Nutrition Midterm Study Guide
What is a dietary supplement? Name several of them.
A product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake. Examples include nutrient pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts. Alfalfa, Bitter Orange, Chondroitin, Coenzyme Q-10, Echinacea, Evening Primrose Oil, Fish Oil, Flaxseed and flaxseed oil, Garlic, Ginger, Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng(Asian), Glucosamine sulfate, Green Tea, Kava, L-arginine, Melatonin, St. John's Wort
Cholesterol
A waxy fat-like substance that is essential in small amounts for certain body functions
The substance that has the potential to protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors is a (an) .
Antioxidant
What would you tell a female patient, who was trying to get pregnant, about alcohol?
Avoid drinking alcohol
Identify foods that are considered starches.
Bread and Cereal products made from wheat, rice , barely, and oats. Vegetables such as corn, squash, beans and peas. Tubers such as potatoes, yams, taro, cassava, and jicama
Review dietary restrictions for various ethnic groups.
Buddhist: Meat is avoided; vegetarianism is encouraged Eastern Orthodox: Meat and fish restrictions; fasting and specific food abstinence during certain holidays
What is the smallest living, functional unit in an organism?
Cell
Carbohydrate
Class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body
Disclaimer
Clues that the product may not live up to your expectations or the manufactures claims
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates, compounds compromised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together examples include starch and glucose
Describe the function of the digestive system.
Converts large food molecules such as protein, starch, and fat into smaller substances that can be absored
What is an empty-calorie food? Identify several.
Energy that is supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol Examples include bacon, candy, pastries, snack chips, and sugar-sweetened drinks
What do adipose cells do?
Fat cells that are specialized for storing energy in the form of triglycerides
Which governmental office is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications in the United States?
Food and Drug Administration FDA
What are the various food groups included in MyPlate?
Fruits, Vegetables, Protein Foods, Grains, Diary
What are the three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What physical findings would indicate a patient is at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome?
Large waist circumference Chronically elevated blood pressure Chronically elevated fasting blood fats Low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol High fasting blood glucose
How can a patient with GERD reduce their likelihood of developing heartburn?
Loose excess weight if needed Do not lie down within 3 hours after eating a meal Do not overeat at meal times Avoid smoking cigarettes Elevate the head of your bed 6 to 8 inches higher than the foot of the bed Do not wear tight bels or clothes with tight waistbands Learn to recognize foods that cause heartburn
Exchange System
Methods classifying foods based on macronutrient composition
Enzyme
Molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a particular chemical reaction
How do we obtain essential nutrients?
Must be supplied by food since the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs.
What sort of information provided in an advertisement would be considered a "red flag"?
Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health-related problems Claims that sound to good to be true Scare tactics that include sensational, frightening, false, or misleading statements about food, dietary practices or health condition.
Where can you find information on the amount of various vitamins recommended for your age group?
Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA
Anecdotal
Reports of personal experiences
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals liver and muscle tissue
What does the body do with excess starch and sugar that is ingested?
Stored as energy
How have Americans changed their consumption of the food groups?
The American diet now provides more added fats, sugars, and total food energy. Consume more shellfish, cheese, chicken, turkey than in 1970 eat less red meat, milk, yogurt, and eggs
Define metabolism.
The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions (changes) involved in generating energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products
Positive Correlation
Two variables are changing in the same direction both increasing
MyPlate
USDA's interactive Internet dietary and menu planning guide consists of fruits, vegetables, proteins, grains, and diary
Testimonial
a personal endorsement of a product
Diverticulitis
abnormal, small sacs that form in wall of colon
Type 1 Diabetes
an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells
What blood glucose readings would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need to ingest candy or fruit juice?
below 70
What possible complications could a baby of a Type 1, uncontrolled diabetic have?
birth defects
How are dietary lipids digested and transported throughout the body?
by chylomicron
Chronic Constipation
can cause discomfort and contribute to the development of inflamed hemorrhoid's and diverticula
Colon Cancer
cancer of the two lower portions of the large intestine. One of the most common cancers
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
condition that can result when acid reflux damages the wall of the lower esophagus and causes ulcers
Element
each type of atom; substance that cannot be separated into similar substances by ordinary chemical or physical means
If you are trying to lower your blood cholesterol level, what should you limit in your diet?
egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, ice cream
Placebo
fake treatment such as sham pill, injection, or medical procedure
Sustainable Agriculture
farming methods that do that deplete natural resources or harm to the environment while meeting the demand for food
Organic Agriculture
farming methods that require considerable amounts of water and pesticides that can harm the environment
Gestational Diabetes
form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop
Fructose is a sugar.
fruit or levulose
Control Group
group being studied that does not receive a treatment
What disease or condition is the leading cause of diet-related death in the United States?
heart disease
What complications might an uncontrolled Type 2 diabetic experience?
high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke
How is alcohol metabolized in the body?
in the liver
The FDA regulates the ability for companies to list health claims on food packages. You need to be familiar with what can and cannot be listed.
indicate the product has health benefits when it is consumed with other foods that make up that diet, are complete, easy to understand honest and not misleading, refer to a product that has 10% or more of the DVs for vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, fiber, or protein before being fortified with nutrients. Are for a product intended for people who are 2 years of age or older. Use may or may not describe the relationship between product and disease. Do not quantify any degree of risk reduction. Indicate that many factors influence disease. CANNOT: describe levels of nutrients in packaged food
Crohn's
inflammation and swelling of the intestines
Explain ways to treat irritable bowel syndrome.
limit consumption of wheat, diary, eggs, coffee, yeast, potatoes, and citrus fruits, soft drinks, sugar products, sorbitol, yoga
Triglycerides
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon called glycerol
Essential Fatty Acids
lipids that must be supplied by the diet
Atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
Homeostasis
maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival
Atom
matter is compromised of this and contains certain particles including protons and electrons
Chyme
mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food
Compound
molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions
Type 2 Diabetes
most common form, beta cells usually produce insulin but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant which means they do not respond properly to the hormone and do not allow glucose to enter them
Anion
negatively charged ion
Mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell
Solvent
primary component of solution
Prostaglandins
produce a variety of important effects on the body such as stimulating uterine contractions, regulating blood pressure, and promoting the immune system's inflammatory response
What is the purpose of lipids in the body?
providing and storing energy(fat) maintaining cell membranes producing certain hormones, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, contributing to body contours, absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
How can you determine if a website is providing biased, unreliable nutrition information?
says the product cures diseases that a complex any dot com website
Electron
small, negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom
Catalyst
speeds up a chemical reaction
Organelle
structures in cells that have specific functions
Base
substances that accept hydrogen atoms
Acid
substances that donate hydrogen atoms
List consequences experienced by a newborn when a pregnant mother is undernourished.
suffer from breathing problems and low birth weights
DRI
various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans