Ob
thanatophoric
death bearing
Androblastoma
( Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) -Malignant sex cord stroll ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilzation -abnormal menses -hirsuitism
Omphalocele associated with
- Beckwith-Wiedemann - Edwards - Down's -pentalogy of cantrell -IUGR
ARPKD
-enlarged bilateral echogenic kidneys -oligohydramnios
whats true about cystic hygroma
-it is a lymphatic malformation -can be associated with hydrops -commonly seen in neck
Typical range for diagnostic ultrasound imaging
1 MHz- 20 MHz
fully formed heart by
10 weeks
Fetal stomach should be visualized by
14 weeks
ovulation occurs when graffian follicle reaches what size
2.5 cm
The S/D ratio in the umbilical artery should not exceed _____ in the 3rd trimester
3:1
Choroid plexus can be found in the roof of the
3rd and 4th ventricles
early proliferative phase endo thickness range
4mm-8mm
A nuchal fold measurement above _____ is a marker for trisomy 21?
6 mm
yolk sac is abnormal when greater than
6mm
renal pelvis shouldnt exceed
7mm <20 weeks 10mm >20 weeks
fetal kidneys are in pelvis before
9 weeks
What percentage of esophogeal atrasia has a tracheoesophogeal fistula?
90%
Measurement best predicting IUGR
AC
Ovarian yolk sac tumor most likely has an elevation in
AFP
a change in menstrual bleeding assoc with lesions in uterus is known as
AUB
Aneuploidy
Abnormal number of chromosomes.
Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except
Absent mineralization of the skull
Artifact produced when sound beam barely attenuated through a fluid filled or a fluid containing structure
Acoustic enhancement
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to AUB is termed
Adenomyosis
Clinical finding suspicious for Asherman syndrome
Amenorrhea
Structure without echoes
Anechoic
Most likely associated with an elevated MSAFP
Arnold Chiari malformation
What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures?
Arthrogryposis
macroglossia
Associated with beckwith Weismann syndrome and Down syndrome
Tetrology of Fallot
DROP (Defect, septal, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aortas, Pulmonary stenosis)
chorion frondosum
Decidualized tissue at the implantation site containing chorionic villi part-of the chorion that develops into the fetal portion of the placenta
Caudal regression syndrome is associated with
Diabetes, mermaid sign and sirenomelia
Lambda sign: triangular extension of placenta at base of membrane indicates
Dichorionic diamniotic
Duodenal atresia is associated with
Down syndrome esophogeal atrasia VACTERL
Echogenic bowel is usually associated with
Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis
Clomid/clomiphene
Drug that increases FSH to treat infertility
Double bubble sign
Duodenal atresia
Most common germ cell tumor in ovary
Dysgerminoma
endometritis complains of
Dyspareunia, pelvic tenderness, fever and leukocytosis
"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement. What defect? What cause?
Ebstein anomaly Lithium
H/o pid, pain, bleeding. Thick endo with no gest sac and fluid in post cul de sac. Suspect?
Ectopic pregnancy
Trisomy 18
Edwards syndrome
bilat choroid cysts is associated with
Edwards syndrome
Cloaca
Embryonic structure that develops into normal rectum & urogenital sinus
Protrusion of brain and/or meninges thru skull defect
Encephalocele
The ovaries release estrogen and progesterone and are what kind of glands?
Endocrine
different gender twins
dichorionic
UPJO can be a marker for
down syndrome
echogenic bowel is seen in
down syndrome
achondroplasia
dwarfism
adenomyosis clinical features
dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain heavy menses bulky, globular & tender uterus abnormal menses dysparunia
"Atrialized" right ventricle due to downward tricuspid valve displacement. What defect?
ebstein anomoly
malformation or malposition of tricuspic valve enlarged RA hydrops
ebstein anomoly
rhabdomyomas
echogenic mass most frequent primary cardiac tumor in children associated with tuberous sclerosis
Three germ cell layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
low hematocrit suspect
ectopic pregnancy/bleeding
cloacal extrophy ___ MSAFP
elevated
yolk sac tumor
elevated AFP
omphalocele and gastrochisis levels
elevated MSAFP
Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
endometriosis- younger with fertility problems adenomyosis- older and multiparous
no visable stomach and polyhydro
esophogeal atrasia
fibroids may grow with ____ stimulation
estrogen
Meigs syndrome is associated with what ovarian tumor?
