatloaf that serves two people. Each serving of the food contains 12 g carbohydrate, 24 g protein, 15 g fat, 5 mcg vitamin B-12, 3 mg iron, and 100 ml of water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ____ kcal. a) 502 b) 279 c) 346 d) 482

279 carb: 12g * 4kcal = 48 protein: 24g * 4kcal = 96 fat: 15g * 9kacl = 135

You want to conduct a scientific study to investigate whether dietary factors play a major role in the development of excess body fat among school children. Which of the following activities is likely to be the first step of your research efforts? a) Submitting the design of the study to a peer-reviewed journal that's aimed at children's physicians so the editorial staff can provide suggestions for improving the design b) Conducting the study on young laboratory mice and then analyzing the results to determine whether the study's design poses any serious health risks to human children c) Visiting local school districts to enlist the teachers' help in identifying children who would be interested in serving as subjects of your study d) Making observations of food selections and eating behaviors of school children who have excess body fat as well as school children who have healthy amounts of body fat

Making observations of food selections and eating behaviors of school children who have excess body fat as well as school children who have healthy amounts of body fat

During Thanksgiving dinner, Alissia ate too much bread stuffing, rolls, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin pie. While she rested after the meal, what happened to much of the excess glucose in her body? a) About 60% of the glucose was converted to protein by her muscles. b) Only about 10% of the glucose was absorbed by her intestinal tract. c) The glucose was converted into fat by her resting muscle cells. d) Much of the glucose was converted into fat by her liver

Much of the glucose was converted into fat by her liver

Clinton's mother and father have type 2 diabetes. To reduce his risk of this disease, Clinton should consume _______. a) a high-fiber diet b) more refined carbohydrates c) stevia extracts d) iron and vitamin C

high-fiber diet

To produce the maximum amount of energy from the breakdown of macronutrients, human cells require _______. a) carbon dioxide b) sunlight c) amino acids d) oxygen

oxygen

Javon is 16 years of age. Which of the following factors is highly likely to influence what he eats? a) his academic performance b) his cooking skills c) his closest friends d) his access to medical care

his closest friends

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that doesn't supply any energy for the human body? a) protein b) resveratrol c) vitamin d d) alcohol

vitamin d

Which of the following substances is a sweetener that provides less than 4 kcal per gram and doesn't promote dental decay? a) xylitol b) maltose c) lactose d) sucrose

xylitol

Which of the following statements is true? a) Scientists have peer reviewers analyze the designs of their human research studies, because the peer-review process reduces research bias. b) Scientists are unlikely to obtain money to conduct research if they don't consider the opinions and beliefs of the people in agencies who fund such projects. c) Scientists developed dietary recommendations for the United States population after analyzing results of a single American study, the Framingham Heart Study. d) Scientists typically use different methods to conduct research, which explains why studies involving humans often have conflicting results.

Scientists typically use different methods to conduct research, which explains why studies involving humans often have conflicting results.

Which of the following statements is true? a) People who consume less than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for calcium have a higher than average risk of developing calcium toxicity. b) Nutrition scientists have established Adequate Intakes (AIs) for all critical nutrients. c) People who consume 95% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A regularly have a high risk of developing signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. d) The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average energy needs of a healthy person

The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average energy needs of a healthy person

Articles that appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association are reliable sources of health information because the editors ________. a) have other scientists review and react to the content of articles before publishing them b) only publish articles written by scientists whose research is funded by various health-related associations c) know the authors have already published articles in other scientific or medical journals d) are trained to recognize and reject articles that include questionable findings

have other scientists review and react to the content of articles before publishing them

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for a nutrient is the ________. a) highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily b) amount that meets the nutrient needs of 98% of the population c) minimum amount that can be tolerated on an empty stomach when consumed as a dietary supplement d) precise amount that has been proven to cure the nutrient's deficiency disorder in humans

highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily

A team of scientists at a university's medical school want to design a scientific study to determine lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) in humans. The design of their study is most likely to include _____. a) getting the approval of state and local health departments before beginning the study b) submitting an article describing the study and its results to a popular personal health magazine c) identifying a large group of healthy young adults who are willing to participate in a population study that lasts 10 years d) preparing a press release so the study's design can be reported on Internet news outlets identifying a large group of healthy young adults who are willing to participate in a population study that lasts 10 years

identifying a large group of healthy young adults who are willing to participate in a population study that lasts 10 years

Which of the following statements is true? a) milk, bananas, and soybeans are among the few nutritionally perfect foods for humans b) in their natural form, most of the things we eat are mixtures of various nutrients c) broccoli is an energy-dense food d) according to registered dietitians, people shouldn't eat "junk" foods

in their natural forms, most of the things we eat are mixtures of various nutrients

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and _______. a) having the lower third of the colon removed b) moving to a drier climate c) learning ways to manage stress effectively d) reducing physical activity

learning ways to manage stress effectively

Arabella has chronic heartburn. To reduce her risk of developing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), her physician recommended that she _______. a) lie down after meals b) snack on peppermint candy in between meals c) eat dark chocolate for dessert d) lose excess body fat

lose excess body fat

Freddie has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Freddie's body to _______ while he has this illness. a) reduce its bile storage b) absorb more vitamins c) lose weight d) digest a greater percentage of proteins

lose weight

Axel is concerned that his 8-year-old son may have type 1 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a typical sign or symptom of this form of diabetes? a) Gaining an unexpected amount of weight b) Having a fasting blood glucose level of 95 mg/dl c) Losing weight despite increased appetite d) Having a fasting blood sugar level of 80 mg/dl

losing weight despite increased appetite

Cora usually gives her eleven-month-old son a small baby bottle filled with sugar-sweetened apple juice to drink when she places the sleepy baby in his crib. Based on this information, Cora's baby has a high risk of _______. a) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder b) nursing bottle syndrome c) lactose intolerance d) type 1 diabetes

nursing bottle syndrome

Jerome takes very high doses of vitamins and minerals. As a result of his behavior, Jerome is likely to develop ________. a) overnutrition b) undernutrition c) antioxidant toxicity d) micronutrient malabsorption

overnutrition

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw appears in television commercials in which he endorses "AminoProFix" for building muscle mass quickly and safely. His support of the product is an example of a (an) ________. a) paid testimonial b) peer review c) placebo effect d) industrial bias

paid testimonial

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense? a) sweet potato b) blueberries c) french fries d) peanut butter

peanut butter

A scientist conducts a study to determine the effects of the mineral cadmium on the weight of mice. She adds 5 mcg of the mineral to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old laboratory mice. Every week, the researcher records the weight of each mouse. At the end of the study, the scientist notes that 3 mice died, 40 mice lost weight, 40 mice gained weight, and the remaining 17 mice didn't gain or lose weight during the 12-week period. Based on this information, the scientist's findings _____. a) are interesting because they indicate, beyond a reasonable doubt, that cadmium is quite poisonous to mice b) provide clear scientific support for taking cadmium to lose weight safely c) should be ignored because her study was poorly designed d) cannot be applied to humans because she used rodents (mice) instead of humans in her study

should be ignored because her study was poorly designed

LaDonna has an infection that interferes with the normal functioning of her lacteals. Based on this information, her ________. a) hepatic portal vein can rupture b) small intestine can't absorb fat-soluble nutrients c) stomach secretes too much gastric juice d) liver produces excess bile

small intestine can't absorb fat-soluble nutrients

Zackary has a disease that reduces the ability of his pancreas to function. Based on this information, his _______. a) small intestine doesn't digest food properly b) hydrochloric acid secretion is greater than normal c) weight is higher than average for his height d) bile production is less than normal

small intestine doesn't digest food

Which of the following statements is true? a) Parents and other caregivers should feed honey to infants because it's safer than sugar. b) Most "artificial" sweeteners have been banned by the FDA because of safety concerns. c) A person who has phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products that contain saccharin. d) sucrose provides 4kcal/gram

sucrose provides 4kcal/gram

Marta has a rare condition characterized by the inability to detect odors. Based on this information, Marta probably has difficulty _______ food. a) swallowing b) tasting c) chewing d) digesting

tasting

Which of the following statements is true? a) The large intestine is the main site for nutrient absorption in the human body. b) Peristalsis begins in the stomach and ends in the ileum. c) Before chyme enters the small intestine, it has to move through the liver. d) the process of digesting food begins in the mouth

the process of digesting food begins in the mouth

A nutrient requirement is the ________. a) the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health b) recommended amount of a nutrient that will prevent chronic diseases c) amount of a nutrient that the body needs to function along with a "margin of safety" amount d) highest amount of a nutrient that ensures optimal nutritional status without causing toxicity

the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health

Which of the following statements is true? a) to achieve optimal health, you need to match your diet with your blood type, eye color, and other physical characteristics b) to achieve and maintain good health, people should rely on eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods instead of taking dietary supplements c) nutritional needs of healthy people generally don't vary during different life stages, such as infancy and pregnancy d) regardless of their ages and physical conditions, people don't need to take dietary supplements that include vitamins and minerals

to achieve and maintain good health, people should rely on eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods instead of taking dietary supplements

_____ are tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food. a) lymph nodes b) receptors c) mucus glands d) villi

villi

Which of the following nutrients is a micronutrient? a) sugar b) vitamin C c) cholesterol d) water

vitamin c