Ob

thanatophoric

death bearing

Androblastoma

( Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) -Malignant sex cord stroll ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilzation -abnormal menses -hirsuitism

Omphalocele associated with

- Beckwith-Wiedemann - Edwards - Down's -pentalogy of cantrell -IUGR

ARPKD

-enlarged bilateral echogenic kidneys -oligohydramnios

whats true about cystic hygroma

-it is a lymphatic malformation -can be associated with hydrops -commonly seen in neck

Typical range for diagnostic ultrasound imaging

1 MHz- 20 MHz

fully formed heart by

10 weeks

Fetal stomach should be visualized by

14 weeks

ovulation occurs when graffian follicle reaches what size

2.5 cm

The S/D ratio in the umbilical artery should not exceed _____ in the 3rd trimester

3:1

Choroid plexus can be found in the roof of the

3rd and 4th ventricles

early proliferative phase endo thickness range

4mm-8mm

A nuchal fold measurement above _____ is a marker for trisomy 21?

6 mm

yolk sac is abnormal when greater than

6mm

renal pelvis shouldnt exceed

7mm <20 weeks 10mm >20 weeks

fetal kidneys are in pelvis before

9 weeks

What percentage of esophogeal atrasia has a tracheoesophogeal fistula?

90%

Measurement best predicting IUGR

AC

Ovarian yolk sac tumor most likely has an elevation in

AFP

a change in menstrual bleeding assoc with lesions in uterus is known as

AUB

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except

Absent mineralization of the skull

Artifact produced when sound beam barely attenuated through a fluid filled or a fluid containing structure

Acoustic enhancement

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to AUB is termed

Adenomyosis

Clinical finding suspicious for Asherman syndrome

Amenorrhea

Structure without echoes

Anechoic

Most likely associated with an elevated MSAFP

Arnold Chiari malformation

What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures?

Arthrogryposis

macroglossia

Associated with beckwith Weismann syndrome and Down syndrome

Tetrology of Fallot

DROP (Defect, septal, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aortas, Pulmonary stenosis)

chorion frondosum

Decidualized tissue at the implantation site containing chorionic villi part-of the chorion that develops into the fetal portion of the placenta

Caudal regression syndrome is associated with

Diabetes, mermaid sign and sirenomelia

Lambda sign: triangular extension of placenta at base of membrane indicates

Dichorionic diamniotic

Duodenal atresia is associated with

Down syndrome esophogeal atrasia VACTERL

Echogenic bowel is usually associated with

Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis

Clomid/clomiphene

Drug that increases FSH to treat infertility

Double bubble sign

Duodenal atresia

Most common germ cell tumor in ovary

Dysgerminoma

endometritis complains of

Dyspareunia, pelvic tenderness, fever and leukocytosis

"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement. What defect? What cause?

Ebstein anomaly Lithium

H/o pid, pain, bleeding. Thick endo with no gest sac and fluid in post cul de sac. Suspect?

Ectopic pregnancy

Trisomy 18

Edwards syndrome

bilat choroid cysts is associated with

Edwards syndrome

Cloaca

Embryonic structure that develops into normal rectum & urogenital sinus

Protrusion of brain and/or meninges thru skull defect

Encephalocele

The ovaries release estrogen and progesterone and are what kind of glands?

Endocrine

different gender twins

dichorionic

UPJO can be a marker for

down syndrome

echogenic bowel is seen in

down syndrome

achondroplasia

dwarfism

adenomyosis clinical features

dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain heavy menses bulky, globular & tender uterus abnormal menses dysparunia

"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement. What defect?

ebstein anomoly

malformation or malposition of tricuspic valve enlarged RA hydrops

ebstein anomoly

rhabdomyomas

echogenic mass most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children associated with tuberous sclerosis

Three germ cell layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

low hematocrit suspect

ectopic pregnancy/bleeding

cloacal extrophy ___ MSAFP

elevated

yolk sac tumor

elevated AFP

omphalocele and gastrochisis levels

elevated MSAFP

Endometriosis and Adenomyosis

endometriosis- younger with fertility problems adenomyosis- older and multiparous

no visable stomach and polyhydro

esophogeal atrasia

fibroids may grow with ____ stimulation

estrogen

Meigs syndrome is associated with what ovarian tumor?

fibroma

hydrocolpos

fluid filled vagina

Sono findings of heterozygous achondroplasia

frontal bossing and trident hand

achondroplasia characteristics

frontal bossing, trident hand

encephalocele

herniation of brain tissue in occipital region

maternal uterine artery abnormal waveform

high resistance

fluid in the brain with brain stem and basal ganglia

hydranencephaly

preeclampsia

hypertension, edema, and proteinuria during pregnancy

The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are the:

iliopsoas

paired muscles lateral to uterus and anterior to iliac crest

iliopsoas muscles

Most common cause of abnormal serum screening tests

incorrect dating

cloacal exstrophy lab value

increased MSAFP

Dandy-Walker malformation

is a development anomaly characterized by hypoplasia/abscene of the cerebellar vermis (issues with walking) and cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle with posterior fossa enlargment. Patients often present during infancy with developmental delay and progressive skull enlargment. Non-commnicating hydrocephalus is also possible.

congenital anomolies of __ and __ often coexist

kidneys and uterus

Moth eaten appearance may have ascites most likely matastisized from GI tract

krukenberg tumor

The fetal cranial suture located between the parietal bone and occipital bone is the:

lambdoidal suture

Transducers have material within them that, when electronically stimulated, produces ultrasound waves. This is most likely some form of:

lead zirconate titanate

Achondrogenesis

lethal autosomal recessive short-limb dwarfism marked by long-bone and trunk shortening, decreased echogenicity of the bones and spine, and "flipper-like" appendages

the floor of the pelvis is made up of which muscles

levator ani

pelvic diaphragm muscles

levator ani and coccygeus

pelvic muscle located between coccyx and pubis

levator ani muscle

theca lutein cyst

linked with triploidy and molar pregnancy

Space of Retzius

located between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis; contains extraperitoneal fat

triploidy characteristics

low set ears, single cord, syndactly, cardiac/brain and facial defects

diaphragmatic hernia is most common on

lt side

thick and echogenic endometrium is which ovarian cycle

luteal phase

pseudomyxoma peritnei

malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material know as

Molar pregnancies are associated with

maternal hypertension

Sirenomelia

mermaid syndrome fused LE renal agenisis/oligohydro

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

most common type of ovarian carcinoma; may be bilateral with multilocular cysts

bicornuate uterus is most common __ anomoly

mullerian duct

uterine malformations are a result of fusion anomolies of

mullerian ducts

sono findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma

multilocular cystic masses with ascites around ovary

mothers with pregestational diabetes have an increased risk of a fetus with

neural tube defects

most malignant adrenal tumor

neuroblastoma

PCOD is linked with which malignant diseases?

Endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer

What hormone initiates thickening of the endometrium?

Estrogen

Which hormone encourages induction of salt and water, also simulates contractile motion in uterus myometrium and fallopian tubes?

Estrogen

Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?

Estrogen

homozygous achondroplasia

Fatal Both parents are dwarfs

Pergonal

Fertility drug extracted from urine of postmenopausal female. Extracts a hormone

Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio used to analyze

Fetal lung maturity

IUGR

Fetus that is below 10 percentile for GA & whose growth is impeded for some reason

RUQ pain

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

Narrowest part of the sound beam

Focus

Vitamin that significantly reduces likelihood of neural tube defect

Folate

Proliferative phase of endo cycle coincides with which ovarian phase?

Follicular

Normal opening between atriums

Foramen ovale

Opening between atrial septum

Foramen ovale

Intracranial calcifications

Found with TORCH infections

Technique where Oocyte and sperm placed in Fallopian tube laparoscopically

GIFT Gamete intrafallopian tube transfer

most common system abnormal findings

Genitourinary (fetal hydro)

Truncus arteriosus

Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk overriding Vsd

The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is

GnRH

Most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age

HC

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

HCG

possible cause of asymetric IUGR

nutritional deficiency

muscle lateral to ovaries

obturator internus muscle

trophoblast cells produce

Hcg

esophogeal atrasia is not associated with

oligohydro

Oomphalocele

Herniation of the bowels into umbilicus at cord insert

Menstrual and proliferative phase normal ovarian flow is

High resistant

normal ovarian flow

High resistant during menstruation & low resistance at time of ovulation

Facial abnormalities, analyze brain

Hydraencephaly

succenturiate placenta

one or more accessory lobes connected to the body of the placenta by blood vessels

Caudal Regression Syndrome

Hypoplastic or absent distal spine and sacrum. Blunted conus.

Elevated MSAFP is associated with

open neural tube defects, gastroschisis, oomphalocele, multiple gestation, incorrect gestational dating, fetal death, placental abnormalities, open spina bifida

Treatment for patient with separate uterus to increase fertility

Hysteroscopic uterine septoplasty

Abnormal flow patterns in uterine artery during pregnancy indicated increased risk for

IUGR

Mittelschmerz

ovulation pain

another term for mullerian duct

paramesonephric duct

Ectopic Cordis is associated with ____.

pentalogy of cantrell

The three-line sign is seen with the __________ phase of the endometrium.

periovulatory

absent long bones with hands and feet arising from shoulders/hips

phocomelia

pelvic muscles confused for ovaries

piriformis and iliopsoas

which muscles can be confused for ovaries or adnexal masses?

piriformis and iliopsoas

bilat. muscles located posterior to and extend from sacrum to femoral greater trochanter

piriformis muscle

Eventration of the diaphragm

Lack of muscle in dome of diaphragm

the three line sign of the endometrium is represented by which endo phase

Late proliferative or periovulatory

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

Left Atrium

Hammock shaped pelvic muscle located between coccyx and pubis

Levaron ani

Grade 2 placenta

Linear comma-like densities indenting into the chorionic plate *only*. Echogenic densities at basal plate

Normal ovarian Doppler during secretory phase of menstrual cycle

Low resistance

Syndrome associated with microcephalic, encephalocele, polydactyly and polycystic enlarged echo kidneys

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

Most common renal tumor

Mesoblastic nephroma (harmartoma)

Turner Syndrome

Monosomy X

Heterozygous Achondroplasia

Most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by rhizomelia

Ovarian mass associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except

Multiple dislocated joints

cystic hygroma common location

Neck

Mesocephaly

Normal shaped head

Cloacal extrosphy may also be referred to as:

OEIS complex oomphalocele bladder extrophy imperforated anus spina bifida

What can result from fertility treatment

OHS ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome

Spina bífida aperta

Open defect Meningocele or meningomyelocele

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Endo appears thick and echo. What phase is the ovary and endo?

Ovary luteal Endo secretory

endometrial cancer is associated with

PCOD

Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB?

PCOS

A high hematocrit indicates

PID, endometritis

Ectopic corsos is a finding in which condition?

Pentalogy of Cantrell

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes

Phocomelia

bat wing sign

Pleural effusion (unilateral)

polyhydramnios and femoral length is less than 5th percentile. What is suggested?

Possible skeletal anomalies, measure all bones

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

Proliferative endo

What is not a pelvic muscle?

Psoas

moderator band is within

RV

unilateral hydronephrosis can be confirmed with

Renal diameter greater than 10mm

Endometritis sonographic findings

Ring down artifact posterior to endo

All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except

S-shaped spine

Leuteal phase coincides with which endo cycle

Secretory

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

Secretory endo

Micromelia

Shortening of the entire limb

most common intracranial tumor in utero?

Teratoma

Cloverleaf skull related to

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Which of the following is true for the diagnosis of clubfoot?

The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula.

What syndrome is associated with holoprosencephaly?

Trisomy 13

Which syndrome is least likely to have increased nuchal translucency?

Trisomy 13

absent nasal bone is associated with

Trisomy 21

Echogenic masses within myocardium associated with

Tuberous sclerosis

Supine hypotension syndrome, uterus compressing ivc. Patient becomes pale and sweaty what should you do?

Turn patient on her side

Acardiac Twinning

Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP). Severe variant of TTTS. Complication of only monochorionic twins.

Most common form of fetal renal obstruction

UPJ Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Return Deoxigenated blood from fetus to placenta

Umbilical arteries

VACTERL association

Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac anomalies (esp. VSD) TracheoEsophageal fistula Renal and genital defects Limb defects (radial hypoplasia, syndactyly, polydactyly)

Trisomy 8

Warkany syndrome 2

Ovarian torsion associated with

Whirlpool sign

erythroblastosis fetalis

a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

Hydranencephaly

a fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing cerebrospinal fluid

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

a fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys

Holoprosencephaly

a group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of the midline structures, and associated facial anomalies

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver

Anencephaly

a neural tube defect that is described as the absence of the cranium and cerebral hemispheres

Pulmonary sequestration

a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply echogenic triangular shape in heart

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

Hydrancephaly

absence of forebrain with fluid replacement of cerebral tissue

trident hand is associated with

achondroplasia

Ectopic Endometrial tissue (endometriosis) within the uterine myometrium.

adenomyosis

thickened posterior myometrium

adenomyosis

posterior to broad ligaments and adjacent to uterus

adnexa

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

aka polycystic ovary syndrome, young women, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism p295

most severe form of holoproencephaly

alobar

Hematometrocolpos is associated with

amennorhea

Megacystis

an abnormally enlarged urinary bladder

megacystitis

an abnormally enlarged urinary bladder

limb-body wall complex

anomaly with large cranial defects, facial cleft, large body wall defects, and limb abnormalities

most common colonic atrasia

anorectal atrasia

Periovulatory phase

another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation

Rh sensitization

antibodies from mom attack fetal red blood cells -cause enlargement of liver,spleen and accumulates fluid in body cavities

Elevated MSAFP is associated with

any OPEN neural tube defect

peripheral arteries of the uterus are

arcuate arteries

macrosomia

baby with a large body

Macroglossia associated with

beckwith widemann

fibroma

benign ovarian tumor

trisomy 18

bilat choroid cysts, micrognathia, rockerbottom, oomphlocele

dysplastic renal disease

bilat cysts in renal fossa, absent bladder, oligohydro

BPP 2 points for

breathing, movements, tone and fluid

which mass can mimic a pedunculated fibroid

brenner tumor

Proper technique for obtaining the nuchal thickness measurement?

Axial plane at level of csp angling coronal to include cerebellum and occipital bone

Pentalogy of Cantrell

cardio malf diagphragmatic malf omphalocele

Uncontrolled maternal pregestational diabetes has a strong association with

caudal regression syndrome

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

caused by onset of acute high blood pressure

most common female malignancy in women <50

cervical carcinoma

most common female malignancy in women younger than 50yo

cervical carcinoma

fingerlike extensions of trophoblastic tissue that invade the decidualized endo

chorionic villi

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as

colpocephaly

ductus arteriosus

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

most dangerous ectopic pregnancy site for the mother

cornual

Largest part of uterus

corpus

Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?

corpus albicans

graafin follicle ruptures into

corpus luteum

The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the

cumulus oophorus

allotonic cyst

cyst found in umbilical cord

most common benign tumor

cystic teratoma

What type of mass results from retention of an unfertilized ovum that differentiates into the three germ cell layers

cystic teratoma: dermoid cyst

Most likely elevated with ovarian cystadenocarcinoma

CA - 125

nuchal fold measurement obtained at

CSP

All the following result in an increased MSAFP except Cebocephaly Limb body wall complex Gastaroschisis Anencephaly

Cebocephaly

Close set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed: A) Cebocephaly B) Cyclopia C) Ethmocephaly D) Epignathus

Cebocephaly

cardinal ligament connects

Cervix to lateral fornix of the vagina

In the fetus, what's responsible for creating cerebrospinal fluid?

Choroid plexus

Spins bifida occulta

Closed defect Sacral dimple

normal fetus in TTTS

pump twin

hydrocephalus

refers to the dilatation of the ventricular system caused by an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in increased intraventricular pressure

Lying down adrenal sign associated with

renal agenisis

gastroschisis occurs often __ of cord insert

rt lat

thick and echogenic endo coincides with what phase and measurements

secretory and 7-14mm

Brachycephalic

short wide head

rhizomelia

shortening of the proximal segment of a limb

Morula

solid ball of cells

Most common neural tube defect

spina bifida and anencephaly

elevated msafp is associated with

spina bifida aperta and anencephaly

which neural tube defect has normal AFP

spina bifida occulta

functional layer of endometrium

spiral arteries

micrognathia is associated with

syndromes - trisomy 18 chromosomal abnormalities

A large aorta overrides a ventricular septal defect, and the pulmonary outflow tract is hypoplastic.

tetrology of fallot

most common short limb system

thanatophoric dysplasia

shortening and bowed tibia

thanotophoric dysplasia

Alobar holoprosencephaly

the most severe form of holoprosencephaly

chorion frondosum

the part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta

HCG levels 100,000 mIU/ml (^HCG) , what can be found?

theca lutein cyst

estrogen producing tumor

thecoma

postmenopausal HRT endo appearance

thickens endo to a variable degree, comparable to premenopausal female

Brenner tumor

transitional cell tumor

Meigs syndrome

triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

cleft lip, hypotelerism, microphthalmia

trisomy 13

fusion of thalami and monoventricle

trisomy 13

low in MSAFP, estriol, HCG, and PAPP-A

trisomy 18 and turners

clindactyly, EICF, hyperechoic bowel

trisomy 21

low in all except elevated HCG

trisomy 21

eclampsia

true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma

one outflow tract is seen in

truncus arteriosis

cystic hygroma commonly found in

turners syndrome

cystic hygroma is seen in

turners syndrome

webbing of the neck and short stature is found in infertile females with history of

turners syndrome

low msAFP may be associated with

turners, trisomy 18 & 21

obstruction at ureterovesicular junction would result in enlargement of

ureters, renal pelvis and renal calyces

A complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina is

uterus didelphys

which cranial finding can cause CHF and fetal hydrops?

vein of Galen Aneurysm

Down syndrome characteristics

widened pelvic angles and duodenal atrasia