nutritional science homework

Antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C, the mineral selenium, flavonoids, and carotenoids, ________ the damaging effects of free radicals, atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron. minimize need water to maximize maximize have no effect on

minimize

The powerhouse of the cell which generates most of the cell's energy through aerobic metabolism is called the mitchondria. mitch. cytoplasm. organelle.

mitchondria.

One of the roles of vitamin E in the body is to __________. prevent scurvy promote blood clotting increase absorption of calcium neutralize free radicals before they can harm cell membranes

neutralize free radicals before they can harm cell membranes

A patient with symptoms including dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (the three Ds) may have a deficiency in __________. vitamin C niacin riboflavin biotin

niacin

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death may result from inadequate intake of niacin. any B vitamin. riboflavin. thiamin.

niacin

Which vitamin is required in the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway to metabolize alcohol? thiamin folic acid niacin riboflavin

niacin

Ana wants to lose weight so she should try to eat more ________ foods. small portions of calorie-dense foods nutrient-dense foods medium-dense foods energy-dense foods

nutrient-dense foods

Which vitamin is part of the structure of acetyl CoA? niacin folate pantothenic acid vitamin B12

pantothenic acid

Sore tongue, inflammation of the skin, depression, confusion, and small pale red blood cells represent the deficiency symptoms of vitamin riboflavin. B6. niacin. thiamin.

riboflavin

To avoid toxicity symptoms, Dietary Reference Intakes include a tolerable upper intake level for most vitamins, and this is the level which is stated on food labels. should not be exceeded. should be exceeded. varies among individuals.

should not be exceeded.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the __________. gallbladder small intestine stomach large intestine

small intestine

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum represent the large intestine. intestines. small intestine. bolus.

small intestine.

The Exchange System includes the following six food groups added sugars, fruit, milk, vegetables, meat, oils. starch, fruit, milk, vegetables, meat, fat. starch, fruit, milk, vegetables, meat, oils. natural sugars, fruit, milk, vegetables, meat, oils.

starch, fruit, milk, vegetables, meat, fat.

Gastric pits, parietal and chief cells, and the submucosa are found in the stomach. liver. esophagus. mouth.

stomach

The claim "calcium builds strong bones" is an example of a __________. health claim structure/function claim nutrition fact nutrient content claim

structure/function claim

The primary determinant of most consumers' decisions on whether to consume a food is cost. habit. availability. taste.

taste

Which vitamins are absorbed into the portal vein? the B vitamins and vitamin C the fat-soluble vitamins vitamin K vitamins A, D and E

the B vitamins and vitamin C

The function of creatine phosphate is as a hormone that regulates metabolism. to provide a reserve of phosphate to regenerate ATP. as another form of energy that can be used directly by cells. as an enzyme in a metabolic pathway.

to provide a reserve of phosphate to regenerate ATP.

What is the purpose of the gallbladder? to digest protein to digest fat to store bile and then secrete it to the small intestine via the common bile duct to produce bile

to store bile and then secrete it to the small intestine via the common bile duct

A college student, has just been diagnosed with IBS needs to eat a low FODMAP diet-foods which are fermented, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. true false

true

Coffee flavorings or creamers need to be avoided by persons who wish to avoid gluten. true false

true

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis facilitate nutrient absorption at the brush border of the small intestine. true false

true

The American diet contains too much added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat. true false

true

The UL of a nutrient is higher than the RDA or the EAR. true false

true

The only cure for a hangover is time. true false

true

Individuals who are consuming a mixture of different food groups and foods within each group are meeting the diet principle of moderation. nutrient density. variety. balance.

variety

Hypercalcemia, abnormalities in the nervous system, and severe depression may result from inadequate vitamin D intake. inadequate vitamin A intake. vitamin A megadoses. vitamin D megadoses.

vitamin D megadoses.

The large intestine absorbs water. fats. proteins. GFCO and CSA foods.

water

The leading cause of death among American adults is cancer. osteoporosis. heart disease. obesity.

heart disease.

The enzyme in saliva is salivary __________, which begins to digest carbohydrates. lipase bile amylase pepsin

amylase

During the absorptive state, metabolism favors energy storage and __________.

anabolism

Persons who wish to maintain healthy red blood cells and the myelin sheath that surrounds nerves need to eat more legumes. animal products (salmon, tuna), and fortified foods. whole grains. fruits.

animal products (salmon, tuna), and fortified foods.

The liver produces __________ and the gallbladder stores it. stool saliva chyme bile

bile

Patients who are receiving post-surgical total nutrition intravenously, persons with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, and those who are producing inadequate biotinidase need to consume more riboflavin. biotin. niacin. thiamin.

biotin

Which meal improves energy levels throughout the course of the day? A high-fiber lunch light dinner continental breakfast (croissants, jelly, juice) breakfast

breakfast

The main source of energy for the body is provided by __________. carbohydrates proteins vitamins fats

carbohydrates

The preferred source of energy in the body comes from omega-3-fats. carbohydrates. total fats. proteins.

carbohydrates

The breakdown of food via enzymatic reactions is known as __________. absorption chemical digestion mechanical digestion borborygmus

chemical digestion

The semiliquid mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine is called __________. chyme bile bolus saliva

chyme

The B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin B6 act as ________ in the process of breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to ATP. hormones coenzymes minerals enzymes

coenzymes

An agreed-upon conclusion of a group of experts based on a collection of information is termed a __________. peer review consensus guideline evaluation

consensus

People taking anticoagulant medications such as Coumadin need __________ intake of vitamin K. minimal (vitamin K needs are met by intestinal bacteria production) consistent decreased increased

consistent

A standard drink is defined as a(n) drink containing 1 ounce of alcohol. 8-ounce glass of any alcoholic beverage. drink containing 1/2 ounce of alcohol. drink served in a typical restaurant.

drink containing 1/2 ounce of alcohol.

