Nutrition Module 7 Ch 9
anabolism
uses simple molecules, produces complex molecules, consumes energy, supports growth
occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
True
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible. True or False
water and ATP
The major end products of the electron transport chain are ________.
Choose the statements that are true about alcohol metabolism
The majority of alcohol metabolism occurs in the liver. The body has three pathways to metabolize alcohol. Alcohol poisoning occurs when the MEOS pathway cannot keep up with the alcohol consumed.
urea
When the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is oxidized for energy, the amino group is removed and sent to the liver to produce ________.
catabolism
releases energy, releases heat
Glucogenic
alanine, glycine, arginine, proline, histidine
amino acids, triglycerides
Select the following substrates that directly result in production of acetyl CoA without breakdown through glycolysis
Acts to protect body proteins
The adaptation that allows human beings to utilize fats and produce ketones during times of fasting when insulin is low helps to maintain our metabolism because this process
acetyl CoA
The molecule which is produced by further oxidation in Phase 2, the transition reaction, and is an entry molecule of the citric acid cycle is
Fat
This is an important energy source for low or moderate aerobic exercise that lasts more than 20 minutes.
Carbohydrate
This should constitute the greatest percentage of calories for all macronutrients for endurance athletes in training, This is the most important macronutrient to consume during exercise when exercise duration surpasses 1 hour.
triglycerides
When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to ________
Ketogenic
leucine, lysine, trytophan, tyrosine
Glycogen storage disease
low blood sugar, poor growth, and enlarged liver
Galactosemia
vomiting, cataracts, and developmental delays
Phenylketonuria
developmental delays and behavior problems
NH2
Before protein becomes an energy source, the _________ must be removed from the molecule.
fasting a low-carbohydrate diet uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus (all of the above)
Ketosis increases with ________.
Put the steps of glucose utilization by anaerobic metabolism in order as they occur in the body.
(Bottom to Top)1. Liver releases glucose into bloodstream or uses it to make glycogen. 2 Liver removes lactate from blood and can convert it to glucose, 3. Lactic acid accumulates in muscles and accumulated lactic acid converts to lactate, 4. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which produces a small amount of ATP. 5.. When oxygen is not present, muscle cells metabolize glucose to pyruvate.
Put the steps of aerobic respiration in order as they occur in the cell.
(Bottom to top) 1. CO2 is exhaled and H2O helps maintain body water volume. 2. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely degraded, forming CO2, H2O and ATP. 3. Pyruvate moves from cytoplasm into mitochondria. 4. Glucose is degraded to form pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP.
they enter the citric acid cycle at acetyl-CoA and can never reform pyruvate
Typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because ________.
2 ATP
Under anaerobic conditions, how many net ATP are synthesized from one glucose molecule?
Place the following steps involved in gluconeogenesis in order
1. Glutamine, 2. Oxaloacetate, 3. phosphoenolpyruvate, 4. glucose
Place each of the following steps in the appropriate sequence of alcohol metabolism
1. alcohol, 2. acetaldehyde, 3. acetyl coA 4. Carbon dioxide and water
Glucagon
After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release __________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
ketones
After a person has fasted for about a week, the brain adapts to using _______ for some of its fuel needs.
Insulin
After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases__________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.
Anaerobic glucose breakdown
Breakdown products include pyruvic acid and lactic acid, occurs when oxygen supply is limited to the muscle, Provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about 30 seconds to 2 minutes, Provides about 5% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism
Protein
Contribution of this macronutrient to energy needs for fueling muscles is generally small
Electron transport chain
During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced
produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules
Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body ________.
glucose; pyruvate
Glycolysis begins with _________ and ends with __________
acetyl-CoA
In fatty acid synthesis, the "starting" molecule is ________.
the citric acid cycle
In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________
oxaloacetate
In most cases the starting material for gluconeogenesis is ________.
Explain why individuals with undiagnosed diabetes lose weight.
In people with diabetes, insufficient insulin prevents the body from getting glucose from the blood into the body's cells to use as energy. When this occurs, the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, causing a reduction in overall body weight.
burned as fuel or stored as fat
In the body, excess amino acids are ________.
Thiamine, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Niacin.
Select the list of micronutrients that are important in the production of acetyl CoA from pyruvate
produce organic compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to ________
cytosol; mitochondria
The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _________ of the cell and the breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _______ of the cell.
ATP can be produced as a by-product of the metabolism of a number of nutrients. Which nutrients are possible sources of ATP? Check all that apply:
Triglycerides (fat) Amino acids (protein) Glucose (carbohydrate) Alcohol
Anabolic reactions to synthesize more products
What would be the effect of high concentrations of ATP
lactate
When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ______ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+.
Epinephrine
You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases ________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
Aerobic glucose breakdown
breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water, supplies more ATP than other types of glucose metabolism, occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle, provides about 95% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism.