Nutrition Test #2

Which fat-soluble vitamin can also be classified as a hormone because the body can synthesize it?

Vitamin D

Beta-carotene is also called

provitamin A.

Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are

readily excreted.

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________.

too little research is available to establish an RDA

Approximately ________ of dietary iron is absorbed each day from typical Westernized diets.

14%-20%

The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is ________.

2000 kcal

For a health claim to be made about a food product, it must NOT contain more than ________.

4 g saturated fat

The MyPlate vegetable group is divided into which subgroups?

Dark green vegetables, orange vegetables, starchy vegetables, and other vegetables

Which is NOT a permitted health claim?

Diets low in sugar may reduce the risk of cancer.

Vitamin and mineral supplements are regulated by the:

FDA

To maintain a desirable iron status, breastfed infants should receive iron supplementation. Is this statement true or false?

False

When compared with whole-grain products, enriched cereals and grains provide the same or higher amounts of all the B-vitamins.

False

Functions in the exchange of single carbon groups

Folate

Which foods and eating habits contribute high amounts of sodium to the diet? What are 2-3 main functions of sodium, and how is that excess sodium eliminated from the body? What is a good target for sodium intake for most healthy adults? Are there two possible answers here? Which do you think is best? Finally, what are some strategies for decreasing sodium in the diet?

Foods that contribute to high amounts of sodium in the diet are mainly packaged foods. This is because sodium is used not only for flavor, but also for things like anticaking agents for example. Even foods like bread and cereal have substantial amounts of sodium. Sodium helps with muscle and nerve function because it helps by regulating electrical charges. It also helps with absorbing glucose in the small intestine and maintaining water balance. What is a good target for sodium intake for most healthy adults? Are there two possible answers here? Which do you think is best? The target sodium intake is generally 21,500 mg per day for a healthy adult with 2,300 mg being consider the upper level. This can change with age or if in the presence of hypertension. The DRI table shows that with age the recommended sodium intake goes up. Personally, I would try to eat less salt since it's already in much of what we eat and eating too much leads to heart issues. Finally, what are some strategies for decreasing sodium in the diet? You could eat less processed foods and instead choose foods that haven't been processed. Cooking at home is another good option since you can control what goes into preparation. Eating out, especially if it's pizza or a burger could really increase sodium intake. Drinking less soft drinks and replacing it with water would also help decrease sodium intake. Soft drinks and other drinks besides water, even beer, has a lot of sodium.

Describe some common nutrition-related problems of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Infancy: If an infant doesn't transition from a bottle to a sippy cup at an appropriate time, the nutrients in the juice or cow's milk can build bacteria on their teeth and cause tooth decay. Infants can also experience milk allergies because the protein in milk is hard to digest. Formula feeding parents can try switching to a soy based formula, and breast feeing mothers can try eliminating milk. I breastfed my son and had to eliminate milk because it was too hard on him. We switched to soymilk for a while. ChildhoodIf children are not getting enough fiber and water throughout the day, they may suffer from constipation. Constipation can be mitigated by limiting milk intake an encouraging adequate water and fiber intake. Obesity can also be a problem for children. Solutions could include encouraging kids to get in some physical activity and to eat only at designated meal/snack times some. Adolescence: Acne can be a potential challenge at adolescence. Acne is a result of the skin producing too much oil and can be treated with Acctain or Retin-A. These must be taken with caution since levels of vitamin are are really high. They can also cause birth defects, so adolescents should be sure they are not pregnant before taking these.

Describe two factors that increase iron absorption and two factors that decrease iron absorption. Use full sentences, please.

Iron absorption decreases when there are sufficient stores of iron in the body because the protein Ferritin bind with the protein to inhibit absorption. Iron absorption also decreases if the food source is nonheme, because of phytic acid in SOME whole grains, and oxalic acid in SOME leafy greens. Iron absorption increases when there is need of iron in the body. When there is a need for iron, the small intestine absorbs 35-40%. Iron absorption also increases with the consumption of heme sources like meat, because it is more bioavailable than leafy greens or whole grains

For each of the trace minerals we studied, comment on how toxicity is achieved. What is the upper level and what are some signs of toxicity? Clearly we cannot avoid toxicity by avoiding intake all together. Again for each mineral, why is it essential that we consume it?

Iron: Toxicity in iron consumption can be caused consuming too much through supplements. Children are especially vulnerable since they can't absorb iron as fast as adults. The genetic condition hemochromatosis can also cause a high rate of iron absorption because of the lack of the hormone hepcidin which regulates or blocks too much iron from being absorbed. The upper level of iron is set at 45mg per day. Iron is essential for red blood cell production. Iron ensures oxygen transport from the lungs to bodily tissues and transports co2 back to lungs for expiration. Through myoglobin, it also transports oxygen from red blood cells to skeletal heart & muscles, making iron important for exercise. Iron containing enzymes are essential for energy metabolism, drug and alcohol transformation and in the synthesis of neurotransmitters which aid in early cognitive development and brain function. Iron also aids in fighting off infections via lymphocyte, but too much iron can cause too much proliferation of bacteria. Zinc: The upper level of Zinc is set at 40mg per day, or 5 times the recommended daily intake. People who take zinc to help with colds should be careful of how much they take. Toxicity can present with the following symptoms; loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramps, and diarrhea. It's possible that toxicity can also contribute to reduced copper absorption. It's easier to get rid of excess zinc than iron. Zinc is essential for around 300 enzymes and plays a critical role in almost all structures and process in the body. It also helps fight against common colds. Copper: The upper level of copper is set at 10mg per day. Toxicity is rare, but can happen if children take too much of a supplement or if food or water is contaminated with copper. In Wilson's disease, the body stores too much copper. The toxicity symptoms include, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Neurological issues can occur if copper builds up in the liver and brain. Copper's functions include preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes by functioning as part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme. Coper also regulates the neurotransmitters serotonin, tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Cooper also helps in formation of connective tissues in the lungs, blood vessels, skin, teeth, and bones. Iodine: The upper level of iodine is set at 1100ug/day. Toxicity symptoms include enlargement of the thyroid gland and decreased thyroid synthesis. This can lead to either hypothyroidism with is most common, or hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, or thyroid cancer. Toxicity can result from iodine being used to purify water, high consumption of seaweed, high consumption of iodized salt, or high levels of iodine in the environment. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and is a part of the hormones T4 and T3. Because of this, Iodine plays a role in maintaining normal metabolism. Through T3, iodine also helps with regulation of basal energy expenditure, macronutrient metabolism, brain and nervous system development, and overall growth. (1 like)

___________________ potassium intake and ________________ sodium intake are associated with a higher risk of stroke and high blood pressure.

Low; high

What eating behavior does MyPlate specifically encourage?

Make at least half your grains whole grains.

What information is required on all food packages?

Name and address of the food manufacturer

Participates in oxidation and reduction reactions in energy metabolism

Riboflavin

What effects can substance use have on teens' nutritional status? Be sure to discuss at least two substances.

Teenagers who are addicted to alcohol may experience stunted growth and malnutrition since alcohol is a diuretic and causes nutrients to be lost. Cocaine addiction is very strong, and users will loose their appetite causing them to be underweight and malnourished. There's also the possibility that a cocaine user will struggle with an eating disorder since their will always crave the drug more than food. Teenagers who are addicted to alcohol may experience stunted growth and malnutrition since alcohol is a diuretic and causes nutrients to be lost.

Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

They apply to people in Canada and the U.S., They include Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels., They were created by the Food and Nutrition Board., They differ by age group.

Removes carbon dioxide from compounds such as pyruvate

Thiamin

A good indicator of long-term nutritional status for children is stature-for-age. Is this statement true or false?

True

Mark the following statement as true or false. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and hypertension.

True

Though the Upper Level for sodium is higher than some experts recommend for optimal health, average sodium intake in the US exceeds the Upper Level.

True

Trace mineral status is difficult to evaluate due to the relatively small amounts of minerals contained in blood and tissues and the lack of sensitive measure that reflect body content.

True

Donates electrons to iron and copper metal ions

Vitamin C

Underfed animals, including humans, live longer than those that are well fed. At what intake levels do we start to see this effect, and why do we observe this?

We start seeing the effects of being an underfed animal when we decrease our intake by 30%, although we can still maintain longevity with proper nutrition.

List 1 decent food source for zinc OR copper. Be sure to specify which mineral you're providing the source for.

Zinc: Beef, lamb, or pork can be a good source of zinc. If you are a vegetarian, whole grain bread could be another source.

Who of the following is at greatest risk of iron-deficiency anemia?

adolescent girls

Important non-dairy sources of calcium include:

almonds, beans, greens, tofu

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as

an antioxidant.

When the amount of water in the body is low, the hormone ___________________ (along with others) signals the kidneys to conserve water and salt.

antidiuretic hormone

Which food provides very little vitamin A?

banana

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment

chlorophyll.

Vitamin C is required for the formation of a precursor that is needed to synthesize this protein found in skin, bones, and connective tissue:

collagen

Excess intake of zinc supplements can reduce absorption of

copper.

Which of the following is the best source of vitamin K?

dark, leafy greens

The percentile growth curve a child follows depends mostly on:

dietary intake, genetic inheritance, gender, age

Which of the following compounds contains copper?

enzymes

A reliable food source of vitamin D is

fortified milk.

Look at the food sources of iodine slide. The most dependable and abundant source of iodide in the American diet is:

fortified salt

The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are:

green leafy vegetables

To help children accept new foods, caregivers should:

involve the child in preparing the food

Good sources of folate include:

lentils; spinach; fortified foods

Pound for pound, which age group needs the most calories?

newborns

Both ______________ and _______________ from the diet can bind to minerals and limit their absorption.

oxalic acid; phytic acid

Which of the following is a symptom of zinc deficiency?

poor growth

The main electrolytes found inside the cell are:

potassium, phosphate, and magnesium

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

prothrombin.

The functions of the chloride ion include:

serving as the main anion in intracellular fluid, forming acid in the stomach

Electrolytes include all of the following EXCEPT:

sugars

Food components that MUST be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include ________.

sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium

Niacin can be synthesized in cells from:

tryptophan

When adolescence ends, females have:

twice as much body fat and two-thirds as much lean body mass, compared to males

Labeling laws require that ingredients in food products be listed on the container in descending order of their ________.

weight