Nutrition Module 2

which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of total calories

which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

fats and carbohydrates

the carbon chains of free ______ ________ vary in the number of carbons in the chain, the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen, and the shape of the chain (straight or bent)

fatty acids

which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake?

obesity diabetes

raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?

oligosaccharides

which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?

oligosaccharides

Individuals with bleeding disorders taking anticoagulants or scheduling surgery should be cautious about which supplement?

omega 3 fatty acids

if the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs after the 3rd carbon from the methyl end, its called an _____ fatty acid

omega-3

which of the following foods should consumers limit in they diet in order to lower trans fats intake?

pastries biscuits

phosphate gives ______ the ability to function in a watery environment, like blood, without clumping together

phospholipids

which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?

fatty liver is a possible consequence edema is a possible consequence a young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels

who is expected to normally have higher HDL levels?

females

_______ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

fiber

________ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

fiber

a diet excessive in ______ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc

fiber

hemicellulose is a from of?

fiber

glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

fiber content food processing starch structure

what hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

gastrin

key role of HDL

helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

which fibers from the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?

hemicellulose cellulose lignins

________ may result from excessive straining during defecation sometimes due to being constipated

hemorrhoids

most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ______ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ________ producing cells in the ________

immune insulin pancreas

fiber

indigestible polysaccharide

amylase

is an enzyme

a chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

phospholipids cholesterol proteins

what are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

phosphorous-containing molecule glycerol backbone contains phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen containing base

________ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat

plant

sterols from which source are considered to be heart healthy because they block the absorption of cholesterol?

plants

choose all of the following statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols

plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties

diets rich in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol most commonly lead to the development of which health issue?

plaque build up in arteries

what are some good food sources of omega-3 and omega 6 essential fatty acids?

poultry salmon soybean oil

_______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes

prediabetes

what is the term for the potent eicosanoic compounds that produce adverse effects in the body?

prostaglandins

HDL has a high proportion of _____ , which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein

protein

_______ are a primary component of all cells throughout the body

protein

_______ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient.

protein

the liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient ______, which makes it a costly energy source of calories

protein

which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, and dairy. In these foods the carbohydrate content is diluted with

protein and fat

_____ ______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynghesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time

protein synthesis

proteins sever which of the following functions?

proteins aid in cell synthesis proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production

excessive consumption if this type of sugar may have a laxative effect?

sugar alcohol

alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

the ______ takes amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis

tRNA

which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

table sugar jam fruit

why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

the human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

how do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

they absorb water and expand in the GI tract

what are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

they are calorie dense they are the body's main storage form of energy they are stable

which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates they are sometimes called starches they are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?

they do not dissolve in water

what is the reason why energy needs may not be met in infants and children following a vegetarian or vegan diet?

they fill up on high fiber, low calorie foods that cause fullness

what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

to provide energy to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

in a _____ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain

trans

transferring an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton is called ________.

transamination

lipoprotein

transports lipids

molecule that consists of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol, which serves as the backbone for the fatty acids

triglyceride

______, a type of lipids, are the body's main storage form of energy because they are stable and calorie dense

triglycerides

about 95% of the fats we eat and 95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of

triglycerides

what types of lipids are synthesized by the body?

triglycerides phospholipids cholesterol

types of lipids

triglycerides sterols phospholipids

amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones

true

animal protein sources support human growth better than plant protein sources because animal tissue closely resembles human tissue, making animal proteins easier for humans to use

true

because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body

true

cellulose is an undigestible non fermentable straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules

true

changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally

true

marasmus is a disease that results from a nutrient deficiency

true

salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body

true

studies have shown that nearly all individuals with decreased lactase production can tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals

true

the liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen

true

the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel

true

to avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed

true

treatment for marasmus requires large amounts of calories and protein

true

high PER

tuna chicken

which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

type 2

consuming a diet high in trans fats can lead to the development of which health problems?

type 2 diabetes obesity

excessive omega 3 fatty acid intake

uncontrolled bleeding impaired immune function

which of the following are reasons for consuming a vegetarian diet?

various philosophies religious views economic ecological

which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

vegetables breads beans

plant based foods supply the body with which of the following?

vitamin c vitamin e folate dietary fiber

which of these foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

walnuts flax seeds soybean oil

when is glucose most likely used to produce fat?

when overall calorie needs are exceeded

what food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine they glycemic index?

white bread

what is the best way to consume amino acids?

whole food

in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

-triglycerides -fasting glucose -blood pressure

the ADI of aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to

18 diet soft drinks 80 packets of equal

the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for total fat is ______ of calories for most age groups

20-35%

acesulfame-k is how much sweeter than sugar?

200

how much energy do triglycerides usually provide the body?

30-70%

proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram

4

how much energy does glucose provide per gram?

4 kcal

infants and children younger than 2 need how much of their total calories to come from fat?

50%

how much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?

600

Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate Intake

Adequate intake of carbohydrates is important for: - Maintaining health. - Decreasing risk of chronic disease. Excessive intakes can be harmful to overall health.

which statement best describes the carbohydrate intake of adults in North America?

Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars

monosaccharides

C6H12O6 single sugars

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport vehicle for _______ in the blood.

CHOLESTEROL

Clinical Perspective: Diabetes Mellitus

Fasting blood glucose level at or above 126 mg/dl. • Hemoglobin A1c level at or above 6.5%. • Two main forms of diabetes: - Type 1 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes • Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy: - Typically resolves after pregnancy, but leads to higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic Syndrome

Group of factors to increase risk of: - Type 2 diabetes. - Cardiovascular disease. Factors include: - Insulin resistance. - Abdominal obesity. - High blood triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. - Low HDL-cholesterol. - Elevated blood pressure. - Increased inflammatory proteins. - Higher concentrations of oxidized LDL-cholesterol. 3 or more criteria need to be present to diagnose Metabolic Syndrome: - Waist circumference larger than: • 35 inches for women. • 40 inches for men. - Fasting triglycerides above 150 mg/dl - HDL-cholesterol below: • 40 mg/dl for men. • 50 mg/dl for women. - Elevated blood pressure - Fasting blood glucose above 110 mg/dl

Which of the following groups of foods would contribute a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet?

OLIVE OIL peanuts almonds

which steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins?

VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells VLDLs become more dense as triglycerides are released

fasting hypoglycemia

a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease

maltose

a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages

what are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?

absorbed and metabolized more slowly contribute fewer calories than sugars

what is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

acceptable daily intake (ADI)

what is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

the two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and ________.

amylopectin

two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and ________.

amylopectin

name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants

amylose

vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of

amylose

what is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?

an alcohol containing three carbons, it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

when a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called ______

anergy

at what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

at any age

an individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber

______ (salts) emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles, and forms a shell around the micelles that keeps the fat droplets suspended in the water-based intestinal contents

bile

_________ _________ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

biological value

ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the _________

bloodstream

which of the following is a reason why was marasmus common occurs in large cities of poverty stricken countries

bottle feeding

which of these foods contain little or no fat?

breakfast cereals yeast breads

a(n) ________ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution

buffer

patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

most carbohydrates are composed of?

carbon hydrogen oxygen

recent research has demonstrated a relationship between sugar intake and an increased risk of ________ disease

cardiovascular

which population has a high prevalence of PEM?

central america

which body parts derive almost all of their energy from glucose?

central nervous system red blood cells

plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of proteins

cholesterol saturated fat

what occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?

condensation reaction

which of the following health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60g) especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

constipation intestinal blockages

losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton is called

deamination

stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. his doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes

starch

digestible polysaccharide

which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of protein is useful?

digestion

vegan

does not consume any animal products

Disaccharides

double sugars -monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple sugars

which foods are good sources of phospholipids

egg yolks peanuts wheat germ

these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney functions and fluid balance, direct hormone to their target cells, regulate the flow of substance in and out of cells and regulate ovulation

eicosanoids

A(n)______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet

essential

hypoglycemia occurs when an individuals blood sugar level_______.

falls

a "reduced fat" food is also lower in calories than its full-fat counterpart

false

a high fiber diet may increase the availability of nutrients?

false

adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs

false

amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation

false

amino acids formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen

false

blood proteins have no influence on body fluid balance

false

dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

false

in the absence of carbohydrate, ______ does not break down completely

fat

select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true

fat floats on top of watery contents gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids

which of these is most likely to go rancid due to its high level of polyunsaturated fats?

fish oils

which statement about cholesterol is correct?

food of plant origin contain the most cholesterol

a diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol

sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and _________.

fructose

which of the following foods consist predominately of carbohydrates?

