Nutrition Tets 2
Recommended Carbohydrate Intake
45-65 % of total calories
Maltose
A disaccharide that consists of two glucose molecules. Produced whenever starch breaks down.
Insulin
A hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to (among other things) elevated blood glucose concentration. Controls the the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the muscles and fat cells.
Ketone
Acidic compounds produced by the liver during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available.
Glycerol
An alcohol composed of a three-carbon chain, can serve as the backbone for a triglyceride.
Linolenic
An essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and three double bonds.
Linoleic
An essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds
Ketosis
An undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
Disaccharides
Are pairs of the three monosaccharides. Glucose occurs in all three, the second is either fructose, galactose, or another glucose
Glucose
Blood sugar, essential energy source for all body's activities
Monosaccharide
C6H12O6, incudes glucose, fructose, galactose
Carbohydrate
Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Polysaccharides
Contains many glucose units, Three types: glycogen, starches, and fibers
Soluble Fiber
Dietary fiber that can be dissolved in water. Found in oats, legumes, and citrus fruits.
Insoluble Fiber
Fiber that can't be dissolved in water, found mostly in whole grains and vegetables, promote bowel movements, alleviate constipation, and prevent diverticular disease
Dietary Fiber
Found in plant derived foods. Polysaccharides that can't be broken down by digestive enzymes
Glycogen
Found to only a limited extent in meats and not at all in plants. It stores glucose for future use. Made of many glucose molecules linked together.
Sucrose
Fructose and Glucose together from this disaccharide.
Starches
Long chains of glucose molecules linked together
Phytic Acid
Not a dietary fiber, but it is not often found in fiber-rich foods
Galactose
Occurs naturally in foods as a single sugar
Ketone bodies
Provide an alternate fuel source during starvation, but when their production exceeds their use, they accumulate in the blood.
Glucagon
Raises blood glucose by signaling the liver to break down its glycogen stores and release glucose into the blood for use by all other body cells.
Hydrogenation
Some or all of the points of unsaturation are saturated by adding hydrogen molecules. Protects against oxidation, and alters texture of foods by making liquids more solid.
Fructose
Sweetest of sugars, Occurs naturally in fruits and honey
Triglycerides
The chief form of fat in the diet and the major storage form of fat in the body; composed of a molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached.
Lactose
The combination of galactose and and glucose makes this disaccharide. Its the principal carbohydrate of milk. Known as milk sugar
Hydrolysis
To break a disaccharide in two, this chemical reaction occurs.
Condensation
To make a disaccharide, this chemical reaction links two monosaccharides together. A hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom from the other combine to create a molecule of water