OB Chapter 2 - Personality and Values

Define narcissism.

(Dark triad) -People demonstrate grandiose, obsessive beliefs in their superiority and entitlement. -Aggressively engage in attention seeking behaviours Intense envy of others. -Exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement. -Named after Narcissus - Greek mythology young male hunter who was so obsessed with his beauty and could not stop admiring his reflection in the water resulting in death by thirst.

What are organizational politics in relation to the dark triad?

Use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization.

Define Machiavellianism.

(Dark triad) -People demonstrate strong motivation to achieve their goals at the expense of others. -Believe deceit is natural and acceptable. -Take pleasure in outwitting and misleading. -Cynical disregard for morality. -Seldom empathize or trust others. -Named after Niccolò Machiavelli - 16th century Italian philosopher who wrote The Prince, a famous treatise about political behaviour.

Define psychopathy.

(Dark triad) -People dominate and manipulate others without remorse or anxiety. -Use superficial charm. -Social predators who engage in antisocial, impulsive, and often fraudulent thrill seeking behaviour.

What are some factors that are associated with moral sensitivity?

-Expertise or knowledge of prescriptive norms and rules. Previous experience with specific moral dilemmas. -Ability to empathize with those affected by the decision. -Strong self view of being a morally sensitive person. -Mindfulness: persons receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one's own thoughts and emotions in that moment.

Why is there sometimes a disconnect between someone's personal values and their individual behaviours?

-External situation does not allow (e.g. strong transcendent person values recycling but lack recycling facilities). -Presence of strong counter-motivational forces (e.g. ppl caught in illegal business dealings attribute activities to pressure from management). -Don't actively think about values all the time (e.g. not relevant in many situations; routine decisions).

What are limitations of the Five Factor Model?

-Higher scores isn't always better. -Specific traits sometimes predict better than the Big Five factors. -Personality isn't static. -The five-factor model does not cover all personality aspects.

What are the four elements of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

1. Extraversion --> Introversion 2. Sensing --> Intuitive 3. Thinking --> Feeling 4. Judging --> Perceiving

What are the five values with cross cultural significance?

1. Individualism - ross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness; personal freedom, self sufficiency, control over lives, unique qualities to others 2. Collectivism - cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony; value goals and wellbeing of ppl within those groups 3. Power Distance - cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society; obedience to authority, resolve differences through formal procedures 4. Uncertainty avoidance - cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance) 5. Achievement-nurturing orientation - cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people

What are the four major values?

1. Openness to change - extent person is motivated to pursue innovative ways 2. Conservation - extent person is motivated to preserve status quo 3. Self enhancement - extent person is motivated by self interest 4. Self transcendence - extent person is motivated to promote welfare of others and nature

What are the four ethical principles?

1. Utilitarianism - moral obligation to seek greatest good for greatest number of ppl; whose option with highest degree of satisfaction 2. Individual rights - everyone has set of natural rights; freedom of speech, freedom of movement, right to physical security, fair trial; legal and human rights as norm of society 3. Distributive justice - benefits and burdens of similar individuals should be the same otherwise they should be proportional 4. Ethic of care - moral obligation to help others within their relational sphere to grow and self actualize; caring for others is fundamental characteristic of humanity

Motowa is a new employee who comes from a culture that values respect for people in higher positions and values the wellbeing of others more than goal achievement. Motowa's culture would have: a) a high power distance and nurturing orientation. b) high collectivism and short-term orientation. c) low uncertainty avoidance and high individualism. d) low power distance and strong nurturing orientation. e) None of the answers apply.

A

The main explanation why personality becomes more stable over time is that: a) as we age we form a clearer and more rigid self-concept. b) life experiences cause personality to become more hidden from view. c) people become less open to new experiences. d) people form clearer and less rigid self-concepts as they get older. e) All of the answers are correct.

A

Which of the following is NOT a work-related behaviour? a) Competencies b) Absenteeism c) Joining the organization d) Showing up for work at scheduled times e) Performing required tasks

A

______________ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour. a) Motivation b) Personality c) Values d) Ethics e) Ability

A

What are the categories in the value "self enhancement"?