Most alcohol absorption occurs in the stomach. mouth. duodenum. large intestine.

duodenum

To slow the rate of alcohol absorption, it's a good idea to __________. drink only wine eat food before, and/or while, drinking alcohol drink only beer remain seated while drinking alcoholic beverages

eat food before, and/or while, drinking alcohol

In the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), alcohol takes precedence over drugs; therefore, the result of consuming drugs and alcohol together is __________. frequent urination fat buildup delay in alcohol metabolism elevated levels of drugs in the body

elevated levels of drugs in the body

Substances which must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body are nutrients. essential nutrients. macronutrients. micronutrients

essential nutrients.

As long as a food is labeled "fat-free", you are free to eat any amount of it. true false

false

The vitamins which are more likely to lead to toxicity symptoms are the ________ vitamins. fiber-soluble high-fiber water-soluble fat-soluble

fat-soluble

The process by which yeast converts sugars in grains or fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide is called __________. digestion absorption metabolism fermentation

fermentation

The best natural food sources of ________ are dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, asparagus, and legumes. biotin folate thiamin pantothenic acid

folate

An RD uses a __________ to easily capture an individual's consumption patterns over time. 24-hour recall computer model food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) food record

food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)

Foods which provide health benefits along with the functions of nutrients are called functional nutrients. functional foods. functional chemicals. macronutrients.

functional foods.

Protein can be converted to glucose through the anabolic reaction __________. glycogenolysis glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Metabolism of glucose to produce pyruvate and two ATP which takes place in all cells is called glycogenesis. glycogenolysis. glycolysis. anabolic reactions.

glycolysis.

Which of the following activities does anaerobic metabolism fuel? heavy weight lifting a leisurely hike sleeping a twenty-mile bike ride

heavy weight lifting

When the body's need for a vitamin is high, absorption of the nutrient is likely to vary depending on the enzyme. likely to vary depending on the coenzyme. low. high.

high

In the electron transport chain, the passing of electrons to complete the production of ATP can be slowed by __________. large meals lack of exercise low calcium intake iron deficiency

iron deficiency

The conversion of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids to acetyl CoA and to ketone bodies is ketogenesis. transamination. glycolysis. lipolysis.

ketogenesis

The amount of energy which is needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree is a energy-yielding nutrient. kilocalorie. essential nutrient. nonessential nutrient.

kilocalorie

The main site for alcohol metabolism is the __________. liver stomach duodenum kidneys

liver

The most metabolically active organ in the body is the lungs. heart. liver. skin.

liver

Lipids are transported via the __________ because they are __________. irculatory system; water-soluble excretory system; water-soluble circulatory system; fat-soluble lymphatic system; fat-soluble

lymphatic system; fat-soluble

The villi and microvilli are the site of nutrient absorption. elimination. digestion. excretion.

absorption

According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), protein should comprise what percentage of daily kilocalories? 3 to 5 percent of daily kilocalories 10 to 35 percent of daily kilocalories 20 to 35 percent of daily kilocalories 45 to 65 percent of daily kilocalories

10 to 35 percent of daily kilocalories

One gram of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol provide calories as follows 4:7:9:4. 4:9:7:1. 4:9:7:4. 4:4:9:7.

4:4:9:7.

The recommended range of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake expressed as a percentage of total energy is the RDA. EER. EAR. AMDR.

AMDR.

The source of energy that is derived from the food we eat and used by cells in the body is adenosine. ADP. phosphate. ATP.

ATP

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol on sleep? Alcohol makes you fall asleep sooner. Alcohol stimulates the CNS, making sleep difficult. Alcohol stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS), causing drinkers to feel tired. Alcohol helps you sleep through the night.

Alcohol makes you fall asleep sooner.

Vitamin ________ is rich in fruits and vegetables; assists in the formation of collagen, acts as an antioxidant, supports the immune system, and improves the absorption of nonheme iron. C B12 2 B6

C

Fortified dairy products and soymilk are excellent food sources of vitamin D. E. A. K.

D

Nerve problems, muscle weakness and increase susceptibility to free radical damage result from inadequate intake of vitamin E. K. A. D.

E

Which government agency regulates the labeling on all packaged foods? FDA USDA MyPlate DRI

FDA

Heartburn is caused by __________. lack of mucus in the stomach too much amylase production HCl from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus

HCl from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus

________ results from chronic alcohol consumption is linked to thiamin malabsorption which results in memory loss, impaired vision, low blood pressure, uncontrolled movement of the arms and legs, and even coma. Macrocytic anemia Scurvy Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Hemapoeisis

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome