nutrition quiz #2 (ch 3-5)

The most significant dietary influence on the development of dental caries is: A) carbohydrates. B) vitamins. C) minerals. D) fats.

A) carbohydrates.

Each is true of microflora within the colon, except one. Which is the exception? Approximately 50 different species of microorganisms compose the microflora. Microflora break down substances that human enzymes are unable to digest. Vitamin K and numerous B vitamins are synthesized by the microflora. Microflora inhibit pathogenic bacteria.

Approximately 50 different species of microorganisms compose the microflora.

Which food is most likely to contribute to protein deficiency? A) Milk B) Legumes C) Meat D) Cheese E) Eggs

B) Legumes

Each statement is true of sugar substitutes, except one. Which is the exception? A.Sugar substitutes have beneficial ramification for dental hygiene. B. Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners. C.Nonnutritive sweeteners make some foods more palatable. D. Each sweetener has different properties.

B. Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners.

Each accurately describes aspects of the villi, except one. Which is the exception? A.Fingerlike projections called villi rise from the intestinal lumen. B. Villi decrease the surface area of the alimentary tract by contraction and compression. C. Each villus is covered with a layer of epithelial cells called microvilli. D.The brush border of cells is formed by microvilli.

B. Villi decrease the surface area of the alimentary tract by contraction and compression.

For individuals with diabetes, a blood glucose level before meals that is greater than 130 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic. A blood glucose level that is less than 70 mg/dL is hyperglycemia.

Both False

Saliva is supersaturated with bacterial by-products that allow demineralized areas of hydroxyapatite in enamel to be remineralized. Demineralization occurs when calcium, phosphate, and other minerals migrate from the enamel surface into the dentin.

Both False

The accessory organs include the large and small intestines. The role of accessory organs is to store foodstuffs during the digestive process.

Both False

Both T/F? Bile is produced and secreted by the liver and stored in the small intestine. Production of bile is stimulated by salivary amylase.

Both are false *bile is stored in the gallbladder. stimulated by cholecystokinin

Both T/F? Carbohydrates alone do not cause obesity. Excessive caloric intake and inadequate energy output are the primary causes of obesity.

Both are true

Both T/F? Gluten sensitivity, an allergic condition, is an example of a systemic condition. Gluten-sensitive patients develop impairment of the small intestine.

Both statements are false.

Correct and related? Gustatory and olfactory disorders can result in the deterioration of a patient's general condition or nutritional status. Potentially adverse compensatory habits can contribute to dental caries and systemic conditions.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Correct and related? Intestinal digestion of fats and insoluble molecules is enhanced because emulsification by bile salts facilitates breakdown of such substances into smaller particles.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

The use of over-the-counter enzyme tablets might not be beneficial to patients because the enzymes within the product are digested before they can be used. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Sugar substitutes can reduce energy content and decrease cariogenicity of a product. Used in moderation, sugar substitutes are beneficial. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Both true

Each is true of polysaccharides, except one. Which is the exception? A) They are complex carbohydrates. B) They contain more than 10 monosaccharides. C) Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides. D) Some polysaccharides have a role in energy storage.

C) Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides.

Which animal-derived food contains the most significant level of carbohydrates? A) Egg B) Beef C) Milk D) Poultry

C) Milk

Each is true of swallowing and processing food, except one. Which is the exception? A) The swallowing reflex moves a bolus into the esophagus. B) A bolus is a mass of food. C) The bolus is transported to the stomach by osmosis and gravity. D) The bolus penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus.

C) The bolus is transported to the stomach by osmosis and gravity.

Which group is least susceptible to insufficient intake of protein? A. The elderly B. Individuals with low income C. Adults participating in endurance exercise D. Patients who are chronically ill

C. Adults participating in endurance exercise

Each is true of wheat sensitivity, except one. Which is the exception? A. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by permanent gluten sensitivity. B. If not treated, celiac disease damages the microvilli in the small intestine. C. Gluten sensitivity is both an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder. D. Celiac disease is more common in people of European origin.

C. Gluten sensitivity is both an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder.

Each statement regarding protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true, except one. Which is the exception? A. PEM is usually accompanied by other nutritional deficiencies. B. PEM affects the whole body. C. PEM during prenatal and postnatal stages can be reversed through proper nutrition during early childhood. D. PEM can be caused by impaired digestion or absorption of protein.

