Nutrition Test 3: Chapter 11

62. Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin A) A. B) E. C) K. D) D

E.

61. Which of the following is NOT known to promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly? A) Consumption of little or no milk B) Excessive use of hypertension medications C) Wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen while outdoors D) Diminished capacity of liver and kidney synthesis of activated vitamin D

Excessive use of hypertension medications

59. Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? A) Bone B) Carotene C) Tryptophan D) Exposure to sunlight

Exposure to sunlight

42. If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A? A) Eyes B) Kidneys C) Adipose cells D) Intestinal cells

Intestinal cells

48. Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health? A) It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines B) It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process C) It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur D) It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth

It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur

64. Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A) A B) E C) K D) D

K

46. Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process? A) Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal B) Light energy strikes the cornea and excites pigments to release retinoic acid C) Visual pigments deep in the brain are excited by light transmitted through the retina D) Epithelial cells on the surface of the eye respond to light energy by transmitting opsin molecules along nerve pathways to the brain

Light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal

54. The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group? A) Adults B) Elderly C) Newborns D) Adolescents

Newborns

53. Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? A) Acne B) Rickets C) Osteomalacia D) Night blindness

Night blindness

60. What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D? A) Promotes secretion of calcitonin B) Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol C) Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins D) Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone

63. Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis? A) Albumin B) GI mucosa C) Prothrombin D) Mucopolysaccharides

Prothrombin

43. Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues? A) Albumin B) Rhodopsin C) Retinol-binding protein D) Transcarotenoid protein

Retinol-binding protein

55. Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice? A) Bone pain B) Dermatitis C) Skin yellowing D) Vitamin A toxicity

Skin yellowing

57. Which of the following organs is NOT required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D? A) Skin B) Liver C) Kidney D) Small intestine

Small intestine

49. If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear? A) 2 weeks B) 1 to 2 months C) 6 months D) 1 to 2 years

1 to 2 years

58. What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D? A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 30

10

51. Approximately how many children worldwide have vitamin A deficiency? A) 5 million B) 25 million C) 250 million D) 500 million

250 million

4. How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5

3

47. Approximately what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver? A) 20 B) 50 C) 70 D) 90

90

45. What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A? A) Growth is stunted B) Blindness develops C) Retinal synthesis is stimulated D) Retinol synthesis is stimulated

Blindness develops

44. As far as is known, vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes? A) Blood clotting B) Growth of bones and teeth C) Synthesis of visual pigment D) Maintaining mucous membranes

Blood clotting

50. What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in common? A) Both act as antioxidants B) Both are found in animal fats C) Neither is involved in free radical control D) Neither is involved in synthesis of retinal

Both act as antioxidants

2. Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? A) most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria B) intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation C) deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet D) toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins

deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

26. Cells on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. A) epithelial cells B) mucous membranes C) keratin D) carotenoids

epithelial cells

27. The layer of the body that serves as a selective barrier between the bodys interior and the environment. A) epithelial cells B) epithelial tissue C) keratin D) mucous membranes

epithelial tissue

28. The breaking open of red blood cells; a symptom of vitamin E-deficiency disease in human beings. A) cell differentiation B) hemolytic anemia C) erythrocyte hemolysis D) hemorrhagic disease

erythrocyte hemolysis

29. A harmless condition in which the breasts develop lumps, sometimes associated with caffeine consumption. In some, it responds to abstinence from caffeine; in others, it can be treated with vitamin E. A) erythrocyte hemolysis B) keratinization C) hemolytic anemia D) fibrocystic breast disease

fibrocystic breast disease

15. Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? A) meat B) fortified milk C) fruits and vegetables D) enriched breads and cereals

fortified milk

31. A hereditary disease in which the blood is unable to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors. A) hemophilia B) hemolytic anemia C) erythrocyte hemolysis D) keratomalacia

hemophilia

32. A disease characterized by excessive bleeding. A) hemophilia B) hemorrhagic disease C) erythrocyte hemolysis D) hemolytic anemia

hemorrhagic disease

5. Retinol-binding protein is required to transport vitamin A) vitamin A B) vitamin E C) vitamin K D) vitamin D

vitamin A

7. Which of the following vitamins is most associated with promoting synthesis of gastrointestinal mucus? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin E D) pantothenic acid

vitamin A

8. Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of A) iron B) vitamin A C) folic acid D) phylloquinone

vitamin A

11. A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin A) vitamin A B) vitamin K C) vitamin E D) vitamin D

vitamin D

33. Softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness; seen in severe vitamin A deficiency. A) osteomalacia B) hemorrhagic disease C) erythrocyte hemolysis D) keratomalacia

