Nutrition
Al of 1500 mg/day for sodium does not apply to the following
*marathon runners *people who work in hot extremely hot conditions
food sources of vitamin B12
*meat *milk *poultry
which foods are a good source in vitamin D
*milk *Salmon *herring
nerve transmission
*sodium *potassium *chloride *calcium
what are some food sources of riboflavin
*yogurt *milk *spinach
_____ enhances the effects of insulin on cell membranes.
chronium
what is an ion or small molecule that regulates a chemical reaction
coenzyme
Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with
creatinism
Most people who suffer from anorexia nervosa
deny they are too thin
why might a single nutrient have no effect on the treatment of a chronic disease
*complex diseases do not have simple causes that can be treated with nutrients *various factors influence the development and treatment of chronic diseases
dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption
*drink a glass of orange juice when taking an iron supplement *consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron
persons at high risk of developing magnesium toxicity include
*elderly patients *patients with kidney failure
in the body, pantothenic acid is important for
*energy metabolism *fatty acid production
achieving a healthy body weight requires what lifestyle changes
*following fad diets *a person adopts for the rest of their life
when consumed in high doses, vitamins often
*have drug like effects in the body *cause unpleasant side effects
central body obesity
*high risk of cardiovascular disease *type 2 diabetes *symbolic of extra visceral fat stores *more common in men and african-american women *described as having an apple body shape
which dietary habits can result in a reduction of cancer risk
*increased intake of fruits and vegetables *eating a variety of nutritious foods *drinking adequate fluids
which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?
*increased thirst *increase fatigue *rapid weight loss
underweight is caused by
*inheriting higher resting metabolic rates *tall body frames *excessive physical activity *rapidly growing physically active children *inflammatory bowel disease *cancer *TB *aids
negative aspects using BMI to assess healthy weight include
*it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass *it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals
enviromental influences that have contributed to greater calorie consumed and obesity
*larger portion sizes *enticing desserts *persuasive food marketing campaigns
the american cancer society recommends you do them following in order to reduce cancer risk
*limit alcohol consumption *become physically active *maintain a healthy weight
DASH diet used to help lower blood pressure is
*low in cholesterol *low in sodium *low in total fat *low in saturated fat *high in fruits *high in vegetables *high in whole grains *high in fat free or low fat dairy products
energy output
*muscle cells need energy to contract *liver cells use energy to convert toxic compounds to safer substances *intestinal cells need energy to absorb certain nutrients
energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. components that contribute to the energy output is
*physical activity *metabolism *digestion
hype in television, magazine or internet ads
*rapid & extreme weight loss *requires no need to change dietary patterns or physical activity *results in permanent weight loss *scientifically proven or doctor endorsed *includes money back guarantee *safe or natural *supported by satisfied customers *displays before and after photos
ways to lower your sodium intake
*reading nutrition labels carefully *using less table salt *eating less processed food
what are the best ways to detect cancer in its early stages?
*regular health checkups *various screening methods
which of the following are considered role of vitamins
*regulates a variety of body processes *involved in the growth and development of tissues
the amount of sun expose you need to make exposure sufficient on D depends on
*skin color *time of day *geographic location *season
iodine is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with
*stillbirths *low-birthweight babies mental and growth retardation
air displacement techniques for assessing body volume
*use of the BOD POD *highly accurate estimates of body fat
According to the Nutrition Facts panel on the container of a sugar-sweetened, chocolate-flavored powder, two tablespoons of the powder added to 1 cup of low-fat milk supplies 160 kcal. The DV for kcal is 2000. Based on this information, a serving of the chocolate-flavored milk provides ___ %DV for calories.
8
Which of the following statements about calcium is false?
After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.
______ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.
Antioxidants
-constant from day to day -men= 1.0kcal/kg/hr -women=0.9kcal/kg/hr estimate number of calories you need for your basal metabolism, convert weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing your weight by 2.2.
BMR
-decreaded muscle mass -strvation or very low calorie diets -low thyroid hormone -aging -lowering body surface area)short height)
BMR decreased
-increased muscle mass -body temp -excess thyroid hormone -periods of growth (pregnancy) -greater body surface area -lactation -exercise and exercise recovery -stimulant drugs -stress
BMR increased
men= 662-(9.53x age) + PA x (15.91 x WT + 539.6 x HT) women= 354-(6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT + 726 x HT) age=age in years PA= physical activity estimate WT= weight in kg (lb / 2.2) HT= height in meters (inches / 39.4)
EER
Which of the following statements is true?