C. PEM during prenatal and postnatal stages can be reversed through proper nutrition during early childhood.

Each is associated with increased dental erosion, except one. Which is the exception? A.Frequent consumption of acidic beverages B.Increased salivary flow C.Prolonged holding of food in the mouth D.mouth breathing

C.Prolonged holding of food in the mouth

Which snacks would the best choice for a dental hygienist to recommend to reduce the risk of dental caries? Peanut butter and crackers Cheese cubes Caramel candy Raisins

Cheese cubes

Each is a manifestation of protein deficiency, except one. Which is the exception? A) Frequent or extended periods of fasting B) Medications that cause anorexia C) Abnormal food intake D) Oily hair

D) Oily hair

A patient who reports stomach ulcers should avoid all the following foods, except one. Which is the exception? A) Proteins B) Caffeine C) Calcium D) Wheat

D) Wheat

Per kilogram of body weight, which group has the lowest RDA for protein? A. Infants B. Children C. Pregnant women D. Men

D. Men

Each of the following combinations of plant proteins creates a complete protein except one. Which one is the exception? A. Black beans and rice B. Peanut butter sandwich C. Macaroni and cheese D. French toast E. Cereal and cow's milk

E. Cereal and cow's milk

Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the stomach. Resistant starch, a form of dietary fiber, functions as a prebiotic and helps with regularity. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

False/ true

Most nutrients are absorbed from the small to the large intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs. As the large intestine reabsorbs water and electrolytes, it forms the residue, also called feces.

False/True

Both T/F? If a low-quality protein is the only protein source ingested, it cannot support life or normal growth. High-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content.

First is false, second is true

Both T/F? It is well established that removing sucrose from the diet results in significant reduction of dental caries. Although the total elimination of sweets permanently is unrealistic, the best advice includes consuming sugar in moderation and limiting the frequency of sugar exposure.

First is false, second is true

Both T/F? During some food processing procedures, the amino acid lysine is bound to the protein within cereal. This fortification procedure increases bioavailability of protein from the cereal.

First is true, second is false

Correct and related? Lactose-intolerant individuals have a deficiency of both lactase and sucrase because breakdown of lactose involves conversion into two monosaccharides.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct

The basic hydrolysis reactions necessary for food digestion depend upon sugars because these complex carbohydrate-based substances enable completion of metabolic reactions at an efficient rate. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Correct and related? Macaroni and cheese is an example of contributory proteins because the deficiencies in amino acids of one component are offset by the adequacies of another.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct. *The relationship between the two proteins in macaroni and cheese is called complementary, not contributory. Without awareness, foods that complement each other are usually combined throughout the day. Other examples include beans with rice. Again, the higher quality protein in beans complements the protein deficiency in rice. Cereal and milk is another example of complementary proteins providing adequate amounts of essential amino acids.

Which substance is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules? Gastric lipase Pepsin Mucus Intrinsic factor

Pepsin

Each statement is true of the physiologic role of protein, except one. Which is the exception? The amount of essential amino acid furnished by a food determines its ability to support growth. Protein is present in muscle and connective tissue cells only. Body proteins are continuously being broken down and replaced. Amino acids and proteins are constituents of hormones, enzymes, and other body secretions.

Protein is present in muscle and connective tissue cells only.

Both T/F? In a well-functioning alimentary tract, stomach contents do not "back wash" into the esophagus because the pyloric sphincter prevents foodstuff from seeping back into the esophagus.

The first is true, the second is false

Masticatory efficiency refers to enhancement of gustatory effects. Even after a patient becomes fully adjusted to well-fitted dentures, masticatory efficiency is reduced compared with that of patients with their natural teeth. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

The maxilla and mandible need the forces of chewing to prevent calcium absorption. Chewing firm food helps to maintain a proper balance between bone breakdown and new bone formation within the alveolar process. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Both T/F? Food-drug interactions have the potential to cause nutritional problems. For example, consuming milk or milk products while taking amoxicillin decreases the amount of antibiotic and calcium available to the body.

The first statement is true, the second is false

Both T/F? Amino acids combine with each other to form polypeptides, which are components of food and body proteins. The number of amino acids in a protein varies between 10 and 25, but each protein has a specific number.

The first statement is true; the second is false. *The number of amino acids in a protein varies greatly from 100 to 300, as opposed to 10 to 25, with each protein having a specific number. Note that a polypeptide is composed of more than two amino acids, whereas a dipeptide contains only two amino acids.

Both T/F? The distinguishing feature of amino acids is the amine group. This nitrogen source is not present in carbohydrates but is present in fats and many vitamins.

The first statement is true; the second is false. *he amine group, which is the body's source of nitrogen, is the distinguishing feature of proteins. It is not present in any other nutrient. The fundamental constituent of the protein molecule is called the side chain (R group).

Correct and related? Prognosis for a protein-deficient patient undergoing periodontal surgery is reduced because excess nitrogen reduces the ability of the periodontium to withstand stress of surgery.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. *Protein deficiency results in a negative nitrogen balance, as opposed to an excess of nitrogen, that depletes nitrogen reserves. This further reduces blood protein levels and impairs the ability of the periodontium to withstand the stress of surgery.

Correct and related? Sucrose, lactose, and fructose can result in demineralization of tooth enamel because they rapidly diffuse into plaque biofilm and raise pH levels.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. *Sucrose, lactose, and fructose lower the pH levels of plaque biofilms. Note that lower pH levels are more acidic, whereas higher pH levels are more alkaline.

Correct and related? Vegetables such as lettuce, celery, and broccoli have the potential to cause acid production or demineralization of enamel because they contain carbohydrate.

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct

Correct and related? Digestion is accomplished solely through chemical activities on food because peristalsis permits blending of foodstuffs with digestive secretions.

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. *Digestion involves two basic types of action on food: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical actions include chewing and peristalsis, both of which break up and mix foods.

Correct and related? Galactose, a sugar alcohol called xylitol that is produced from sugar beets, does not contribute tooth decay because oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol.

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. *Galactose is not a sugar alcohol, nor is it produced from sugar beets. Rather, it is a product of lactose digestion (milk sugar)

Increasing whole grains in the diet can lead to improved gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health. Complex carbohydrates are caries-inhibiting. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

True/ False

Snacks contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of young children and teenagers. Approximately 50% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true; the second is false. The first statement is false; the second is true.

True/ False

Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.

True/False

Dietary fiber, especially hemicellulose and cellulose, is furnished by grain products such as wheat, corn, rice, and oats. The fiber content of foods claiming "whole-grain" must have more than 5 g of fiber per serving.

True/False

Which is NOT recommended for a patient who wishes to lose weight and eat a more healthy diet? Include two servings every day of food that supply n-3 fats. Use meat substitutes to reduce dietary sodium. Adequate vitamin D can be obtained through sun exposure, fortified foods, or supplements. Eat a variety of protein foods including unsalted nuts and seeds. When possible, substitute beans for at least half of the meat in burritos, pasta, stir fry and the like.

Use meat substitutes to reduce dietary sodium.

The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the: vegan. lacto-ovo vegetarian. ovo-vegetarian. pollo-vegetarian. semi-vegetarian.

Vegan

Each is true of protective elements within the microflora, except one. Which is the exception? a. Prebiotics are food ingredients that must be digested to stimulate growth and activity of microorganisms. b. Probiotics are living microorganisms that are considered food or dietary supplements in the United States. c. Symbiotics are a combination of prebiotics that support growth of probiotics. d. Probiotics are helpful in managing and treating constipation.

a. Prebiotics are food ingredients that must be digested to stimulate growth and activity of microorganisms.

If a patient complains of diarrhea, which carbohydrate is most likely to be the culprit? a. Sorbitol b. Sucrose c. Mannose d. Pentose e. Aspartame

a. Sorbitol

Each is true of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), except one. Which is the exception? a. sIgA levels are depressed in malnourished children. b. sIgA is rarely found in the oral cavity. c. This secretion provides the first line of defense in the oral cavity. d. sIgA is present in nasal, intestinal and other mucosal secretions.

b. sIgA is rarely found in the oral cavity.

Both T/F? Glycogen, also known as cellulose, is the carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans. Large reserves of glycogen are stored in the kidney and liver as adipose tissue.

both FALSE *Although glycogen is the carbohydrate storage form of energy for humans, it is not known as cellulose. Cellulose, also a polysaccharide, is a starch. Glucose, the preferred carbohydrate for energy, is frequently consumed in excess of immediate needs. Excess glucose is converted to relatively small stores of glycogen in the muscles and liver. Once glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted to fat and adipose tissue.

Correct and related? Starches are insoluble in cold water because the cell wall is composed of long, straight tightly bound chains of glucose units.

both are correct and related

Both T and F? Carbohydrate metabolism requires an adequate supply of B vitamins and two minerals—calcium and magnesium. Usually, adequate amounts of nutrients accompany carbohydrate intake except when refined sugars and breads are the predominant choices.

both are false

Which is most likely to be absorbed within the stomach? a. Carbohydrates b. Fats c. Amino acids d. Fat-soluble vitamins

c. Amino acids

While counseling a patient about the benefits of fiber, each of the following suggestions are correct, except one. Which is the exception? a. Fiber increases the stool bulk. b. Fiber provides muscle tone for digestive muscles. c. Fiber enables increased colonic pressure. d. Fiber slows starch hydrolysis.

c. Fiber enables increased colonic pressure.

Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic? a. A single exposure to a large quantity b. A single exposure to a small quantity c. Multiple exposures of small quantities d. Multiple exposures followed by chewing sugarless gum

c. Multiple exposures of small quantities

Which is least likely to be found free in nature? a. Galactose b. Fructose c. Glucose d. Maltose

d. Maltose

Ideal foods to recommend to patients to increase their fiber intake include all, except one. Which is the exception? a. Fruits with skins b. Unbuttered popcorn c. Carrots d. Oatmeal cookies e. Whole-grain crackers

d. Oatmeal cookies

Each is a function of saliva, except one. Which is the exception? a. Saliva is essential to gustatory sensations. b. Saliva lubricates oral tissues. c. Saliva provides antibacterial action. d. Saliva buffers bacterial acids. e. Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

e. Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

Each is a portion of the alimentary canal, except one. Which is the exception? Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Small intestine

larynx

The vegan diet requires supplementation or fortification of: vitamin B12. vitamin C. potassium. folate. magnesium.

vitamin B12