keratomalacia

6. What tissue contains the majority of the bodys store of vitamin A? A) liver B) adipose C) retinal cells D) intestinal mucosal cells

liver

34. A hereditary disease in which the muscles gradually weaken. Its most debilitating effects arise in the lungs. A) muscular dystrophy B) keratomalacia C) erythrocyte hemolysis D) hemolytic anemia

muscular dystrophy

35. Slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night or an inability to see in dim light; an early symptom of vitamin A deficiency. A) keratomalacia B) night blindness C) osteomalacia D) hemolytic anemia

night blindness

9. The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually A) xerosis B) xerophthalmia C) night blindness D) corneal keratinization

night blindness

36. The protein portion of the visual pigment molecule. A) beta carotene B) keratin C) opsin D) pigment

opsin

12. What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults? A) rickets B) osteomalacia C) keratomalacia D) hyperkeratosis

osteomalacia

37. A bone disease characterized by softening of the bones. Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs. The disease occurs most often in adult women. A) keratomalacia B) night blindness C) osteomalacia D) muscular dystrophy

osteomalacia

14. Which of the following enables much of the worlds population to maintain adequate vitamin D status? A) outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight B) wide availability of low-cost fish products C) wide availability of food assistance programs D) world Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules

outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight

38. The layer of light-sensitive nerve cells lining the back of the inside of the eye; consists of rods and cones. A) cornea B) retina C) keratin D) beta carotene

retina

39. The vitamin D-deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone, manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees, outward-bowed chest, and knobs on ribs. A) keratomalacia B) rickets C) osteomalacia D) muscular dystrophy

rickets

13. In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed? A) nervous B) skeletal C) muscular D) circulatory

skeletal

40. Abnormal drying of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign of vitamin A deficiency. A) keratomalacia B) rickets C) osteomalacia D) xerosis

xerosis

65. Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? A) They are destroyed by cigarette smoking B) They arise from normal metabolic reactions C) They typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides D) They are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients

They arise from normal metabolic reactions

52. Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? A) Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin B) Dietary protein ensures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter C) Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin D) Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

41. Which of the following is NOT among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins? A) Require bile for absorption B) Found in the fat and oily parts of foods C) Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue D) Pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity than water-soluble vitamins

Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue

20. What is a free radical? A) an antioxidant substance that prevents accumulation of cell-damaging oxides B) a substance in food that interacts with nutrients to decrease their utilization C) a nutrient in excess of body needs that the body is free to degrade with no consequence D) a molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons

a molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons

21. A chronic inflammation of the skin's follicles and oil-producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils inside the ducts that surround hairs; usually associated with the maturation of young adults. A) hemophilia B) acne C) opsin D) osteomalacia

acne

19. Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency? A) achlorhydria B) antibiotic therapy C) presence of oxalic acid in food D) insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables

antibiotic therapy

16. The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a A) peroxide B) coenzyme C) antioxidant D) free radical

antioxidant

56. A person seeking good sources of vitamin A would select all of the following EXCEPT A) liver. B) bananas. C) apricots. D) sweet potatoes.

bananas.

22. One of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants. A) opsin B) xerosis C) beta carotene D) osteomalacia

beta carotene

3. Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? A) tryptophan B) chlorophyll C) xanthophyll D) beta-carotene

beta-carotene

18. In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? A) blood clotting B) energy metabolism C) calcium utilization D) epithelial tissue renewal

blood clotting

23. The process by which immature cells develop specific functions different from those of the original that are characteristic of their mature cell type. A) epithelial cells B) cell differentiation C) hemophilia D) keratomalacia

cell differentiation

24. The green pigment of plants, which absorbs light and transfers the energy to other molecules, thereby initiating photosynthesis. A) chlorophyll B) hemophilia C) keratin D) pigment

chlorophyll

10. Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the bodys synthesis of vitamin D? A) cholesterol B) tryptophan C) beta-carotene D) eicosapentanoic acid

cholesterol

1. What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation? A) albumin B) cholesterol C) chylomicrons D) liposoluble binding proteins

chylomicrons

17. Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet? A) meats B) citrus fruits C) vegetable oils D) milk and dairy products

vegetable oils

25. The transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye. A) opsin B) retina C) cornea D) cell differentiation

cornea

30. The condition of having too few red blood cells as a result of erythrocyte hemolysis. A) erythrocyte hemolysis B) keratinization C) hemolytic anemia D) fibrocystic breast disease

hemolytic anemia