Fat cells produce leptin, a hormone that can reduce hunger. *Ghrelin is an enzyme that breaks down fat in the stomach. *Satiety is the feeling that drives a person to consume food. *People with "thrifty" metabolisms burn more fat per hour than other people.
Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?
Folate
It is often difficult to determine the cause of underweight. Consider each of the following conditions and check all those that are known to contribute to underweight.
Having chronic diseases of the intestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease
Some body fat is necessary for good health, but too much adipose tissue contributes to many chronic disorders. Read the following statements and check all that are true concerning the health-related effects of adipose tissue.
Having some extra body fat can provide an energy reserve that enables a very ill person to survive an extended illness.
specialized cells that store fat
adipose
principles of behavior ----- are critical components of weight reduction and maintenance
behavior modification( helpful for people to learn when trying to change certain behaviors
prevent eating disorders by encouraging a person to challenge the idea that
being thin is ideal
eating disorder that features recurrent episodes of overeating that are not followed by purging is called
binge eating disorder
-quick way to estimate body fat content -based on principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity -send painless low energy electrical current via wires connected to electrodes placed on the subjects skin
bioelectral impedance
low energy electrical current
bioelectric impedance
estimate total body fat that uses a low energy electrical current is
bioelectrical impedance
The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
biotin
folate
blood formation
air displacement method
bod pod
lean body mass is the major factor that influences metabolic rate -muscle tissue component of lean body mass -person who has more muscle mass will have higher metabolic rate than someone with less muscle tissue
body composition
relationship between body weight and increased risk of chronic disease can be numerically assessed using
body mass index
Basal metabolism includes energy needs for
circulating blood
pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance
false
dairy products, such as milk and chess, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets
false, it provides 75%
amount and location of ----- stores in the body are important predictors of health risk
fat
*body,water,bone mineral, fat-free mass, total body fat
fat-free mass(lean tissues) total body fat
pigments called carotenoids are often found in
fruits and vegetables
replace salt as a seasoning by
garlic citrus juice herbs spices
instestinal blockage and bleeding, leaks along the staple site, blood clot formation wound infections -develop bone loss and macronutrient deficiencies
gastric bypass
leads to lower than normal metabolic rate which can result in obesity
hypothyroidism
vitamin A
immune function
energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ------ energy balance
negative energy balance (person is losing weight)
the vitamin B that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol level is
niacin
which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy
niacin
Megadoses of ____ may be used to reduce elevated LDL cholesterol levels.
nicotinic acid
Episodic food binges not followed by purging that take place after the evening meal and when the person wakes from sleep during the night is
night eating syndrome
heat production
non exercise activity thermogenesis
obesity and overweight are more common particularly non-hispanic black women
non-hispanic black and mexican-american
most common nutritional disorders in the united states?
obesity and overweight
Which of the following practices would help a total vegetarian increase his or her iron intake from plant foods?
ooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice
the adult form of rickets is called
osteomalacia
mineral that is component of the amino acids, cysteine and methionine is ------
sulfer
an agent that causes birth defects is called a
teratogen
Peter is a 5′ 7′′, 30-year-old man who weighs almost 350 pounds. To lose weight, he's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. Peter would like to have a form of weight loss surgery that involves stapling his stomach. Based on this information, Peter's physician is likely to recommend ______ as the best way to help Peter lose a lot of weight and avoid regaining much of it.
the Roux-en-Y procedure
taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ----- occur
toxicity
osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane, such as the plasma membrane of a human cell
true
sodium ions are necessary for maintaining fluid balance in the body
true
food source that provides the most selenium per serving
tuna=3oz egg noodles=1cup
excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time the condition that can develop is called ---- ----
water intoxication
abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of ----- ------ syndrome
wernicke korsakoff
trace minerals
chromium fluoride copper iodine iron manganese molybdenum selenium zinc
what is the primary site of vitamin absorption?
small intestine
consumption of a diet high in which mineral is associated with an increased risk of hypertension
sodium
with roles in fluid balance and nerve impulses transmission, potassium performs many of the same functions as the mineral ----
sodium
fluoride in the body is involved in
strengthens bones and teeth
holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles -has adipose cells -when tissue has more adipose cells than other kind of cells it is called fat
subcutaneous
andy weighs 220 lbs and is 6ft tall. His BMI would be
(lb)/(in)^2 * 703 *30
how many calories are provided from 60 mg of vitamin C?
