Nutrition Module 7 Ch 9

anabolism

uses simple molecules, produces complex molecules, consumes energy, supports growth

occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.

True

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible. True or False

water and ATP

The major end products of the electron transport chain are ________.

Choose the statements that are true about alcohol metabolism

The majority of alcohol metabolism occurs in the liver. The body has three pathways to metabolize alcohol. Alcohol poisoning occurs when the MEOS pathway cannot keep up with the alcohol consumed.

urea

When the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is oxidized for energy, the amino group is removed and sent to the liver to produce ________.

catabolism

releases energy, releases heat

Glucogenic

alanine, glycine, arginine, proline, histidine

amino acids, triglycerides

Select the following substrates that directly result in production of acetyl CoA without breakdown through glycolysis

Acts to protect body proteins

The adaptation that allows human beings to utilize fats and produce ketones during times of fasting when insulin is low helps to maintain our metabolism because this process

acetyl CoA

The molecule which is produced by further oxidation in Phase 2, the transition reaction, and is an entry molecule of the citric acid cycle is

Fat

This is an important energy source for low or moderate aerobic exercise that lasts more than 20 minutes.

Carbohydrate

This should constitute the greatest percentage of calories for all macronutrients for endurance athletes in training, This is the most important macronutrient to consume during exercise when exercise duration surpasses 1 hour.

triglycerides

When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to ________

Ketogenic

leucine, lysine, trytophan, tyrosine

Glycogen storage disease

low blood sugar, poor growth, and enlarged liver

Galactosemia

vomiting, cataracts, and developmental delays

Phenylketonuria

developmental delays and behavior problems

NH2

Before protein becomes an energy source, the _________ must be removed from the molecule.

fasting a low-carbohydrate diet uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus (all of the above)

Ketosis increases with ________.

Put the steps of glucose utilization by anaerobic metabolism in order as they occur in the body.

(Bottom to Top)1. Liver releases glucose into bloodstream or uses it to make glycogen. 2 Liver removes lactate from blood and can convert it to glucose, 3. Lactic acid accumulates in muscles and accumulated lactic acid converts to lactate, 4. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which produces a small amount of ATP. 5.. When oxygen is not present, muscle cells metabolize glucose to pyruvate.

Put the steps of aerobic respiration in order as they occur in the cell.

(Bottom to top) 1. CO2 is exhaled and H2O helps maintain body water volume. 2. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely degraded, forming CO2, H2O and ATP. 3. Pyruvate moves from cytoplasm into mitochondria. 4. Glucose is degraded to form pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP.

they enter the citric acid cycle at acetyl-CoA and can never reform pyruvate

Typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because ________.

2 ATP

Under anaerobic conditions, how many net ATP are synthesized from one glucose molecule?

Place the following steps involved in gluconeogenesis in order

1. Glutamine, 2. Oxaloacetate, 3. phosphoenolpyruvate, 4. glucose

Place each of the following steps in the appropriate sequence of alcohol metabolism

1. alcohol, 2. acetaldehyde, 3. acetyl coA 4. Carbon dioxide and water

Glucagon

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release __________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

ketones

After a person has fasted for about a week, the brain adapts to using _______ for some of its fuel needs.

Insulin

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases__________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

Anaerobic glucose breakdown

Breakdown products include pyruvic acid and lactic acid, occurs when oxygen supply is limited to the muscle, Provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about 30 seconds to 2 minutes, Provides about 5% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism

Protein

Contribution of this macronutrient to energy needs for fueling muscles is generally small

Electron transport chain

During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced

produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules

Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body ________.

glucose; pyruvate

Glycolysis begins with _________ and ends with __________

acetyl-CoA

In fatty acid synthesis, the "starting" molecule is ________.

the citric acid cycle

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________

oxaloacetate

In most cases the starting material for gluconeogenesis is ________.

Explain why individuals with undiagnosed diabetes lose weight.

In people with diabetes, insufficient insulin prevents the body from getting glucose from the blood into the body's cells to use as energy. When this occurs, the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, causing a reduction in overall body weight.

burned as fuel or stored as fat

In the body, excess amino acids are ________.

Thiamine, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Niacin.

Select the list of micronutrients that are important in the production of acetyl CoA from pyruvate

produce organic compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to ________

cytosol; mitochondria

The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _________ of the cell and the breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _______ of the cell.

ATP can be produced as a by-product of the metabolism of a number of nutrients. Which nutrients are possible sources of ATP? Check all that apply:

Triglycerides (fat) Amino acids (protein) Glucose (carbohydrate) Alcohol

Anabolic reactions to synthesize more products

What would be the effect of high concentrations of ATP

lactate

When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ______ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+.

Epinephrine

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases ________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

Aerobic glucose breakdown

breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water, supplies more ATP than other types of glucose metabolism, occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle, provides about 95% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism.