Nutrition Module 2
which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
fats and carbohydrates
the carbon chains of free ______ ________ vary in the number of carbons in the chain, the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen, and the shape of the chain (straight or bent)
fatty acids
which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake?
obesity diabetes
raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?
oligosaccharides
which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?
oligosaccharides
Individuals with bleeding disorders taking anticoagulants or scheduling surgery should be cautious about which supplement?
omega 3 fatty acids
if the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs after the 3rd carbon from the methyl end, its called an _____ fatty acid
omega-3
which of the following foods should consumers limit in they diet in order to lower trans fats intake?
pastries biscuits
phosphate gives ______ the ability to function in a watery environment, like blood, without clumping together
phospholipids
which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?
fatty liver is a possible consequence edema is a possible consequence a young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels
who is expected to normally have higher HDL levels?
females
_______ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
fiber
________ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
fiber
a diet excessive in ______ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc
fiber
hemicellulose is a from of?
fiber
glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
fiber content food processing starch structure
what hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?
gastrin
key role of HDL
helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body
which fibers from the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?
hemicellulose cellulose lignins
________ may result from excessive straining during defecation sometimes due to being constipated
hemorrhoids
most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ______ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ________ producing cells in the ________
immune insulin pancreas
fiber
indigestible polysaccharide
amylase
is an enzyme
a chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?
phospholipids cholesterol proteins
what are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
phosphorous-containing molecule glycerol backbone contains phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen containing base
________ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat
plant
sterols from which source are considered to be heart healthy because they block the absorption of cholesterol?
plants
choose all of the following statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols
plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties
diets rich in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol most commonly lead to the development of which health issue?
plaque build up in arteries
what are some good food sources of omega-3 and omega 6 essential fatty acids?
poultry salmon soybean oil
_______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes
prediabetes
what is the term for the potent eicosanoic compounds that produce adverse effects in the body?
prostaglandins
HDL has a high proportion of _____ , which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein
protein
_______ are a primary component of all cells throughout the body
protein
_______ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient.
protein
the liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient ______, which makes it a costly energy source of calories
protein
which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
protein
foods that contain a moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, and dairy. In these foods the carbohydrate content is diluted with
protein and fat
_____ ______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynghesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
protein synthesis
proteins sever which of the following functions?
proteins aid in cell synthesis proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production
excessive consumption if this type of sugar may have a laxative effect?
sugar alcohol
alternative (or artificial) sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
the ______ takes amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis
tRNA
which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
table sugar jam fruit
why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
the human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber
how do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
they absorb water and expand in the GI tract
what are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?
they are calorie dense they are the body's main storage form of energy they are stable
which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates they are sometimes called starches they are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain
Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?
they do not dissolve in water
what is the reason why energy needs may not be met in infants and children following a vegetarian or vegan diet?
they fill up on high fiber, low calorie foods that cause fullness
what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
to provide energy to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body
in a _____ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain
trans
transferring an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton is called ________.
transamination
lipoprotein
transports lipids
molecule that consists of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol, which serves as the backbone for the fatty acids
triglyceride
______, a type of lipids, are the body's main storage form of energy because they are stable and calorie dense
triglycerides
about 95% of the fats we eat and 95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of
triglycerides
what types of lipids are synthesized by the body?
triglycerides phospholipids cholesterol
types of lipids
triglycerides sterols phospholipids
amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones
true
animal protein sources support human growth better than plant protein sources because animal tissue closely resembles human tissue, making animal proteins easier for humans to use
true
because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body
true
cellulose is an undigestible non fermentable straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules
true
changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally
true
marasmus is a disease that results from a nutrient deficiency
true
salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body
true
studies have shown that nearly all individuals with decreased lactase production can tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals
true
the liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen
true
the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel
true
to avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed
true
treatment for marasmus requires large amounts of calories and protein
true
high PER
tuna chicken
which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?
type 2
consuming a diet high in trans fats can lead to the development of which health problems?
type 2 diabetes obesity
excessive omega 3 fatty acid intake
uncontrolled bleeding impaired immune function
which of the following are reasons for consuming a vegetarian diet?
various philosophies religious views economic ecological
which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
vegetables breads beans
plant based foods supply the body with which of the following?
vitamin c vitamin e folate dietary fiber
which of these foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
walnuts flax seeds soybean oil
when is glucose most likely used to produce fat?
when overall calorie needs are exceeded
what food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine they glycemic index?
white bread
what is the best way to consume amino acids?
whole food
in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
-triglycerides -fasting glucose -blood pressure
the ADI of aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to
18 diet soft drinks 80 packets of equal
the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for total fat is ______ of calories for most age groups
20-35%
acesulfame-k is how much sweeter than sugar?
200
how much energy do triglycerides usually provide the body?
30-70%
proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram
4
how much energy does glucose provide per gram?
4 kcal
infants and children younger than 2 need how much of their total calories to come from fat?
50%
how much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?
600
Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate Intake
Adequate intake of carbohydrates is important for: - Maintaining health. - Decreasing risk of chronic disease. Excessive intakes can be harmful to overall health.
which statement best describes the carbohydrate intake of adults in North America?
Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars
monosaccharides
C6H12O6 single sugars
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport vehicle for _______ in the blood.
CHOLESTEROL
Clinical Perspective: Diabetes Mellitus
Fasting blood glucose level at or above 126 mg/dl. • Hemoglobin A1c level at or above 6.5%. • Two main forms of diabetes: - Type 1 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes • Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy: - Typically resolves after pregnancy, but leads to higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic Syndrome
Group of factors to increase risk of: - Type 2 diabetes. - Cardiovascular disease. Factors include: - Insulin resistance. - Abdominal obesity. - High blood triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. - Low HDL-cholesterol. - Elevated blood pressure. - Increased inflammatory proteins. - Higher concentrations of oxidized LDL-cholesterol. 3 or more criteria need to be present to diagnose Metabolic Syndrome: - Waist circumference larger than: • 35 inches for women. • 40 inches for men. - Fasting triglycerides above 150 mg/dl - HDL-cholesterol below: • 40 mg/dl for men. • 50 mg/dl for women. - Elevated blood pressure - Fasting blood glucose above 110 mg/dl
Which of the following groups of foods would contribute a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet?
OLIVE OIL peanuts almonds
which steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins?
VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells VLDLs become more dense as triglycerides are released
fasting hypoglycemia
a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease
maltose
a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages
what are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?
absorbed and metabolized more slowly contribute fewer calories than sugars
what is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?
acceptable daily intake (ADI)
what is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
the two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and ________.
amylopectin
two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and ________.
amylopectin
name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants
amylose
vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of
amylose
what is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?
an alcohol containing three carbons, it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
when a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called ______
anergy
at what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?
at any age
an individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should
avoid fiber
______ (salts) emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles, and forms a shell around the micelles that keeps the fat droplets suspended in the water-based intestinal contents
bile
_________ _________ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein
biological value
ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the _________
bloodstream
which of the following is a reason why was marasmus common occurs in large cities of poverty stricken countries
bottle feeding
which of these foods contain little or no fat?
breakfast cereals yeast breads
a(n) ________ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution
buffer
patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate
carbohydrates
most carbohydrates are composed of?
carbon hydrogen oxygen
recent research has demonstrated a relationship between sugar intake and an increased risk of ________ disease
cardiovascular
which population has a high prevalence of PEM?
central america
which body parts derive almost all of their energy from glucose?
central nervous system red blood cells
plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of proteins
cholesterol saturated fat
what occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?
condensation reaction
which of the following health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60g) especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?
constipation intestinal blockages
losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton is called
deamination
stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. his doctor sends him for tests to see if he has
diabetes
starch
digestible polysaccharide
which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of protein is useful?
digestion
vegan
does not consume any animal products
Disaccharides
double sugars -monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple sugars
which foods are good sources of phospholipids
egg yolks peanuts wheat germ
these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney functions and fluid balance, direct hormone to their target cells, regulate the flow of substance in and out of cells and regulate ovulation
eicosanoids
A(n)______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet
essential
hypoglycemia occurs when an individuals blood sugar level_______.
falls
a "reduced fat" food is also lower in calories than its full-fat counterpart
false
a high fiber diet may increase the availability of nutrients?
false
adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs
false
amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation
false
amino acids formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen
false
blood proteins have no influence on body fluid balance
false
dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
false
in the absence of carbohydrate, ______ does not break down completely
fat
select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true
fat floats on top of watery contents gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids
which of these is most likely to go rancid due to its high level of polyunsaturated fats?
fish oils
which statement about cholesterol is correct?
food of plant origin contain the most cholesterol
a diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because
foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol
sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and _________.
fructose
which of the following foods consist predominately of carbohydrates?
fruit baked potatoes table sugar
which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?
galactose glucose
most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to
glucose
what is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
which of the following are examples of simple sugars?
glucose galactose fructose
which of the following are monosaccharides?
glucose galactose fructose
which of the following are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?
glutamine arginine
the storage form of carbohydrates and animals is called _________
glycogen
which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
glycogen amylose cellulose amylopectin
which of the following are the 4 building blocks of DNA?
guanine thymine cytosine adenine
what is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?
help form cell membranes
what sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?
high-fructose corn syrup
which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?
honey coke pasta
the process of ______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats
hydrogenation
the release of fatty acids from glycerol is called
hydrolysis
research shows that a high-protein diet may _________ calcium loss in urine
increase
lack of protein can effect a person's health by:
increased risk of infection immune system not working properly
lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
insoluble in water
individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?
insulin
what hormone stimulates positive protein balance?
insulin
reactive hypoglycemia
is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal
fatty acids that have 1 double don't in the carbon chain are called ______ fatty acids
monounsaturated
digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
mouth small intestine
which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance?
older adult recovering from an illness adolescent boy during growth spurt middle-aged adult recovering from an energy
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
examples of medium-chain fatty acids
palm kernel oil coconut oil
what are other names for complex carbohydrates?
polysaccharides starch
a(n) ______ fatty acid has at least 2 double bonds in its carbon chain
polyunsaturated
which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?
positive protein balance
potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body
prostaglandins
is it important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use _________ for energy.
protein
which of the following is a function of protein?
protein is necessary for fluid balance protein is necessary for the visual process
almost all enzymes are
proteins
which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?
released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs producing glycogen producing fat
during protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the mRNA translation phase of protein synthesis?
ribosomes
protein synthesis takes place in the ________, which are located in the cytosol of the cell
ribosomes
_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts
saccharin
high glycemic load foods
should not be overeaten at any one meal
what disease occurs due to a incorrect arrangement of proteins on the hemoglobin molecule?
sickle cell anemia
which of the following describe the components of an amino acid?
side chain amino group acid group
if a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins will
slow down
most fat digestion occurs in the _______ ________ where the presence of fat triggers the release of cholecystokinin
small intestine
which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?
smoking physical inactivity obesity
steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine
some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach bile emulsifies the fats lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine
which of the following is a sugar alcohol?
sorbitol
sugar alcohols (nutritive sweeteners)
sorbitol (sugarless candies, sugarless gum) mannitol (sugarless candies) xylitol (sugarless gum)
in what form is glucose stored in plants?
starch
polysaccharides
starch glycogen fiber
which alternative sweetener is derived from a south american shrub?
stevia
salivary amylase is inactivated in the
stomach
what 3 organs/glands produce lipase?
stomach pancreas salivary glands
the problem with an excess amount of ______ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries
sugar
the lipid family includes sterols, ________ and ________
triglycerides phospholipids
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
what nutrients are vegans most likely run low in?
vitamin B12 vitamin D riboflavin calcium
what is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?
zero
which of the following best describes a condensation reaction?
a hydroxyl group from one sugar and a hydrogen from another sugar is involved a disaccharide is formed one molecule of water is formed and released
An______ is a protein attached to the surface of a lipoprotein or embedded in its outer shell. It can turn on a lipid transfer enzyme, assist in binding a lipoprotein to a receptor on cell surfaces, or assist enzymes.
apolipoprotein
retinal binding protein
carries vitamin A
food allergy
causes an immune response
_______ triggers the release of the hormones secretin and CCK
chyme
______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues
edema
fluid buildup in the interstitial fluid is called _______
edema
characteristics of kwashiokor
edema lack of growth weakness
_______ _______ protein has a BV of 100
egg white
which of the following acts as emulsifiers?
egg yolks
alpha-linolenic and linolei acid are ______ fatty acids
essential
animal proteins are a good source of all nine ________ amino acids
essential
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all ________ amino acids
essential
the process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called
esterification
essential amino acid needs must be met at each meal
false
which of the following hormones stimulate positive protein balance?
growth hormone insulin testosterone
_______ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease
high
which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
high fasting glucose hypertension low HDL cholesterol large waist circumference high blood triglycerides
which of the following represent components associated with a traditional mediterranean diet?
high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains regular exercise moderate drinking of wine
what is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
traditional symptoms of diabetes
increased thirst increased urination excessive hunger
_______ or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
what are some natural food sources of sucrose
maple syrup sugar beets
to improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes
moderate weight loss (10%) is usually helpful
Acesulfame-k (sunette)
non-nutritive sweetener sugarless gum, diet drink mixes, powdered diet sweeteners, puddings, gelatin desserts
soluble fiber
pectins (fruits-thickener in jams and jellies) some hemicellulose (oat bran) gums and mucilages (legumes, seaweed, psyllium) physiological effects: lowers blood cholesterol levels, delays gastric emptying, decreases blood glucose levels
which of the following are soluble fibers?
pectins, gums, mucilages
__________ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins
pepsin
what is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein?
peptide bond
which of the following supply the body with usable energy?
proteins lipids carbohydrates
______ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
growth hormone
source: pituitary gland target organ or tissue: liver, muscle, adipose tissue overall effects on organ or tissue: -decreases glucose uptake by muscles -increases fat mobilization and utilization -increases glucose output by the liver effect on blood glucose: -increase
all sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in
sucrose
what individuals are at risk for PEM?
suffering from anorexia nervosa hospitalized patients living in poverty
maintaining good blood _________ control is critical to prevent long-term, diabetes-related complications.
sugar
Monk fruit
tabletop sweetener
which alternative sweetener may have a prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine?
tagatose
soy protein is a plant-based protein that meet essential amino acid needs
true
the denaturation of protein is useful during digestion
true
blood glucose
1) elevated blood glucose 2) pancreas releases insulin 3) glucose transported into cells 4) conversion of glucose into glycogen 5) normalization of blood glucose 6) low blood glucose 7) pancreas releases glucagon 8)breakdown of glycogen to glucose 9) increased gluconeogenesis
intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______ % of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system
10
there are a total of ____ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function
11
at what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?
110 gm/dL
what is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
126 mg/dl
type 2 diabetes
90% of cases insulin resistence risk factors: -strong genetic predisposition -obesity and physical inactivity -ethnicity -metabolic syndrome -pre-diabetes characteristics: -mild symptoms, especially in early phases of the disease (fatigue and nighttime urination) -ketosis does not generally occur treatment: -diet -exercise -oral medications to lower blood glucose -insulin (in advanced cases) complications: -cardiovascular disease -kidney disease -nerve disease -blindness -infections monitoring: -blood glucose -hemoglobin A1c
Glucose Intolerance
Abnormal regulation of blood glucose levels: - Hyperglycemia: • More common • High blood glucose levels • Commonly associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome - Hypoglycemia: • Low blood glucose levels
Very-High-Fiber Diets
Above 50 to 60 g/day can cause: - Hard, dry stools if fluid intake is low: • Hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding, intestinal blockage - Decrease in absorption of minerals (zinc, iron): • Increasing risk of deficiencies - Special concern for young children, elderly, malnourished. • May not be getting adequate amounts of foods and nutrients. • May cause a sense of fullness and reduce overall intake of foods.
incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ________ code
DNA
functions of carbohydrates in the body
Digestible carbohydrates are broken down to glucose: - Primary source of energy - Spare protein from use as energy - Prevent Ketosis • Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in maintaining health of the GI tract and overall health: - Prevents: • Constipation and diverticular disease - Enhances management of: • Body weight, blood glucose levels, cholesterol levels
Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load
Indicates how blood glucose responds to various foods Glycemic index: - Ratio of blood glucose response of a food compared with a standard. - Influenced by food's: • Starch structure • Fiber content • Food processing • Physical structure • Temperature • Amount of protein and fat in a meal - Shortcoming: • Based on serving of food that would provide 50 grams of carbohydrate Foods with a high glycemic load elicit: - Increased insulin response. - Drop in blood glucose. Chronically high insulin output can lead to: - Increased fat synthesis in liver. - More rapid return of hunger after meal.
recommended intake of carbohydrates
RDA is 130g/day: -supplies adequate glucose for brain and central nervous system -prevents partial replacement of glucose by ketone bodies food and nutrition board recommends intake of 45-65% of total energy intake carbohydrates in our diets should include mostly: -fiber rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains -little added sugars and caloric sweeteners AdequateIntakeforfiber: --14g/1000kcal Before age 50: • 25 g for women • 38gformen - After age 50: • 21g/day for women • 30g/day for men Adequate Intake is aimed to reduce the risk of: - Diverticular disease. - Cardiovascular disease.
High Sugar Diets
Replace with intake of more nutritious foods: - Special concern for children and adolescents Increase risk of: - Weight gain and obesity due to extra energy intake. - Cardiovascular disease: • Increased levels of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol - Dental caries: • Bacteria in the mouth metabolize sugars into acids. - Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
which populations are likely to have decreased lactose digestion?
latino/hispanic Asian Americans African Americans
PKU
leads to a lack of tyrosine production is caused by an enzyme inefficiency
a(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize
limiting
the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the
limiting
the enzyme ____ plays an important role in fat digestion
lipase
the enzyme _______ plays an important role in fat digestion
lipase
a _____ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol
lipoprotein
the _______ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels
liver
which organ plays a role in developing very low density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?
liver
sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to their ______ structure
multi-ringed
a(n) ______ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed
negative
an illness might cause _____ protein balance because the person would not be consuming adequate amounts of protein
negative
amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain
nitrogen
type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through
diet physical activity moderate weight loss
type 1 diabetes
5% of cases autoimmune attack on the pancreas moderate genetic predisposition distinct symptoms: frequent thirst, hunger, and urination -ketosis -weight loss treatment: insulin, diet, exercise complications: -cardiovascular disease -kidney disease -nerve disease -blindness -infections monitoring: -blood glucose -urine ketones -hemoglobin A1c
Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.
56 grams
what is the RDA of protein for a typical (154lb) man?
56 grams
if Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?
70kg
approximately ________ of the worlds population are lactose intolerant
75%
how many amino acids are considered essential
9
triglycerides provide about ______ calories per gram
9
monosaccharides generally follow an ________ absorption process
active
transferrin
carries iron
when protein intake equals the amount in losses an individuals is in protein
balance
what are some steps that can be taken to prevent the development of food allergies
breast feed until 6 month delay giving cows milk until 1 years old keep diets free of peanuts until children are at least 3 years old
which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?
butter eggs beef
hemoglobin
carries oxygen
soluble fiber ________ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood
decreases
the muscle wasting in the body due to the conversion of amino acids into glucose is called?
cachexia
protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies
calorie deficiency lack of nutrients
glycemic index x grams of ______ /100= glycemic load
carbohydrate
Low PER
corn bread
which of the following are potential causes of denaturation?
stomach acid heat
the layer of skin, just below the surface, is called _______ fat and is made mostly of triglycerides
subcutaneous
they type of fat that function primarily to insulate the body is
subcutaneous
epinephrine is released from
adrenal glands
most of the ______ ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins
amino acids
if your carbohydrate intake is inadequate the liver is forced to make glucose from the macronutrient _______
amino acids (protein)
a carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the ______ _______
amino group
the amino group is in what form in the urine?
ammonia
of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
amylopectin
the polysaccharide __________ is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range
amylopectin
_____ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cells
antibodies
an ________ is a compound that protects other compounds, such as unsaturated fats, and body tissues from the damaging effects of oxygen
antioxidant
which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?
apples
which non-nutritive sweetener cannot be used by individuals with PKU?
aspartame
food intolerance
caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components
which of the following carbohydrate is indigestible by humans?
cellulose
insoluble fiber
cellulose: (skin of fruits and vegetables, legumes, celery, whole grains) Hemicellulose: (whole grains and cereal fibers, some vegetables) lignins: (seeds of fruits, bran layer of whole grains)
sucralose is made by substituting 3 __________ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose
chlorine
______ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones, bile, and to form cell membranes
cholesterol
_______, along with phospholipids, form cell membranes and allows fat soluble substance to move into and out of the cell. It is also used to make bile and steroid hormones
cholesterol
which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?
choose whole grains choose fiber-rich fruits choose vegetables
which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells?
chylomicron
the nucleotide units that specify instructions for protein synthesis are called
codons
lacto
consumes milk
lacto-ovo
consumes milk and eggs
which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?
cooking chewing
what is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?
denaturation
the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's ________
digestibility
a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid is called
diglyceride
common reasons why marasmus occurs in infants
diluted formula poverty unsafe water
epinephrine is a hormone that acts to decrease glycogen breakdown in the liver
false
per kilogram of body weight, the RDA for protein is highest during adulthood
false
phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells
false
phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure
false
the body links acids with peptide bonds to form lipids
false
the body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids
false
the chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
false
what are some qualities of an emulsifier?
it allows fat droplets to be suspended in water bile an lecithins are the body main emulsifiers it forms a shell around fat droplets
why is aspartame an effective alternative sweetener?
it is 200 times sweeter than sugar
which of the following is true about aspartame?
it loses its sweetness when heated
which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?
kidney beans apples oatmeal
which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?
kidneys eyes heart
which of the following diseases is most likely to result from an illness or infection?
kwashiokor
milk and other dairy sources are major food sources of_________(a disaccharide).
lactose
as more triglycerides are removed form intermediate-density lipoproteins, the IDLS become ________ density lipoproteins
low
most plant proteins are examples of ______ proteins
lower quality
"skin and bones" appearance
marasmus
patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating?
meals with a mixture of macronutrients protein containing snacks
elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate
metabolic syndrome
a _____ is a water-soluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic parts face outward
micelle
put the organs involved in the process of fat digestion in the correct order
mouth stomach liver pancreas small intestine large intestine
carbohydrate digestion
mouth: some starch is broken down to polysaccharide and disaccharide units by salivary amylase stomach: salivary amylase is inactivated by the acidity in the stomach. No further digestion occurs in the stomach. Pancreas: pancreatic amylase and dextrine are secreted into the small intestine to break polysaccharides from starch into disaccharides small intestine: enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides liver: the absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the liver by the portal vein large intestine: some soluble fiber is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in the large intestine rectum and anus: insoluble fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces
is milk a natural source of sucrose?
no
saturated fatty acid
no carbon-carbon double bond
what are the recommendations for intake of saturated fat according the the American heart association?
no more than 7% of total calories
saccharin (sweet N low)
non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks
stevia (truvia)
non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks
aspartame (equal)
non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks, diet fruit drinks, sugarless gum, powdered diet sweetener
sucralose (splenda)
non-nutritive sweetener diet soft drinks, tabletop use, sugarless gum, jams, frozen desserts
cyclamate
non-nutritive sweetener not currently in use in the U.S but available in Canada
tagatose (naturlose)
non-nutritive sweetener ready to eat cereals, diet soft drinks, health bars, frozen yogurt, fat-free ice cream, candies, frosting, sugarless gum
neotame
non-nutritive sweetener tabletop sweetener, baked goods, frozen desserts, diet soft drinks, jams and jellies
which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy food in sufficient amounts?
nonessential
glucose
nutritive sweetener corn syrup, honey
fructose
nutritive sweetener fruit, honey, soft drinks, corn syrup
invert sugar
nutritive sweetener some candies, honey
maltose
nutritive sweetener sprouted seeds, some alcoholic beverages
sucrose
nutritive sweetener table sugar, most sweets
lactose
nutritive sweetener dairy products
put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order
proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments
the process of ______ involves the reattaching of a fatty acid to a glycerol that has lost a fatty acid, whereas the process of de-esterification involves the release of fatty acids from glycerol
re-estrification
products like olestra, gums, salatrim, and protein are used by companies to do what with their food products?
reduce fat content
what are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
salad oils butter mayo margarine
what events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake?
scavenger white blood cells leave the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels cholesterol can build up in scavenger cells and eventually kill them oxidized LDL is removed from circulation
how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?
serve as buffers that resist changes in pH pump ions into and out of cells
symptoms of hypoglycemia
shakiness irritability
examples of added fats
shortening butter margarine
cortisol
source: adrenal glands target organ or tissue: liver, muscle overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases gluconeogenesis by the liver -decreases glucose use by muscles and other organs effect on blood glucose: -increase
epinephrine, norepinephrine
source: adrenal glands target organ or tissue: liver, muscle overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the live, increases gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -increase
glucagon
source: pancreas target organ or tissue: liver overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glycogen breakdown and release of glucose the liver -increases gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -increase
insulin
source: pancreas target organ or tissue: liver, muscle, adipose tissue overall effects on organ or tissue: -increases glucose uptake by muscles and adipose tissue -increases glycogen synthesis -suppresses gluconeogenesis effect on blood glucose: -decrease
which of the following foods are among the eight foods that account for most food-related allergies?
soy shellfish wheat tree nuts egg peanuts milk
rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest amount (3)
soy burger tuna salad hot dog turkey and swiss peanut butter and jelly ham and swiss
Lactose Intolerance
• Lactase production begins to decrease after early childhood. Primary lactose intolerance: - Insufficiency of lactase production: -Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea • Amount of lactose tolerance varies by individuals, but may well tolerate: - Hard cheeses, yogurt, acidophilus milk Secondary lactose intolerance: -Conditions of the small intestine damage the lactase producing cells: - Crohn's disease, diarrhea -Causes temporary symptoms
