nutrition final

What is the international agency that has adopted standards to regulate the use of pesticides?​

FAO

What is the name of the largest U.S. national food recovery program?

Feeding America

What is the average monthly benefit for a recipient of SNAP, per person?​

$135

​What percentage of foods imported from other countries are inspected by the FDA?

1

​Worldwide, how many children younger than 5 have symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

100 million

Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?​

140 over 90

​The classification of underweight is achieved when the BMI first drops below

18.5

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of​

3 months, called trimesters

​What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

What is believed to be the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?​

defect of the immune system

Which of the following is a leading cause of both blindness and kidney failure?​

diabetes

Which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock?​

eggs, peanuts, and milk

​Which of the following would be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual?

energy dense foods

Most people with type 2 diabetes have​

excess body fat

The amount of vitamin D needed in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and​

exposure to the sun

What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity?​

fat

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known as​

fetal programming

What is the term for the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth?​

fetus

Which of the following dietary components is thought to be protective against certain types of cancer?​

fiber

Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?​

five months

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of​

folate

What is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States?​

food poisoning from microbes

​What disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines?

gout

Clostridium botulinum poisoning is a hazard associated with​

improperly canned vegetables

​Which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the U.S. Surgeon General?

they should drink no alcohol

​Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

they vary according to individual histories

Which measurement can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?​

waist circumference

​What are the products of the complete oxidation of fatty acids?

water, carbon dioxide, and energy

​An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to

increase physical activity

A feature of heavy caffeine use in human pregnancy is that it may​

increase the risk of stillborn infants

Diuretics act to lower blood pressure by​

increasing fluid loss

​Where do the TCA cycle reactions take place?

inner compartments of the mitochondria

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. children, especially toddlers 1 to 3 years of age?​

iron

Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?​

it is an autoimmune disorder

According to much research, what is a characteristic of excess body fat that is distributed primarily around the abdomen?​

it is associated with mortality for both sexes

Which of the following is the most significant rationale for eliminating alcohol intake in athletic performance?​

it is not metabolized into muscle

​An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to

keep a record of your eating habits

The weight of a body minus the fat content is known as the ____.​

lean body mass

​What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?

liver

Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?​

low HDL levels

​Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

low in saturated fat, high in omega- 3 fatty acids

​Which process describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?

metabolism

​A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for ____.

mitochondria

What is a significant factor associated with the interpretation of body composition values?​

muscular people may be classified as overweight

​When a slice of fresh apple turns a brown color, this is most likely the result of

oxidation

​An aerobic reaction is one that requires ____.

oxygen

​Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower

physical activity level

A person who hasn't consumed anything except water for the past 8 hours has a blood glucose concentration of 101 mg/dL. This person would be classified as​

prediabetic

What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?​

pregnancy increases the BMR

​What is the most satiating macronutrient?

protein

​What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?

​0.5-2 lbs/week

A desirable HDL cholesterol is​

​>60 mg/dl.

​Which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell uses energy?

​ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.

​Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?

​Acetyl CoA

​Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?

​Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents.

​Which statement defines a coenzyme?

​An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme

Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African-American population?​

​Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.

Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast?​

​Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on tests than those who eat breakfast.

Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?​

​Breast-fed infants obtain protective factors that inhibit bacterial infections.

Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children?​

​Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are less likely to be overweight than their friends who do not.

​What is the chief reason that health-care professionals advise people to engage only in low-to-moderate intensity activities for prolonged duration rather than more intense, shorter routines?

​Compliance is better while injury risk is minimized.

​What is the most likely explanation for the fatty liver that develops from protein deficiency?

​Inability of the liver to synthesize lipoproteins for fat export

​Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

​Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.

Which of the following is a feature of androstenedione use in athletes?​

​It is a dangerous alternative to anabolic steroid use.

What is a consequence of losing excess body weight?​

​It reverses atherosclerosis.

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?​

​Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

​Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?

​More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons.

​Which of the following defines the body's set point?

​Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

What organism is responsible for producing the most common food toxin?​

staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is a characteristic of protein use in physical activity?​

​Protein contributes up to 10% of total fuel used, which is similar to the resting state.

What is aquaculture?​

the practice of fish farming

​Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?

​Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program

​Which of the following is a research finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

​The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced.

Which of the following describes a relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure?​

​Weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure.

Which of the following represents current knowledge of the role of vitamin and mineral supplements in physical performance?

They may be beneficial for athletes who struggle to meet their energy requirements.

What is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women?​

WIC

A person's level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for​

a heart attack

​A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed

a stroke

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?​

about 2/3

Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol?​

achieve and maintain appropriate body weight

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation?​

alcohol easily enters breast milk

​If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, what can be converted to glucose?

amino acids

​What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

anabolic

A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as​

anaphylactic shock

Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?​

apples

​What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?

blood concentrations of the blood increase

​An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called ____.

body mass index

Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for​

botulism

Which of the following cooking techniques for meats results in formation of the highest amounts of carcinogens?​

broiling

​Which dietary nutrient would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?

carbohydrates

​In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize ____.

carbohydrates only

A substance that causes cancer is best termed a(n)​

carcinogen

​Which of the following is a feature of kwashiorkor?

children typically have a grossly swollen belly

A few years ago a foodborne illness outbreak was reported by a national restaurant chain. After dozens of people were infected, authorities determined that employees of the restaurant had used the same knife to cut raw meat products as they did for produce items such as lettuce. Which of the following terms most likely describes the employees' neglect that led to the patrons of the restaurant becoming ill?​

cross-contamination

In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin?​

type 1 mellitus

Which of the following conditions is characterized by insulin resistance of fat cells?​

type 2 diabetes

The most common form of cardiovascular disease is​

coronary heart disease

What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?​

critical period

​A person who is edentulous has

no teeth

Which of the following foods is known to be a protective factor for esophageal cancer?​

non starchy vegetables