0
event in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B12
1. hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein 2. the stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3. B-12 binds to intrinsic factor 4. the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart 5. B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood
For most adults, the DV for calories is 2000. According to the label on a jar of peanut butter, 2 tablespoons of the spread supplies 200 kcal. Based on this information, a serving of peanut butter provides _____%DV for calories
10
reasonable number of calories consumed by women wanting to lose weight should range from ---- kcal/day
1200-1500 women 1500-1800 men
water is lost in the body
1500 urine 400 insensible perspiration 300 expired air 200 feces 100 sweat
The DV for total fat is 65 g. According to the label on a box of chocolate candy, a serving of the candy supplies 15% of the DV for total fat. Based on this information, a serving of the candy provides _____ g fat.
9.75
energy that is released can be captured and stored in special compounds
ATP
vitamin ----- is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones
D
low-carb
Dr. Atkins New diet revolution
Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity?
E-does B-6-does not K-does not D-does not
Measuring a person's basal metabolic rate requires certain conditions. Check all of the following conditions that are necessary for accurate measurement of basal metabolism.
The subject should rest for at least 12 hours before the testing.
-body needs a relatively small amount of energy to digest foods and beverages as all as to absorb and further process the macronutrients -energy used for those tasks, 5 to 10% of total caloric intake
Thermic effect of food
_____ are fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins K, E, and D
Wendy is a 17-year-old world class gymnast who suffers from female athlete triad. Based on this information, she has
abnormal menstrual cycles.
a weight loss regimen on the internet claims that eating just 3 shakes a day of their special formula nutritional shake is all you need to eat in order to lose weight. a more sound diet plan would
accommodate family and restaurant meals, parties and other special occasions
roles for sulfer in the body include being
activity for many enzymes part of antioxidant molecules
sedentary(no exercise)-1.00,1.00 low activity-1.11,1.12 active-1.25,1.27 very active-1.48,1.45
activity levels
in its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that
add carbon dioxide to other compounds
energy released from food is captured in special compounds
adenosine triphosphate
-when body needs energy adipose cells are released -used as fuel -as the cell becomes smaller it loses fat -if body continues to release fat the body will lose weight
adipose fat cells
_contains adipose cells that are specialized for storing energy in the form of triglycerides _overweight and obese people have excessive amounts of fat stored in their adipose tissue
adipose tissue
-method of estimating body composition by determining volume -calculated by body composition -weighed on a very precise scale -sits in bod pod -the volume of air that was displaced after the subject entered chamber
air displacement
notion that people become fat because food gets stuck in their bodies, rots and produces toxins is an example of
an unsupported scientific claim
severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation
anorexia nervosa
eating disorders
anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa bing eating disorder
what protects cells by giving up electrons to radicals?
antioxidants
vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its ---- properties
antitoxidant
focuses the treatment of obesity -greater or equal to 35 and serious health problems
bariatric medicine
minimal number of kcal's the body uses to support vital activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours
basal metabloism
best source of magnesium
beans, nuts, seeds, chocolate, spinach, leafy green vegetables
tall slender person who weighs 150 pounds has a higher metabolic rate than a shorter person who also weighs 150 pounds. -the body constantly loses energy in the form of heat that moves to the skins surface and then into the environment
body surface area
repeated episodes of binge eating followed by purging
bulimia nervosa
diets with gimmicks
cabbage soup diet, grapefruit diet
Which of the following substances is a mild diuretic?