fibroma
hydrocolpos
fluid filled vagina
Sono findings of heterozygous achondroplasia
frontal bossing and trident hand
achondroplasia characteristics
frontal bossing, trident hand
encephalocele
herniation of brain tissue in occipital region
maternal uterine artery abnormal waveform
high resistance
fluid in the brain with brain stem and basal ganglia
hydranencephaly
preeclampsia
hypertension, edema, and proteinuria during pregnancy
The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are the:
iliopsoas
paired muscles lateral to uterus and anterior to iliac crest
iliopsoas muscles
Most common cause of abnormal serum screening tests
incorrect dating
cloacal exstrophy lab value
increased MSAFP
Dandy-Walker malformation
is a development anomaly characterized by hypoplasia/abscene of the cerebellar vermis (issues with walking) and cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle with posterior fossa enlargment. Patients often present during infancy with developmental delay and progressive skull enlargment. Non-commnicating hydrocephalus is also possible.
congenital anomolies of __ and __ often coexist
kidneys and uterus
Moth eaten appearance may have ascites most likely matastisized from GI tract
krukenberg tumor
The fetal cranial suture located between the parietal bone and occipital bone is the:
lambdoidal suture
Transducers have material within them that, when electronically stimulated, produces ultrasound waves. This is most likely some form of:
lead zirconate titanate
Achondrogenesis
lethal autosomal recessive short-limb dwarfism marked by long-bone and trunk shortening, decreased echogenicity of the bones and spine, and "flipper-like" appendages
the floor of the pelvis is made up of which muscles
levator ani
pelvic diaphragm muscles
levator ani and coccygeus
pelvic muscle located between coccyx and pubis
levator ani muscle
theca lutein cyst
linked with triploidy and molar pregnancy
Space of Retzius
located between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis; contains extraperitoneal fat
triploidy characteristics
low set ears, single cord, syndactly, cardiac/brain and facial defects
diaphragmatic hernia is most common on
lt side
thick and echogenic endometrium is which ovarian cycle
luteal phase
pseudomyxoma peritnei
malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material know as
Molar pregnancies are associated with
maternal hypertension
Sirenomelia
mermaid syndrome fused LE renal agenisis/oligohydro
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
most common type of ovarian carcinoma; may be bilateral with multilocular cysts
bicornuate uterus is most common __ anomoly
mullerian duct
uterine malformations are a result of fusion anomolies of
mullerian ducts
sono findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma
multilocular cystic masses with ascites around ovary
mothers with pregestational diabetes have an increased risk of a fetus with
neural tube defects
most malignant adrenal tumor
neuroblastoma
PCOD is linked with which malignant diseases?
Endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer
What hormone initiates thickening of the endometrium?
Estrogen
Which hormone encourages induction of salt and water, also simulates contractile motion in uterus myometrium and fallopian tubes?
Estrogen
Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?
Estrogen
homozygous achondroplasia
Fatal Both parents are dwarfs
Pergonal
Fertility drug extracted from urine of postmenopausal female. Extracts a hormone
Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio used to analyze
Fetal lung maturity
IUGR
Fetus that is below 10 percentile for GA & whose growth is impeded for some reason
RUQ pain
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Narrowest part of the sound beam
Focus
Vitamin that significantly reduces likelihood of neural tube defect
Folate
Proliferative phase of endo cycle coincides with which ovarian phase?
Follicular
Normal opening between atriums
Foramen ovale
Opening between atrial septum
Foramen ovale
Intracranial calcifications
Found with TORCH infections
Technique where Oocyte and sperm placed in Fallopian tube laparoscopically
GIFT Gamete intrafallopian tube transfer
most common system abnormal findings
Genitourinary (fetal hydro)
Truncus arteriosus
Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk overriding Vsd
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is
GnRH
Most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age
HC
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
HCG
possible cause of asymetric IUGR
nutritional deficiency
muscle lateral to ovaries
obturator internus muscle
trophoblast cells produce
Hcg
esophogeal atrasia is not associated with
oligohydro
Oomphalocele
Herniation of the bowels into umbilicus at cord insert
Menstrual and proliferative phase normal ovarian flow is
High resistant
normal ovarian flow
High resistant during menstruation & low resistance at time of ovulation
Facial abnormalities, analyze brain
Hydraencephaly
succenturiate placenta
one or more accessory lobes connected to the body of the placenta by blood vessels
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Hypoplastic or absent distal spine and sacrum. Blunted conus.
Elevated MSAFP is associated with
open neural tube defects, gastroschisis, oomphalocele, multiple gestation, incorrect gestational dating, fetal death, placental abnormalities, open spina bifida
Treatment for patient with separate uterus to increase fertility
Hysteroscopic uterine septoplasty
Abnormal flow patterns in uterine artery during pregnancy indicated increased risk for
IUGR
Mittelschmerz
ovulation pain
another term for mullerian duct
paramesonephric duct
Ectopic Cordis is associated with ____.
pentalogy of cantrell
The three-line sign is seen with the __________ phase of the endometrium.
periovulatory
absent long bones with hands and feet arising from shoulders/hips
phocomelia
pelvic muscles confused for ovaries
piriformis and iliopsoas
which muscles can be confused for ovaries or adnexal masses?
piriformis and iliopsoas
bilat. muscles located posterior to and extend from sacrum to femoral greater trochanter
piriformis muscle
Eventration of the diaphragm
Lack of muscle in dome of diaphragm
the three line sign of the endometrium is represented by which endo phase
Late proliferative or periovulatory
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
Left Atrium
Hammock shaped pelvic muscle located between coccyx and pubis
Levaron ani
Grade 2 placenta
Linear comma-like densities indenting into the chorionic plate *only*. Echogenic densities at basal plate
Normal ovarian Doppler during secretory phase of menstrual cycle
Low resistance
Syndrome associated with microcephalic, encephalocele, polydactyly and polycystic enlarged echo kidneys
Meckel-Gruber syndrome
Most common renal tumor
Mesoblastic nephroma (harmartoma)
Turner Syndrome
Monosomy X
Heterozygous Achondroplasia
Most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by rhizomelia
Ovarian mass associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except
Multiple dislocated joints
cystic hygroma common location
Neck
Mesocephaly
Normal shaped head
Cloacal extrosphy may also be referred to as:
OEIS complex oomphalocele bladder extrophy imperforated anus spina bifida
What can result from fertility treatment
OHS ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome
Spina bífida aperta
Open defect Meningocele or meningomyelocele
A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Endo appears thick and echo. What phase is the ovary and endo?
Ovary luteal Endo secretory
endometrial cancer is associated with
PCOD
Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB?
PCOS
A high hematocrit indicates
PID, endometritis
Ectopic corsos is a finding in which condition?
Pentalogy of Cantrell
Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes
Phocomelia
bat wing sign
Pleural effusion (unilateral)
polyhydramnios and femoral length is less than 5th percentile. What is suggested?
Possible skeletal anomalies, measure all bones
follicular phase of ovarian cycle
Proliferative endo
What is not a pelvic muscle?
Psoas
moderator band is within
RV
unilateral hydronephrosis can be confirmed with
Renal diameter greater than 10mm
Endometritis sonographic findings
Ring down artifact posterior to endo
All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except
S-shaped spine
Leuteal phase coincides with which endo cycle
Secretory
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
Secretory endo
Micromelia
Shortening of the entire limb
most common intracranial tumor in utero?
Teratoma
Cloverleaf skull related to
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Which of the following is true for the diagnosis of clubfoot?
The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula.
What syndrome is associated with holoprosencephaly?
Trisomy 13
Which syndrome is least likely to have increased nuchal translucency?
Trisomy 13
absent nasal bone is associated with
Trisomy 21
Echogenic masses within myocardium associated with
Tuberous sclerosis
Supine hypotension syndrome, uterus compressing ivc. Patient becomes pale and sweaty what should you do?
Turn patient on her side
Acardiac Twinning
Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP). Severe variant of TTTS. Complication of only monochorionic twins.
Most common form of fetal renal obstruction
UPJ Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Return Deoxigenated blood from fetus to placenta
Umbilical arteries
VACTERL association
Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac anomalies (esp. VSD) TracheoEsophageal fistula Renal and genital defects Limb defects (radial hypoplasia, syndactyly, polydactyly)
Trisomy 8
Warkany syndrome 2
Ovarian torsion associated with
Whirlpool sign
erythroblastosis fetalis
a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
Hydranencephaly
a fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing cerebrospinal fluid
Meckel-Gruber syndrome
a fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys
Holoprosencephaly
a group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of the midline structures, and associated facial anomalies
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver
Anencephaly
a neural tube defect that is described as the absence of the cranium and cerebral hemispheres
Pulmonary sequestration
a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply echogenic triangular shape in heart
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
Hydrancephaly
absence of forebrain with fluid replacement of cerebral tissue
trident hand is associated with
achondroplasia
Ectopic Endometrial tissue (endometriosis) within the uterine myometrium.
