nutrition pratice
tocopherol, cell membranes, blood clotting proteins
(1) Vitamin E (_________) helps stabilize and prevent damage of ___________. (2) Vitamin K is required for synthesis of specific ____________.
cellulose
A plant polymer composed of glucoses bonded together in a different way than they are in starch is ________. Our digestive system does not produce enzymes that can chemically digest these bonds.
starch
A polysaccharide polymer of glucose that is a component of foods such as potatoes, breads, rice, and other grains is ______.
krebs cycle
After it is formed, it enters the ____________ .
vitamin K
Phylloquinone, or _______, is synthesized almost entirely by bacteria in the large intestine and is involved with blood coagulation.
20, nitrogen
Proteins are formed by ____ different amino acids and contain __________ in the amine group. The body is able to synthesize some, but not all, of the amino acids needed to produce a protein.
complete, incomplete
Proteins may be categorized as __________ proteins, which supply all of our essential amino acids, and _________ proteins, which do not.
Gluconeogenesis, lipid transport
Select all that are functions of the liver.
carbs
Six nutrient groups exist, classifiable as those that provide energy; such as ____________ , protein, and fats.
essential
Some nutrients are ____________ because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from a food source.
triglyceride
Stored ____________ are broken into glycerol and fatty acids.
nonessential, essential , 8
Amino acids that may be made in the body are ___________ amino acids, while _________ amino acids (___ out of the total) must come from the diet.
vitamin A
An important component of photodetection, retinol, or ________, is found in lipid-rich sources such as fish oil, eggs, cheese, and milk.
nutrient
An ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is called a(n)
collagen
Another important water-soluble vitamin that is needed for the synthesis of ________ is vitamin C.
the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment.
Sweating and shivering are necessary adaptations because
from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.
The absorptive state occurs
metabolic rate
The amount of energy liberated in the body per unit of time, measured by a calorimeter, is called
true
The body experiences two metabolic states: the absorptive state is the period immediately after a meal, when nutrients are taken in through the intestinal wall into the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
false
The body is able to produce and recycle vitamin A (retinol) as needed.
vitamin C
Ascorbic acid, more commonly known as __________, is a powerful antioxidant found in citrus where deficiency causes scurvy.
breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyl CoA.
Beta oxidation is a step in the synthesis of cholesterol that involves
cholesterol
Bile salts are synthesized from
elimination of cholesterol in feces.
Blood cholesterol levels can be lowered by
vitamin D
Calcitriol, or _________, is synthesized in a complex set of reactions involving the skin, liver, and kidneys. It is found in varying amounts in fortified milk, fish, and fish oils.
acetyl CoA
Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver from building blocks of
false
Citrus fruit is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins.
nonessential
Cofactors such as NADH are found in all cells of the body and are often recycled. Such cofactors are categorized as __________ vitamins.
increase B vitamins in the urine.
Consuming B vitamins in excess of need will
stimulated
During the absorptive state, insulin release is
lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes assist in the occurrence of reactions by
provided in diet, B complex vitamins, A, D, E, and K
Essential vitamins must be ___________. Examples of essential vitamins are ___________(the main group of water-soluble vitamins) and vitamins _______ (the fat-soluble vitamins).
VitaminA, Vitamin E, vitamin, D, vitamin K
Fat-soluble vitamins
decreases
These reserves are "hedges" against unexpected ________ in availability; however, if stored minerals are depleted, clinical problems may occur.
myplate
This organization provided a general approach for the number of servings that should be consumed daily from each category. In 2011, the USDA revised this structure to ____________ . It provides a visual of the relative proportions of the types of foods we need to stay healthy.
true
Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate.
iodine, cobalt, zinc, chromium, iron
Trace Minerals
iodine, zinc, iron
Trace minerals include ____________ (needed for thyroid hormone production), chromium, ____________ (involved in wound healing), fluoride, and ____________ (a component of hemoglobin).
increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.
Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to
water-soluble, essential vitamin.
Vitamin C is a
false
Vitamin E is hydrophobic and is absorbed within the small intestine via lipid micelles. Therefore, it can be classified as a water-soluble vitamin.
essential
Vitamin K is required by the body for normal metabolism, and must be provided in the diet. Therefore, it is a(n) ____________ vitamin.
fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are
vitamin B, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, cobalamin
Water-soluble vitamins
daily requirement, digestive system
We have a _____________ for all minerals. They are absorbed from the ____________ and are stored to varying degrees within the body.
They function as coenzymes.
What function do many B vitamins serve in the production of energy?
converted to glucose or fat.
When a person eats more protein than his or her body needs, the extra protein is
vitamin C
When an individual is deficient of __________, he or she may have defective bone formation and poor wound healing (scurvy).
enters the citric acid cycle.
When fatty acids are metabolized for cellular respiration, the first step involves breaking two carbons off the chain at a time to form acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl CoA then
is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules.
When glucose enters glycolysis, it
micelles, lymphatic
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat and include vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract within the lipid of _______ and ultimately enter into the ________ capillaries.
triglycerides
Fats and oils are dietary sources of
beta-oxidation
Fatty acids go through ____________ .
food guide pyramid
Food groups were initially organized by the USDA into a ____________ that consisted of breads/grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, proteins, and fats/oils/sweets.
vasoconstriction
Frostbite results from peripheral _________ due to exposure to cold temperatures.
sucrose
Fruits, maple syrup, and sugar are all sources of
false
Glucagon stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.
triglyceride
Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of
triglycerides
Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of
peripheral tissues to the liver.
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the tranport of lipid from the
-release of TRH -increase or decrease in metabolic rate -increased number of sodium potassium pumps
Hormonal Responses to Change in Body Temperature
converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage.
If more glucose is consumed than is needed, the glucose can be
anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.
In response to decreases in body temperature, the brain signals the
increase
In response to low body temperature, thyroid hormone secretion may __________ to help generate heat through an increased metabolic rate.
fruits and vegetables
In the MyPlate guide, half the plate should consist of
Thiamine pyrophosphate
In the animation shown, what coenzyme is used to assist in the production of ATP from pyruvate?
false
When glucose stores are low during exercise, energy can be liberated from adipocytes via lipogenesis.
false
Whenever an amino acid is used for cellular respiration, it enters the pathway at the intermediate stage.
Pantothenic acid
Which B vitamin is found in egg yolk (and other foods) and functions as part of coenzyme A?
cellulose
Which carbohydrate is a good source of fiber in our diet?
triglyceride
Which lipid is an important energy source?
Jogging at six miles per hour for twenty minutes, Hyperthyroidism, An increase in caloric intake
Which of the following raises the metabolic rate?
fat-soluble
Which type of vitamins will be absorbed from the intestine into lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)?
A
Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments?
acetyl CoA
____________ is formed.
Beta-oxidation
In the liver, fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA for use in cholesterol synthesis by what process?
grains, fruits, vegetables
Main Sources of Carbohydrates
oils, animal fat, butter
Main Sources of Lipids
nuts, meat, dairy products, beans
Main Sources of Proteins
calcium, chlorine, sodium
Major Minerals
calcium, sodium
Major minerals include ____________ (required for blood clotting), sulfur, phosphorus, and ____________ (important for action potentials in excitable cells).
energy used in a given period of time.
Metabolic rate is a measurement of the
carbs
Milk is a source of lactose, which is a
inorganic ions, obtained from diet
Minerals are _________ such as iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, iodine, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus. All minerals are ________________.
chloride
Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in
-vasodilation of constriction of peripheral blood vessels -heat brought to skin surface -sweat glands stimulated or inhibited -skeletal muscle contraction
Neurological Responses to Change in Body Temperature
cofactors, NADH and FADH2
Nonessential vitamins are _______ that the body is able to produce and recycle as needed. Examples are the _________ that occur in the citric acid cycle.
chemicals
Nutrition is the study of how ingested ____________ interact in the body.
lipid soluble, vitamin E
Nuts and vegetable oils are good sources of the _________ antioxidant _______, which is also known by its chemical name, alpha-tocopherol.
fruit, grains, dairy
One half of these relative proportions is vegetables and ____________ and the other half is protein and ____________ , with ____________ off to the side.
vital portions
One of the critical aspects of regulating body temperature is maintaining core body temperature, which is the temperature of the ____________ of the body.
true
One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within cells of the body.
water
Other nutrients are those that support metabolic processes in the body; such as vitamins, minerals, and ____________ .
trace
Our body requires only small amounts of _____ minerals.
37, homeostatic, hormonal
Our body temperature is usually kept near the normal value of ____________ degrees C using ____________ mechanisms. This temperature regulation is accomplished through a balance of heat production and heat loss, and it occurs through both neural and ____________ controls.
growth
A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organism's metabolism, ____________ , or other function.
true
A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) may result in a weakened heart and edema.
A
A deficiency in vitamin _____ may result in night blindness as well as dry, flaky skin.
K
A deficiency in vitamin ______ may lead to bleeding problems.
lactose
A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose found in milk is _______.
sucrose
A disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose found in table sugar and fruits is ________.
maltose
A disaccharide containing two molecules of glucose found in germinating grains is ________.
HDL
A lipoprotein takes lipids from peripheral tissues and delivers them to the liver. This lipoprotein is likely a
is kept relatively constant, peripheral regions, fluctuates
The temperature of these regions ____________ to assure that life is maintained. The temperature of ____________ , such as the limbs, ____________ to allow this maintenance to occur.
requires oxygen, and involves proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The electron transport chain
retinol, calciferol, calcium
The functions of fat-soluble vitamins vary. (1) Vitamin A (_____) is a precursor molecule for the formation of a visual pigment. (2) Vitamin D (________) is modified to form calcitriol. This is a hormone that increases _______ absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
glycolysis
The glycerol component of a triglyceride can enter the pathway of cellular respiration at the ___________ stage.
recommended daily allowance
The guidelines established for the suggested daily intake of each nutrient are called
glucose, hepatocytes
The major carbohydrate that provides energy is _______. It is obtained in the diet from various sources (or is converted from either galactose or fructose) by ________.
false
The majority of the bile salts synthesized from cholesterol are removed from the body as a component of feces.
true
The metabolic rate is the measure of energy used in a given period of time.
iodine
The mineral __________ helps with thyroid hormone production and the maintenance of the normal metabolic rate. With a deficiency, an individual may develop a goiter and have a decrease in normal metabolism.
iron
The mineral __________ is a component of hemoglobin and is involved in ATP production in the electron-transport system. A deficiency could equate to anemia, decreased oxygen transport, and energy loss.
vitamin B
abundant in red meat
vitamin B
assists enzymes in allowing chemical reactions to occur
vitamin C
assists in the synthesis of the protein that binds to oxygen
amino acids
become available to cells for protein synthesis, some are deaminated and used for ATP synthesis, NH is removed and the result is used for fatty acid synthesis
Postabsorptive
cortisol secretion, glucagon secretion, hunger, glycogenolysis
fats
enter the lymphatic system as chylomicrons, primary energy source for hepatocytes and muscle cells
glucose, calcium, lysine, methionine
essential
carbs
in excess, may be converted to glycogen, excess is absorbed by the liver
absorptive
insulin secretion, satiety, glycogenesis, liogenesis
trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.
iron is considered a
nonessential amino acids
may be made in the body, the majority of amino acids
essential amino acids
must come from diet, supplied by complete proteins
FADH, NADH
nonessential