fruit baked potatoes table sugar

which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

galactose glucose

most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to

glucose

what is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

glucose galactose fructose

which of the following are monosaccharides?

glucose galactose fructose

which of the following are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?

glutamine arginine

the storage form of carbohydrates and animals is called _________

glycogen

which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

glycogen amylose cellulose amylopectin

which of the following are the 4 building blocks of DNA?

guanine thymine cytosine adenine

what is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?

help form cell membranes

what sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

high-fructose corn syrup

which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?

honey coke pasta

the process of ______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats

hydrogenation

the release of fatty acids from glycerol is called

hydrolysis

research shows that a high-protein diet may _________ calcium loss in urine

increase

lack of protein can effect a person's health by:

increased risk of infection immune system not working properly

lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

insulin

what hormone stimulates positive protein balance?

insulin

reactive hypoglycemia

is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal

fatty acids that have 1 double don't in the carbon chain are called ______ fatty acids

monounsaturated

digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth small intestine

which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance?

older adult recovering from an illness adolescent boy during growth spurt middle-aged adult recovering from an energy

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

examples of medium-chain fatty acids

palm kernel oil coconut oil

what are other names for complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides starch

a(n) ______ fatty acid has at least 2 double bonds in its carbon chain

polyunsaturated

which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

positive protein balance

potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body

prostaglandins

is it important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use _________ for energy.

protein

which of the following is a function of protein?

protein is necessary for fluid balance protein is necessary for the visual process

almost all enzymes are

proteins

which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?

released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs producing glycogen producing fat

during protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the mRNA translation phase of protein synthesis?

ribosomes

protein synthesis takes place in the ________, which are located in the cytosol of the cell

ribosomes

_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts

saccharin

high glycemic load foods

should not be overeaten at any one meal

what disease occurs due to a incorrect arrangement of proteins on the hemoglobin molecule?

sickle cell anemia

which of the following describe the components of an amino acid?

side chain amino group acid group

if a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins will

slow down

most fat digestion occurs in the _______ ________ where the presence of fat triggers the release of cholecystokinin

small intestine

which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?

smoking physical inactivity obesity

steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine

some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach bile emulsifies the fats lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

sorbitol

sugar alcohols (nutritive sweeteners)

sorbitol (sugarless candies, sugarless gum) mannitol (sugarless candies) xylitol (sugarless gum)

in what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

polysaccharides

starch glycogen fiber

which alternative sweetener is derived from a south american shrub?

stevia

salivary amylase is inactivated in the

stomach

what 3 organs/glands produce lipase?

stomach pancreas salivary glands

the problem with an excess amount of ______ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries

sugar

the lipid family includes sterols, ________ and ________

triglycerides phospholipids

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

what nutrients are vegans most likely run low in?

vitamin B12 vitamin D riboflavin calcium

what is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?

zero

which of the following best describes a condensation reaction?

a hydroxyl group from one sugar and a hydrogen from another sugar is involved a disaccharide is formed one molecule of water is formed and released

An______ is a protein attached to the surface of a lipoprotein or embedded in its outer shell. It can turn on a lipid transfer enzyme, assist in binding a lipoprotein to a receptor on cell surfaces, or assist enzymes.

apolipoprotein

retinal binding protein

carries vitamin A

food allergy

causes an immune response

_______ triggers the release of the hormones secretin and CCK

chyme

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues

edema

fluid buildup in the interstitial fluid is called _______

edema

characteristics of kwashiokor

edema lack of growth weakness

_______ _______ protein has a BV of 100

egg white

which of the following acts as emulsifiers?

egg yolks

alpha-linolenic and linolei acid are ______ fatty acids

essential

animal proteins are a good source of all nine ________ amino acids

essential

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all ________ amino acids

essential

the process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called

esterification

essential amino acid needs must be met at each meal

false

which of the following hormones stimulate positive protein balance?

growth hormone insulin testosterone

_______ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease

high

which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

high fasting glucose hypertension low HDL cholesterol large waist circumference high blood triglycerides

which of the following represent components associated with a traditional mediterranean diet?

high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains regular exercise moderate drinking of wine

what is the technical term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

traditional symptoms of diabetes

increased thirst increased urination excessive hunger

_______ or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

what are some natural food sources of sucrose

maple syrup sugar beets

to improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes

moderate weight loss (10%) is usually helpful

Acesulfame-k (sunette)

non-nutritive sweetener sugarless gum, diet drink mixes, powdered diet sweeteners, puddings, gelatin desserts

soluble fiber

pectins (fruits-thickener in jams and jellies) some hemicellulose (oat bran) gums and mucilages (legumes, seaweed, psyllium) physiological effects: lowers blood cholesterol levels, delays gastric emptying, decreases blood glucose levels

which of the following are soluble fibers?

pectins, gums, mucilages

__________ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

pepsin

what is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein?

peptide bond

which of the following supply the body with usable energy?

proteins lipids carbohydrates

______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

growth hormone

source: pituitary gland target organ or tissue: liver, muscle, adipose tissue overall effects on organ or tissue: -decreases glucose uptake by muscles -increases fat mobilization and utilization -increases glucose output by the liver effect on blood glucose: -increase

all sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in

sucrose

what individuals are at risk for PEM?

suffering from anorexia nervosa hospitalized patients living in poverty

maintaining good blood _________ control is critical to prevent long-term, diabetes-related complications.

sugar

Monk fruit

tabletop sweetener

which alternative sweetener may have a prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine?

tagatose

soy protein is a plant-based protein that meet essential amino acid needs

true

the denaturation of protein is useful during digestion

true

blood glucose

1) elevated blood glucose 2) pancreas releases insulin 3) glucose transported into cells 4) conversion of glucose into glycogen 5) normalization of blood glucose 6) low blood glucose 7) pancreas releases glucagon 8)breakdown of glycogen to glucose 9) increased gluconeogenesis

intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______ % of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system

10

there are a total of ____ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function

11

at what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?

110 gm/dL

what is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

126 mg/dl

type 2 diabetes

90% of cases insulin resistence risk factors: -strong genetic predisposition -obesity and physical inactivity -ethnicity -metabolic syndrome -pre-diabetes characteristics: -mild symptoms, especially in early phases of the disease (fatigue and nighttime urination) -ketosis does not generally occur treatment: -diet -exercise -oral medications to lower blood glucose -insulin (in advanced cases) complications: -cardiovascular disease -kidney disease -nerve disease -blindness -infections monitoring: -blood glucose -hemoglobin A1c

Glucose Intolerance

Abnormal regulation of blood glucose levels: - Hyperglycemia: • More common • High blood glucose levels • Commonly associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome - Hypoglycemia: • Low blood glucose levels

Very-High-Fiber Diets

Above 50 to 60 g/day can cause: - Hard, dry stools if fluid intake is low: • Hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding, intestinal blockage - Decrease in absorption of minerals (zinc, iron): • Increasing risk of deficiencies - Special concern for young children, elderly, malnourished. • May not be getting adequate amounts of foods and nutrients. • May cause a sense of fullness and reduce overall intake of foods.

incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ________ code

DNA

functions of carbohydrates in the body

Digestible carbohydrates are broken down to glucose: - Primary source of energy - Spare protein from use as energy - Prevent Ketosis • Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in maintaining health of the GI tract and overall health: - Prevents: • Constipation and diverticular disease - Enhances management of: • Body weight, blood glucose levels, cholesterol levels

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load

Indicates how blood glucose responds to various foods Glycemic index: - Ratio of blood glucose response of a food compared with a standard. - Influenced by food's: • Starch structure • Fiber content • Food processing • Physical structure • Temperature • Amount of protein and fat in a meal - Shortcoming: • Based on serving of food that would provide 50 grams of carbohydrate Foods with a high glycemic load elicit: - Increased insulin response. - Drop in blood glucose. Chronically high insulin output can lead to: - Increased fat synthesis in liver. - More rapid return of hunger after meal.

recommended intake of carbohydrates

RDA is 130g/day: -supplies adequate glucose for brain and central nervous system -prevents partial replacement of glucose by ketone bodies food and nutrition board recommends intake of 45-65% of total energy intake carbohydrates in our diets should include mostly: -fiber rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains -little added sugars and caloric sweeteners AdequateIntakeforfiber: --14g/1000kcal Before age 50: • 25 g for women • 38gformen - After age 50: • 21g/day for women • 30g/day for men Adequate Intake is aimed to reduce the risk of: - Diverticular disease. - Cardiovascular disease.

High Sugar Diets

Replace with intake of more nutritious foods: - Special concern for children and adolescents Increase risk of: - Weight gain and obesity due to extra energy intake. - Cardiovascular disease: • Increased levels of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol - Dental caries: • Bacteria in the mouth metabolize sugars into acids. - Acids dissolve tooth enamel.

which populations are likely to have decreased lactose digestion?

latino/hispanic Asian Americans African Americans

PKU

leads to a lack of tyrosine production is caused by an enzyme inefficiency

a(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize

limiting

the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting

the enzyme ____ plays an important role in fat digestion

lipase

the enzyme _______ plays an important role in fat digestion

lipase

a _____ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol

lipoprotein

the _______ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels

liver

which organ plays a role in developing very low density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?

liver

sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to their ______ structure

multi-ringed

a(n) ______ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed

negative

an illness might cause _____ protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein

negative

amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain

nitrogen

type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

diet physical activity moderate weight loss

type 1 diabetes

5% of cases autoimmune attack on the pancreas moderate genetic predisposition distinct symptoms: frequent thirst, hunger, and urination -ketosis -weight loss treatment: insulin, diet, exercise complications: -cardiovascular disease -kidney disease -nerve disease -blindness -infections monitoring: -blood glucose -urine ketones -hemoglobin A1c

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.

56 grams

what is the RDA of protein for a typical (154lb) man?

56 grams

if Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70kg

approximately ________ of the worlds population are lactose intolerant

75%

how many amino acids are considered essential

9

triglycerides provide about ______ calories per gram

9

monosaccharides generally follow an ________ absorption process

active

transferrin

carries iron

when protein intake equals the amount in losses an individuals is in protein

balance

what are some steps that can be taken to prevent the development of food allergies

breast feed until 6 month delay giving cows milk until 1 years old keep diets free of peanuts until children are at least 3 years old

which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?

butter eggs beef

hemoglobin

carries oxygen

soluble fiber ________ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood

decreases

the muscle wasting in the body due to the conversion of amino acids into glucose is called?

cachexia

protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

calorie deficiency lack of nutrients

glycemic index x grams of ______ /100= glycemic load

carbohydrate

Low PER

corn bread

which of the following are potential causes of denaturation?

stomach acid heat

the layer of skin, just below the surface, is called _______ fat and is made mostly of triglycerides

subcutaneous

they type of fat that function primarily to insulate the body is

subcutaneous

epinephrine is released from

adrenal glands

most of the ______ ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins

amino acids

if your carbohydrate intake is inadequate the liver is forced to make glucose from the macronutrient _______

amino acids (protein)

a carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the ______ _______

amino group

the amino group is in what form in the urine?

ammonia

of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

amylopectin

the polysaccharide __________ is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range

amylopectin

_____ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cells

antibodies

an ________ is a compound that protects other compounds, such as unsaturated fats, and body tissues from the damaging effects of oxygen

antioxidant

which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?

apples

which non-nutritive sweetener cannot be used by individuals with PKU?

aspartame

food intolerance

caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components

which of the following carbohydrate is indigestible by humans?

cellulose

insoluble fiber

cellulose: (skin of fruits and vegetables, legumes, celery, whole grains) Hemicellulose: (whole grains and cereal fibers, some vegetables) lignins: (seeds of fruits, bran layer of whole grains)

sucralose is made by substituting 3 __________ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose

chlorine

______ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones, bile, and to form cell membranes

cholesterol

_______, along with phospholipids, form cell membranes and allows fat soluble substance to move into and out of the cell. It is also used to make bile and steroid hormones

cholesterol

which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?

choose whole grains choose fiber-rich fruits choose vegetables

which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells?

chylomicron

the nucleotide units that specify instructions for protein synthesis are called

codons

lacto

consumes milk

lacto-ovo

consumes milk and eggs

which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

cooking chewing

what is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

denaturation

the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's ________

digestibility

a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid is called

diglyceride

common reasons why marasmus occurs in infants

diluted formula poverty unsafe water

epinephrine is a hormone that acts to decrease glycogen breakdown in the liver

false

per kilogram of body weight, the RDA for protein is highest during adulthood

false

phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells

false

phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure

false

the body links acids with peptide bonds to form lipids

false

the body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids

false

the chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

false

what are some qualities of an emulsifier?

it allows fat droplets to be suspended in water bile an lecithins are the body main emulsifiers it forms a shell around fat droplets

why is aspartame an effective alternative sweetener?