Achievement, power, hedonism.

At what age does your personality stabilize? Why?

Aged 30. Self view becomes clearer and more stable with age which increases stability and consistency of personality/behaviour.

1You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely: a) emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making. b) have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions. c) have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work. d) have above average organizational citizenship. e) have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations.

B

Being good-natured, empathetic, caring, and courteous are characteristic of people with which personality trait? a) Openness to experience b) Agreeableness c) Locus of control d) Emotional stability Extroversion

B

Organizational citizenship refers to: a) the employee's right to vote for the company president. b) employee behaviours that extend beyond normal job duties. c) the organization's obligations to society. d) the organization's attachment to a particular country rather than being a global entity. e) the organization's obligations to society and the organization's attachment to a particular country rather than being a global entity

B

What does the dark triad predict?

Counterproductive work behaviours.

What are the categories in the value "self transcendence"?

Benevolence, universalism.

The MARS model explicitly identifies which of the following factors? a) Rewards b) Recreational activities c) Neuroticism d) Situational factors e) All of the answers are correct.

D

What is the dark triad?

Cluster of three socially undesirable (dark) personality traits: machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

What are some ways a company can support ethical behaviour?

Code of Ethical Conduct. Train and regulate employees about knowledge of proper ethical conduct. Confidential hotline and website typically operated by independent organization.

What are the categories in the value "conservation"?

Conformity, security, tradition.

What is neuroticism?

Describes ppl who are anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental; low neuroticism (high emotional stability) are poised, secure, and calm (Five Factor Model).

What is openness to experience?

Describes ppl who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive; low openness to experience are resistant to change, less open to new ideas, conventional, fixed in their ways (Five Factor Model).

What is conscientiousness?

Describes ppl who are organized, dependable, goal focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious; low conscientiousness ppl are careless, disorganized, less thorough (Five Factor Model).

What is extraversion?

Describes ppl who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive; low extraversion (introversion) are quiet, cautious, less interactive (Five Factor Model).

What is agreeableness?

Describes ppl who are trusting, helpful, good natured, considerable, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible; low agreeableness ppl are uncooperative, intolerant or other's needs, suspicious, self-focused (Five Factor Model).

Showing up at work when one's capacity to perform is significantly diminished by sickness, fatigue, personal problems, or other factors is an example of: a) organizational citizenship behaviour b) counterproductive work behaviour c) employee loyalty d) workaholic behaviour e) presenteeism

E

Which of the following statements about values is FALSE? a) Values help define what is right or wrong and good or bad in the world. b) Values are arranged into a hierarchy of preferences. c) The values that dominate a person's preferences differ across cultures. d) Values guide our decisions and actions. e) A person's hierarchy of values typically changes a few times each year.

E

How is a person's value system developed?

Each person's unique values system is developed and reinforced through socialization from parents, religions, friends, personal experiences, society.

Define personality.

Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics.

True or False? The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a good indicator of job performance.

False. It is a poor predictor of job performance and is not recommended for employment selection or promotion decisions.

What is the Five Factor Model?

Five broad dimensions representing most personality traits (conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion). Each factor predicts different types of employee behaviour to some extent.

What is values congruence?

How similar a person's values hierarchy is the values of hierarchy of the organization.

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

Instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information.

What is the difference between moral intensity and moral sensitivity?

Intensity - degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles Sensitivity - a person's ability to recognize the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance

What are values?

Relatively stable evaluative beliefs that guide a person's preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.

What is the most popular personality test in organizations?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

Nature - genetic or hereditary origins Nurture - socialization, life experiences, interaction with environment

True or false? The hierarchy of values is stable and long lasting.

True.

What are the categories in the value "openness to change"?

Self direction, stimulation, hedonism.

What are the differences between values and personality?

Values - evaluative (what we ought to do) -can conflict with each other -more influenced by socialization Personality - descriptive (what we tend to do) -minimal conflict with each other -more influence by hereditary

What are counterproductive work behaviours (CWB)?

Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm org.

Organizational politics are associated more with _____ collar crime.

White.