adenomyosis
thickened posterior myometrium
adenomyosis
posterior to broad ligaments and adjacent to uterus
adnexa
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
aka polycystic ovary syndrome, young women, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism p295
most severe form of holoproencephaly
alobar
Hematometrocolpos is associated with
amennorhea
Megacystis
an abnormally enlarged urinary bladder
megacystitis
an abnormally enlarged urinary bladder
limb-body wall complex
anomaly with large cranial defects, facial cleft, large body wall defects, and limb abnormalities
most common colonic atrasia
anorectal atrasia
Periovulatory phase
another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation
Rh sensitization
antibodies from mom attack fetal red blood cells -cause enlargement of liver,spleen and accumulates fluid in body cavities
Elevated MSAFP is associated with
any OPEN neural tube defect
peripheral arteries of the uterus are
arcuate arteries
macrosomia
baby with a large body
Macroglossia associated with
beckwith widemann
fibroma
benign ovarian tumor
trisomy 18
bilat choroid cysts, micrognathia, rockerbottom, oomphlocele
dysplastic renal disease
bilat cysts in renal fossa, absent bladder, oligohydro
BPP 2 points for
breathing, movements, tone and fluid
which mass can mimic a pedunculated fibroid
brenner tumor
Proper technique for obtaining the nuchal thickness measurement?
Axial plane at level of csp angling coronal to include cerebellum and occipital bone
Pentalogy of Cantrell
cardio malf diagphragmatic malf omphalocele
Uncontrolled maternal pregestational diabetes has a strong association with
caudal regression syndrome
Preeclampsia and eclampsia
caused by onset of acute high blood pressure
most common female malignancy in women <50
cervical carcinoma
most common female malignancy in women younger than 50yo
cervical carcinoma
fingerlike extensions of trophoblastic tissue that invade the decidualized endo
chorionic villi
The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as
colpocephaly
ductus arteriosus
connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
most dangerous ectopic pregnancy site for the mother
cornual
Largest part of uterus
corpus
Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?
corpus albicans
graafin follicle ruptures into
corpus luteum
The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the
cumulus oophorus
allotonic cyst
cyst found in umbilical cord
most common benign tumor
cystic teratoma
What type of mass results from retention of an unfertilized ovum that differentiates into the three germ cell layers
cystic teratoma: dermoid cyst
Most likely elevated with ovarian cystadenocarcinoma
CA - 125
nuchal fold measurement obtained at
CSP
All the following result in an increased MSAFP except Cebocephaly Limb body wall complex Gastaroschisis Anencephaly
Cebocephaly
Close set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed: A) Cebocephaly B) Cyclopia C) Ethmocephaly D) Epignathus
Cebocephaly
cardinal ligament connects
Cervix to lateral fornix of the vagina
In the fetus, what's responsible for creating cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus
Spins bifida occulta
Closed defect Sacral dimple
normal fetus in TTTS
pump twin
hydrocephalus
refers to the dilatation of the ventricular system caused by an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in increased intraventricular pressure
Lying down adrenal sign associated with
renal agenisis
gastroschisis occurs often __ of cord insert
rt lat
thick and echogenic endo coincides with what phase and measurements
secretory and 7-14mm
Brachycephalic
short wide head
rhizomelia
shortening of the proximal segment of a limb
Morula
solid ball of cells
Most common neural tube defect
spina bifida and anencephaly
elevated msafp is associated with
spina bifida aperta and anencephaly
which neural tube defect has normal AFP
spina bifida occulta
functional layer of endometrium
spiral arteries
micrognathia is associated with
syndromes - trisomy 18 chromosomal abnormalities
A large aorta overrides a ventricular septal defect, and the pulmonary outflow tract is hypoplastic.
tetrology of fallot
most common short limb system
thanatophoric dysplasia
shortening and bowed tibia
thanotophoric dysplasia
Alobar holoprosencephaly
the most severe form of holoprosencephaly
chorion frondosum
the part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta
HCG levels 100,000 mIU/ml (^HCG) , what can be found?
theca lutein cyst
estrogen producing tumor
thecoma
postmenopausal HRT endo appearance
thickens endo to a variable degree, comparable to premenopausal female
Brenner tumor
transitional cell tumor
Meigs syndrome
triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
cleft lip, hypotelerism, microphthalmia
trisomy 13
fusion of thalami and monoventricle
trisomy 13
low in MSAFP, estriol, HCG, and PAPP-A
trisomy 18 and turners
clindactyly, EICF, hyperechoic bowel
trisomy 21
low in all except elevated HCG
trisomy 21
eclampsia
true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma
one outflow tract is seen in
truncus arteriosis
cystic hygroma commonly found in
turners syndrome
cystic hygroma is seen in
turners syndrome
webbing of the neck and short stature is found in infertile females with history of
turners syndrome
low msAFP may be associated with
turners, trisomy 18 & 21
obstruction at ureterovesicular junction would result in enlargement of
ureters, renal pelvis and renal calyces
A complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina is
uterus didelphys
which cranial finding can cause CHF and fetal hydrops?
vein of Galen Aneurysm
Down syndrome characteristics
widened pelvic angles and duodenal atrasia