caffeine
mostly stored in bones and teeth
calcium
----- is the second leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
health problems associated with excess weight
cancer-gallbladder, pancreas, cervix, uterus, breast, colon, rectum and kidney CVD type 2 diabetes hypertension
production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral ----
chloride
hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the brain to suppress appetite
cholecystokinin(CKT)
-low energy x-rays to scan entire body -detailed picture of internal structures, including fat desposits -equipment emits a does of radiation that is lower than that used for a chest x-ray -highly accurate -very expensive and not widely available outside of clinical settings
dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry
maintaining weight loss
eat breakfast everyday eat low-calorie low fat diets weigh yourself once a week exercise 60 min a day limit tv watching- 10 hours per week
-definied as the capacity to perform work -heat,mechanical, chemical, and electrical energy occur in living things -total energy is constant -energy can be stored,released,moved or transformed -cant be created nor destroyed
energy
biological fuels are foods and beverages that contain macronutrients
energy intake
thiamin
energy metabolism
calories cells use to carry out their activities
energy output
manganese is a component and activator of many ----
enzymes
vital for survival -in membranes, certain bones and nervous tissue
essential fat
A person's _____ does not influence the amount of energy he or she uses while performing physical activity.
ethnic ancestry
-extra fat may provide some health benefits, extra energy reserve for a very ill person who cannot eat -may protect a person from being injured by falling -women=fat for hormonal and reproductive purposes
extra fat
obesity decreases a persons risk for premature death
false
consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in ----
fluorosis
energy needs of the body are met by
food intake
involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods
fortification
Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?
fortified dairy products
when fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase ----- produce in order to receive the most vitamins
frozen
A scientist wants to develop a medication that safely reduces hunger to help obese people lose weight. Based on this information, this researcher will explore ways to block the production, release, or action of
ghrelin
hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating
ghrelin
obesity
greater or equal to 30
positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ---- energy output
greater than
BMI is a numerical value based on the relationship between which variables:
healthy overweight obese *disease risk *body weight
perspiration evaporates from the skins surface into the air, the body is cooled by the loss of ----
heat
intestinal tract is most efficient at absorbing ----- iron
heme
the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called
heme
protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen to tissues and contains iron is ---
hemoglobin
need for calories and nutrients
hunger
condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called
hypercalcemia
People with BMIs of 25 or more have greater risks of _____ than people with BMIs in the healthy range.
hypertension
-excess thyroid hormone production -feeling warm, sweaty, nervous, and restless -having rapid heart rate
hyperthyroidism
leads to a higher than normal metabolic rate which can result in excessive weight loss
hyperthyroidism
increasing your physical activity will ---- your energy expenditure
increase
According to the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines, which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern for pregnant females?
iron
according to the world health organization, many cases of anemia are due to ----- deficiency
iron
mineral that is a component of the oxygen transporting proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin is ----
iron
copper is involved in the body with
iron metabolism immune function collagen production
zinc ------ widespread in the food chain
is
In the United States,
it is safe to drink tap water from public water supplies.
limitation of the BMI calculation
it would not be accurate for a very muscular person
The _____ play a major role in regulating the body's fluid balance.
kidneys
hormone released by the adipose tissue to reduce hunger and inhibit fat storage
leptin
overfat person will weigh ----- underwater compared to a person who is lean
less
underweight
less than 18
reducing the size of local subcutaneous deposits -does not treat obesity
liposuction
overweight and obesity treatment
long term
Iodine is necessary for
maintaining normal thyroid function.
calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of ------- minerals
major
the chronic disease characterized by loss of bone mass and reduced bone structure is called ------
osteoporosis
adequate intake for total water intake is ---- cups per day for adult men and ---- cups per day for adult women
men= 15.5 women=11
what is a good source of calcium?
milk, yogurt, cheese bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones
the group of elements that exist in the earths rocks, soil and water is called -----
minerals
weight loss "triggers" often serve as ---- to lose weight
motivators
the protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells and contains iron is ------
myoglobin
energy balance must be --- to lose weight
negative
signs and symptoms of iron deficient anemia include
pale skin fatigue and weakness irritability difficulty concentrating and thinking brittle nails headache
help you predict your risk of obesity- related diseases -no way to measure a living persons percentage of fat -use underwater weighing, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, air displacement, bioelectrical impedance, and skin fold thickness
percentage of fat
positive energy balance is normal and healthy during
pregnancy childhood infancy
good plant sources of iron
pumpkin seeds whole grain total cereal baked beans
what is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids and DNA?
radical
logical approach to weight loss
reduce consumption of added sugars, solid fats, and alcohol reducing calorie intake and increasing physical activity
Conditions associated with the female athlete triad include
reduced bone mineral density
an oxidant ----- electrons from atoms or molecules
removes
bodys rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
resting metabloic rate
----- is the most active form of vitamin A in the body
retinol
----- is a deficiency disease characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels.
rickets
staples across the part of the stomach, the upper part. creates a small pouch -reduces stomach capacity about 1.5oz -"bypass" section of the intestine does not receive food-digestion and absorption are reduced as a result of surgery
roux-en Y operation
feeling of fullness after consuming food
satiety
oranges and lemons would be appropriate treatment for the deficiency disease known as
scurvy
the deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet is called:
scurvy
Cameron takes megadoses of a single mineral supplement. Lately, he's noticed that his fingernails break easily, his hair is falling out, and he's more tired than usual. His friends have told him that he smells like garlic. Based on this information, Cameron has consumed too much
selenium.
theory that is based on the idea that body fat is genetically determined is called the
set point theory
generally have higher metallic rates than women because they tend to have more lean body mass
sex males
safety standards for bottled water are ----- to those for tap water
similar
low-fat
the macrobiotic diet, pritikin diet
_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
thiamin
pork, wheat germ, and yeast are all good sources of which vitamin?
thiamin
which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is really excreted in urine?
thiamin
-secreted by thyroid gland -regulates metabolism -a person with an overactive thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone/this person has a higher than normal metabolic rate
thyroid hormone
iodine-primary function
thyroid hormone synthesis
body components that make up weight include lean tissue and ---- tissue
total body fat
-comparing a persons weight "on land" to his or her weight when completely submerged in a tank of water -estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water
underwater weighing
water displacement method
underwater weighing
------ fat forms a protective structure under the abdominal muscle whereas ----- fat holds skin in place
visceral subcutaneous
what is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body
vitamin
vitamin supplements are effective for treating people with
vitamin deficiencies
folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ------ soluble vitamins
water
minerals are soluble in
water
Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?
whole milk
which of the following are good sources of iron?
*clams *beef liver
diuretics
*coffee *tea *energy drinks *soft drinks *alcohol
what roles does vitamin A play in the body?
*cell production *formation of epithelial cells *cell growth
which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)*calcium
*chloride *magnesium *phosphorus *potassium *sodium *sulfer
Which of the following statements is true?
*Megadoses of vitamin E are associated with bone pain, general weakness, and death. *According to scientific research, 75% of Americans consume diets that supply excessive amounts of vitamin E *Technically, vitamin E is not a vitamin because the body can make the nutrient. Premature infants are at risk of vitamin E deficiency.
A few of months ago, Camille began to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. At this point, she's lost 10 pounds, but her rate of weight loss seems to have slowed. Why does a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet promote weight loss? Check all that apply:
*When a person's usual carbohydrate intake drops, so does the water weight that is associated with glycogen storage. *A high-protein diet lowers the metabolic rate, and the body loses more water through perspiration as a result. *Without adequate dietary carbohydrate, the liver makes glucose from amino acids taken from the body's tissue proteins; protein tissue contains a lot of water and dismantling that protein results in water loss in the urine
energy required for thermic effect of foods is due to the ----- of nutrients
*absorption *processing *digestion
hypertension- possible causes
*advanced age *African american history *obesity *smoking *excess alcohol *excess sodium *physical inactivity
primary function of iron
*aid in oxygen transportation
heme iron is the iron provided by hemoglobin and myoglobin in
*animal tissue
weight loss strategies
*behavior modification *increased physical activity *decreased calorie intake *motivation
when are the bodes requirements for vitamins highest?
*breastfeeding *pregnancy *infancy *adolescence
infants whose skins have developed an orange hue most likely have eaten a lot of baby food containing
*carrots *winter squash *green beans
healthy weight
18.5-24.9
overweight
25-29
Chester's BMI is 35.3. According to his food records, he consumes an average of 3600 kcal/day. He would like to lose 10 pounds in 1 year by reducing his daily caloric intake. Based on this information, Chester should consume _____ kcal/day.
3400
kilocalories in one pound of fat tissue
3500
skin fold measurement
skin fold caliper