it is 200 times sweeter than sugar

which of the following is true about aspartame?

it loses its sweetness when heated

which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

kidney beans apples oatmeal

which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

kidneys eyes heart

which of the following diseases is most likely to result from an illness or infection?

kwashiokor

milk and other dairy sources are major food sources of_________(a disaccharide).

lactose

as more triglycerides are removed form intermediate-density lipoproteins, the IDLS become ________ density lipoproteins

low

most plant proteins are examples of ______ proteins

lower quality

"skin and bones" appearance

marasmus

patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating?

meals with a mixture of macronutrients protein containing snacks

elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate

metabolic syndrome

a _____ is a water-soluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic parts face outward

micelle

put the organs involved in the process of fat digestion in the correct order

mouth stomach liver pancreas small intestine large intestine

carbohydrate digestion

mouth: some starch is broken down to polysaccharide and disaccharide units by salivary amylase stomach: salivary amylase is inactivated by the acidity in the stomach. No further digestion occurs in the stomach. Pancreas: pancreatic amylase and dextrine are secreted into the small intestine to break polysaccharides from starch into disaccharides small intestine: enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides liver: the absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the liver by the portal vein large intestine: some soluble fiber is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in the large intestine rectum and anus: insoluble fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

saturated fatty acid

no carbon-carbon double bond

what are the recommendations for intake of saturated fat according the the American heart association?

no more than 7% of total calories

saccharin (sweet N low)

non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks

stevia (truvia)

non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks

aspartame (equal)

non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks, diet fruit drinks, sugarless gum, powdered diet sweetener

sucralose (splenda)

non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks, tabletop use, sugarless gum, jams, frozen desserts

cyclamate

non-nutritive sweetener not currently in use in the U.S but available in Canada

tagatose (naturlose)

non-nutritive sweetener ready to eat cereals, diet soft drinks, health bars, frozen yogurt, fat-free ice cream, candies, frosting, sugarless gum

neotame

non-nutritive sweetener tabletop sweetener, baked goods, frozen desserts, diet soft drinks, jams and jellies

which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy food in sufficient amounts?

nonessential

glucose

nutritive sweetener corn syrup, honey

fructose

nutritive sweetener fruit, honey, soft drinks, corn syrup

invert sugar

nutritive sweetener some candies, honey

maltose

nutritive sweetener sprouted seeds, some alcoholic beverages

sucrose

nutritive sweetener table sugar, most sweets

lactose

nutritive sweetener dairy products

put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order

proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments

the process of ______ involves the reattaching of a fatty acid to a glycerol that has lost a fatty acid, whereas the process of de-esterification involves the release of fatty acids from glycerol

re-estrification

products like olestra, gums, salatrim, and protein are used by companies to do what with their food products?

reduce fat content

what are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

salad oils butter mayo margarine

what events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake?

scavenger white blood cells leave the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels cholesterol can build up in scavenger cells and eventually kill them oxidized LDL is removed from circulation

how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

serve as buffers that resist changes in pH pump ions into and out of cells

symptoms of hypoglycemia

shakiness irritability

examples of added fats

shortening butter margarine

cortisol

source: adrenal glands target organ or tissue: liver, muscle overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases gluconeogenesis by the liver -decreases glucose use by muscles and other organs effect on blood glucose: -increase

epinephrine, norepinephrine

source: adrenal glands target organ or tissue: liver, muscle overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the live, increases gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -increase

glucagon

source: pancreas target organ or tissue: liver overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glycogen breakdown and release of glucose the liver -increases gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -increase

insulin

source: pancreas target organ or tissue: liver, muscle, adipose tissue overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glucose uptake by muscles and adipose tissue -increases glycogen synthesis -suppresses gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -decrease

which of the following foods are among the eight foods that account for most food-related allergies?

soy shellfish wheat tree nuts egg peanuts milk

rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest amount (3)

soy burger tuna salad hot dog turkey and swiss peanut butter and jelly ham and swiss

Lactose Intolerance

• Lactase production begins to decrease after early childhood. Primary lactose intolerance: - Insufficiency of lactase production: -Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea • Amount of lactose tolerance varies by individuals, but may well tolerate: - Hard cheeses, yogurt, acidophilus milk Secondary lactose intolerance: -Conditions of the small intestine damage the lactase producing cells: - Crohn's disease, diarrhea -Causes temporary symptoms