Nutrition Midterm Study Guide

What is a dietary supplement? Name several of them.

A product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake. Examples include nutrient pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts. Alfalfa, Bitter Orange, Chondroitin, Coenzyme Q-10, Echinacea, Evening Primrose Oil, Fish Oil, Flaxseed and flaxseed oil, Garlic, Ginger, Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng(Asian), Glucosamine sulfate, Green Tea, Kava, L-arginine, Melatonin, St. John's Wort

Cholesterol

A waxy fat-like substance that is essential in small amounts for certain body functions

The substance that has the potential to protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors is a (an) .

Antioxidant

What would you tell a female patient, who was trying to get pregnant, about alcohol?

Avoid drinking alcohol

Identify foods that are considered starches.

Bread and Cereal products made from wheat, rice , barely, and oats. Vegetables such as corn, squash, beans and peas. Tubers such as potatoes, yams, taro, cassava, and jicama

Review dietary restrictions for various ethnic groups.

Buddhist: Meat is avoided; vegetarianism is encouraged Eastern Orthodox: Meat and fish restrictions; fasting and specific food abstinence during certain holidays

What is the smallest living, functional unit in an organism?

Cell

Carbohydrate

Class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body

Disclaimer

Clues that the product may not live up to your expectations or the manufactures claims

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates, compounds compromised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together examples include starch and glucose

Describe the function of the digestive system.

Converts large food molecules such as protein, starch, and fat into smaller substances that can be absored

What is an empty-calorie food? Identify several.

Energy that is supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol Examples include bacon, candy, pastries, snack chips, and sugar-sweetened drinks

What do adipose cells do?

Fat cells that are specialized for storing energy in the form of triglycerides

Which governmental office is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications in the United States?

Food and Drug Administration FDA

What are the various food groups included in MyPlate?

Fruits, Vegetables, Protein Foods, Grains, Diary

What are the three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What physical findings would indicate a patient is at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome?

Large waist circumference Chronically elevated blood pressure Chronically elevated fasting blood fats Low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol High fasting blood glucose

How can a patient with GERD reduce their likelihood of developing heartburn?

Loose excess weight if needed Do not lie down within 3 hours after eating a meal Do not overeat at meal times Avoid smoking cigarettes Elevate the head of your bed 6 to 8 inches higher than the foot of the bed Do not wear tight bels or clothes with tight waistbands Learn to recognize foods that cause heartburn

Exchange System

Methods classifying foods based on macronutrient composition

Enzyme

Molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a particular chemical reaction

How do we obtain essential nutrients?

Must be supplied by food since the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs.

What sort of information provided in an advertisement would be considered a "red flag"?

Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health-related problems Claims that sound to good to be true Scare tactics that include sensational, frightening, false, or misleading statements about food, dietary practices or health condition.

Where can you find information on the amount of various vitamins recommended for your age group?

Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA

Anecdotal

Reports of personal experiences

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide in animals liver and muscle tissue

What does the body do with excess starch and sugar that is ingested?

Stored as energy

How have Americans changed their consumption of the food groups?

The American diet now provides more added fats, sugars, and total food energy. Consume more shellfish, cheese, chicken, turkey than in 1970 eat less red meat, milk, yogurt, and eggs

Define metabolism.

The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions (changes) involved in generating energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products

Positive Correlation

Two variables are changing in the same direction both increasing

MyPlate

USDA's interactive Internet dietary and menu planning guide consists of fruits, vegetables, proteins, grains, and diary

Testimonial

a personal endorsement of a product

Diverticulitis

abnormal, small sacs that form in wall of colon

Type 1 Diabetes

an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells

What blood glucose readings would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need to ingest candy or fruit juice?

below 70

What possible complications could a baby of a Type 1, uncontrolled diabetic have?

birth defects

How are dietary lipids digested and transported throughout the body?

by chylomicron

Chronic Constipation

can cause discomfort and contribute to the development of inflamed hemorrhoid's and diverticula

Colon Cancer

cancer of the two lower portions of the large intestine. One of the most common cancers

Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

condition that can result when acid reflux damages the wall of the lower esophagus and causes ulcers

Element

each type of atom; substance that cannot be separated into similar substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

If you are trying to lower your blood cholesterol level, what should you limit in your diet?

egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, ice cream

Placebo

fake treatment such as sham pill, injection, or medical procedure

Sustainable Agriculture

farming methods that do that deplete natural resources or harm to the environment while meeting the demand for food

Organic Agriculture

farming methods that require considerable amounts of water and pesticides that can harm the environment

Gestational Diabetes

form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop

Fructose is a sugar.

fruit or levulose

Control Group

group being studied that does not receive a treatment

What disease or condition is the leading cause of diet-related death in the United States?

heart disease

What complications might an uncontrolled Type 2 diabetic experience?

high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke

How is alcohol metabolized in the body?

in the liver

The FDA regulates the ability for companies to list health claims on food packages. You need to be familiar with what can and cannot be listed.

indicate the product has health benefits when it is consumed with other foods that make up that diet, are complete, easy to understand honest and not misleading, refer to a product that has 10% or more of the DVs for vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, fiber, or protein before being fortified with nutrients. Are for a product intended for people who are 2 years of age or older. Use may or may not describe the relationship between product and disease. Do not quantify any degree of risk reduction. Indicate that many factors influence disease. CANNOT: describe levels of nutrients in packaged food

Crohn's

inflammation and swelling of the intestines

Explain ways to treat irritable bowel syndrome.

limit consumption of wheat, diary, eggs, coffee, yeast, potatoes, and citrus fruits, soft drinks, sugar products, sorbitol, yoga

Triglycerides

lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon called glycerol

Essential Fatty Acids

lipids that must be supplied by the diet

Atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

Homeostasis

maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival

Atom

matter is compromised of this and contains certain particles including protons and electrons

Chyme

mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food

Compound

molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions

Type 2 Diabetes

most common form, beta cells usually produce insulin but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant which means they do not respond properly to the hormone and do not allow glucose to enter them

Anion

negatively charged ion

Mitochondrion

powerhouse of the cell

Solvent

primary component of solution

Prostaglandins

produce a variety of important effects on the body such as stimulating uterine contractions, regulating blood pressure, and promoting the immune system's inflammatory response

What is the purpose of lipids in the body?

providing and storing energy(fat) maintaining cell membranes producing certain hormones, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, contributing to body contours, absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals

How can you determine if a website is providing biased, unreliable nutrition information?

says the product cures diseases that a complex any dot com website

Electron

small, negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom

Catalyst

speeds up a chemical reaction

Organelle

structures in cells that have specific functions

Base

substances that accept hydrogen atoms

Acid

substances that donate hydrogen atoms

List consequences experienced by a newborn when a pregnant mother is undernourished.

suffer from breathing problems and low birth weights

DRI

various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans