OB EXAM 2 chapters 5,6,7, and 8

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Use of Maslow's needs hierarchy

can vary across cultures

In the context of Alderfer's ERG theory, existence needs are

desires for physiological and material well-being

From a __________ perspective, performance measure facilitates decisions relating to planning for and gaining commitment to the continued training and personal development of workers.

developmental

A key finding of the Locke and Latham goal-setting research is that

difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals

The degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy is known as

distributive justice

Intrinsic rewards

do not require the participation of another person or source in the work setting

The primary appeal of graphic rating scales is their

ease of use

A(n) __________ team is one that achieves high levels of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability.

effective

The __________, __________, __________ relationship underlies the logic of any performance-based pay system.

effort; performance; reward

According to expectancy theory, motivation to work hard will be low when

either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is low

The term __________ applies to a wide variety of teams whose members meet regularly to collectively examine important workplace issues

employee participation team

The five stages of team development include all of the following EXCEPT:

journeying

Teams that __________ typically work with a target completion date and disband once their purpose has been fulfilled.

recommend things

A job's motivating potential score can be raised through all of the following methods EXCEPT

reducing tasks to create smaller jobs

The potential disadvantages of job simplification include all of the following EXCEPT

reduction in the skills required to perform a job

Team performance can suffer when:

resources are inefficient to accomplish the task.

The study of social loafing by Price, Harrison, and Gavin designed natural teams consisting of __________.

students working together in course study groups for a semester

According to the integrated model of individual work motivation, a person's job performance is influenced most directly by all of the following EXCEPT

supervision

When teams accomplish more than the total of their individual members' capabilities, __________ occurs.

synergy

The __________ of a team's task include its routineness, difficulty, and information requirements.

technical demands

In the context of motivation, level refers to

the amount of effort a person puts forth

The most common form of __________ is a "4-40" schedule--that is, 40 hours of work is accomplished in four 10-hour days.

the compressed workweek

Although research supports the logic and theoretical benefits of merit pay, it also indicates that

the implementation of merit pay plans is not easy

In the context of motivation, persistence refers to

the length of time a person sticks with a given action

One disadvantage of skill-based pay is

the possible higher pay and training costs that are not offset by greater productivity

All of the following are correct statements regarding the behaviorally anchored rating scales EXCEPT:

the procedure for developing a behaviorally anchored rating scale approach starts with the employee documenting job requirements.

As a team gets larger, all of the following things tend to happen EXCEPT:

turnover and absenteeism decrease.

Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should

understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them

According to expectancy theory, the value the individual attaches to various work outcomes is known as

valence

The potential advantages of virtual teams include all of the following EXCEPT

virtual team members may have very little, if any, direct personal contact.

Teams whose members convene and work together electronically via networked computers are called

virtual teams

The performance advantages of teams over individuals are most evident in all of the following cases EXCEPT:

when a conservative decision is required.

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job dissatisfaction EXCEPT:

work itself

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job satisfaction EXCEPT

working conditions

A person can resolve perceived negative inequity by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

working longer hours.

If the average worker can produce 15 widgets an hour, which goal is likely to lead to the best performance?

18

Which of the following is classified as a content theory?

ERG theory

Which of the following is classified as a process theory?

Equity theory

__________ are positively valued work outcomes that are given to an individual or group by some other person or source in the work setting

Extrinsic rewards

According to Alderfer, which needs reflect a desire for continued personal development?

Growth

Research on Maslow's needs hierarchy suggests which of the following statements to be true?

Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder

To create a successful virtual team, managers should do which of the following?

Managers should do all of the above

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the forming stage of team development?

Members are interested in maintaining the sense of harmony that has been established.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe what is needed to make a merit pay plan work well?

Merit pay should be higher for those employees whom the manager personally favors.

Which equation correctly reflects Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence

Which stage of the team development process is sometimes called initial integration?

Norming

The typical reward systems of organizations emphasize

a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards

__________ is a comprehensive approach to performance appraisal that uses the evaluations of bosses, peers, and subordinates as well as self-ratings, customer ratings, and ratings of others outside the work unit.

360 degree evaluation

Most self-managing teams include between __________ members.

5 and 15

A good size for problem-solving teams is __________.

5-7

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the "best" job design?

A job design that meets organizational requirements for high performance.

__________ rewards employees based on the entire organization's performance

A profit-sharing plan

Which of the following are considered advantages of skill-based pay?

A reduction in compensation costs

Which of the following content theories of motivation is associated with the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power?

Acquired needs theory

Which of the following statements is NOT correct with regard to skill-based pay?

Although it has popular appeal, it is a fairly slow-growing pay innovation.

he ability of a team to perform well across a range of tasks.

Collective intelligence

teams bring together people from different functional departments or work units to work on a common task.

Cross-functional

Which of the following comparisons of Alderfer's ERG theory and Maslow's needs hierarchy is correct?

ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not

In a(n) __________, employees are rewarded by being given company stock or by being allowed to purchase it at a price below market value

ESOP

Since stock prices can fall as well as rise, there is a risk associated with respect to __________ and that risk must be considered in respect to the motivational value of such pay systems.

ESOPS

Which theory is based on the phenomenon of social comparison which states that people will act to eliminate any perceived inequity in the rewards they receive for their work in comparison with the rewards that others receive?

Equity

As a manager at Icon International, Nicole is driven by a personal sense of competence, respect from others, and recognition through various awards. According to Maslow, Nicole is driven by which of these needs?

Esteem

__________ performance appraisal information is useful for making selection and placement decisions.

Evaluative

Which of the following needs are addressed in ERG theory?

Existence, relatedness, and growth

Which of the following is the correct equation for team effectiveness according to the open systems model of teams?

Team effectiveness = Quality of inputs x (Process gains - Process losses)

Which one of the following characteristics truly differentiates self-managing teams from the more traditional work group?

Team members assume duties otherwise performed by a manager or first-line supervisor.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe motivator factors in the two-factor theory?

The absence of motivator factors causes job dissatisfaction.

Which of the following reflects concerns with expectancy theory?

The multiplier effect is still in question.

Which of the following is a limitation of Herzberg's two-factor theory?

The theory may be method bound

Which statement about comparative methods of performance appraisal is false?

This method indicates that one person is better than another on a given dimension

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of team member competencies on team performance?

To achieve success, a team must have the right skills and competencies available for task performance

Mike has always been driven by the need to work more efficiently, solve problems, and master complex tasks. According to McClelland, Mike is classified as driven by a need for:

achievement

In the context of performance appraisal dimensions and standards, __________ measures are typically obtained from the evaluator's observation and rating.

activity

For a performance appraisal system to be valid, it must

actually measure people on relevant job content

The final stage in the team development process is known as the __________ stage.

adjourning

According to McClelland, someone who is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication has a high need for

affiliation

An example of social facilitation occurs when __________.

an athlete performs in front of an enthusiastic hometown audience

A current trend in business today is

an attempt to give bonus opportunities to both managerial and non-managerial jobs

In the context of motivation, direction refers to

an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives

All of the following are steps in a typical sequence of performance management EXCEPT:

assigning people into the roles required to perform job responsibilities

The degree to which the job gives the employee substantial freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling the work and determining the procedures used in carrying it out is referred to as

autonomy

According to the integrated model of individual work motivation, whether or not a work setting proves motivational for an individual depends on the

availability of rewards and their perceived value

When measuring employee performance, managers should make sure that measurements are:

based on clear job performance criteria, accurate in assessing performance, providing a defensible basis for differentiating between high and low performance, useful as feedback that can help future performance.

Team members and leaders can do all of the following to help their teams achieve high performance EXCEPT:

building disagreement so that the team gets multiple opinions.

A __________ occurs when managers lump everyone together around the average, or middle, category; this gives the impression that there are no very good or very poor performers on the dimensions being rates.

central tendency error

All of the following are considered membership characteristics according to the open-systems model of team effectiveness EXCEPT:

cohesiveness

Social needs tend to take on higher importance in

collectivist societies

Rankings, paired comparisons, and forced distributions are types of __________ performance appraisal methods.

comparative

theories of motivation focus on the physiological or psychological deficiencies that people seek to reduce or eliminate

content

Members of __________ can solve problems with a positive combination of functional expertise and integrative or total systems thinking.

cross-functional teams

Researchers have identified the tendency for increasing diversity among team members to create difficulties even as it offers improved potential for problem solving is known as the __________.

diversity-consensus dilemma

Members of a true self-managing work team make decisions on all of the following EXCEPT:

establishing strategy and providing resources to achieve it.

In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs for respect, prestige, recognition, mastery, and a personal sense of competence.

esteem

According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals

expectancies

The expectancy theory of motivation predicts that a person will be motivated to work hard when

expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are all high

Bill is an employee at Burgers-Are-Us. He works hard each and every day so that his picture may be displayed in the restaurant lobby and that he might earn the title "Employee-of-the-Month." Bill is motivated by __________ rewards

extrinsic

According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively less than others have received in proportion to work inputs.

felt negative inequity

According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively more than others have received.

felt positive inequity

An immature group will have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

flexible operating procedures.

A company that requires employees to be at work between 9:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. but allows them to schedule their remaining work day to fit personal needs is using __________

flexible working hours

The research of Lawler generally concludes that

for pay to serve as a motivator, high levels of job performance must be viewed as the path through which high pay can be achieved

Skill-based pay plans reward people

for the mix and depth of skills they possess

The __________ is another name for the functional silos problem.

functional chimney problem

The __________ occurs when members of functional units stay focused on matters internal to the function and minimize their interactions with members of other functions.

functional silos problem

All of the following statements about gain sharing are true EXCEPT

gain sharing plans decrease personal responsibility

The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing is known as

goal setting

Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on all of the following EXECPT:

group instead of individual goals

A __________ results when one person rates another person on several different dimensions and gives a similar rating for each dimension.

halo error

Regarding job enrichment, OB scholars

have been reluctant to recommend job enrichment as a universal solution to all job performance and satisfaction problems

Maslow's __________ theory identifies five levels of individual needs

hierarchy of needs

Process theories of motivation focus on

how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior

In the two-factor theory of motivation, __________ are associated with the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary

hygiene factors

he potential benefits of self-managing teams include all of the following EXCEPT:

ifficulty for some members to adjust to self-managing responsibilities.

All of the following statements describe hygiene factors in the two-factor theory EXCEPT

improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work

The potential advantages of job simplification include all of the following EXCEPT

increased employee turnover

Which of the following statements about job rotation is correct? Job rotation:

increases task variety by shifting workers among jobs involving tasks of similar difficulty

Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management include all of the following EXCEPT:

increasing job content by giving workers more responsibility.

Groups that form spontaneously through personal relationships or special interests, and not by any specific organizational endorsement, are called __________.

informal groups

The potential benefits of informal groups include all of the following EXCEPT

informal groups enable members to establish important goals for the formal work unit

According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by clarifying performance-reward relationships and confirming these relationships when rewards are actually given for performance accomplishments.

instrumentalities

Jason works as a social worker at a local hospital. He loves his job and derives great satisfaction from feeling as though he has helped others and made a difference in the community. Jason is motivated by __________ rewards.

intrinsic

Sometimes called horizontal loading, __________ increases job breadth by having the worker perform more and different tasks, but all at the same level of responsibility and challenge

job enlargement

Alternative work arrangements commonly used today include all of the following EXCEPT:

job enrichment

Herzberg recommends building motivators into job content by using

job enrichment

n organization that is able to employ two persons as one by having one person work mornings and the other person work afternoons on the same job is reaping the benefits of:

job sharing

Whether part of a formal work unit, a temporary task force, or a virtual team, the group itself passes through a series of __________.

life cycle stages

All of the following are negatives about telecommuting EXCEPT:

lower employee satisfaction

Members of teams that __________ must have good long-term working relationships with one another, solid operating systems, and the external support needed to achieve effectiveness over a sustained period of time.

make or do things

MBO is

management by objectives, a process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate, a process that helps clarify the hierarchy of objectives, a process that extends participation of establishing goals to jointly evaluating them

When a team's members believe that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs, the __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated.

member satisfaction

Key team inputs include all of the following EXCEPT:

member satisfaction.

Some people argue that __________ are not consistent with the demands of today's organizations because they fail to recognize the high degree of task interdependence among employees

merit pay plans

The ERG theory contends that

more than one need may be activated at the same time

All of the following are core job characteristics as identified by Hackman and Oldham EXCEPT:

motivating potential

refers to forces within an individual that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person's effort expended at work

motivation

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, __________ factors are the sources of job satisfaction.

motivator

When voting is required in problem solving teams, __________.

odd numbers of team members are preferred

In the context of performance appraisal dimensions and standards, the goal of meeting product specification standards is an example of a(n)

output measure

Content theories attempt to explain work behaviors based on

pathways to need satisfaction and the influence of blocked needs

Merit pay is an attempt to make pay contingent upon

performance

According to McClelland, it is

possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs

According to McClelland, someone who seeks influence over others and likes attention has a high need for

power

The degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied is known as

procedural justice

All of the following statements about profit-sharing are true EXCEPT

profit sharing plans have no criticisms

For a performance appraisal system to be reliable, it must

provide consistent results each time it is used

Accenture and Booz Allen Hamilton offer suggestions for attracting and retaining talented working mothers. These include all of the following EXCEPT:

requiring employees to take challenging jobs requiring travel.

Teams that __________ may exist at all levels of responsibility, from the individual work unit composed of a team leader and team members to the top management team composed of a CEO and other senior executives.

run things

In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs for security, protection, and stability in the physical and interpersonal events of day-to-day life.

safety

In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs to fulfill oneself as well as to grow and use abilities to the fullest and most creative extent

self-actualization

Self-managing teams are also known as __________.

self-directed work teams

The awarding of cash bonuses is especially common in the __________ of organizations

senior executive ranks

The basic foundation of equity theory is

social comparison

The __________ of a team's task involve relationships, ego involvement, controversies over means and ends, and the like.

social demands

When people work less hard in teams than they would individually, __________ occurs.

social loafing

Job simplification is a job design approach that

standardizes work procedures and employs people in clearly defined and highly specialized tasks

When a team achieves its performance goals regarding quantity, quality, and timeliness of work results, the __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated.

task performance

The open systems model of team effectiveness suggests that team effectiveness is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

task performance.

The __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated when the members of a team are sufficiently satisfied to continue working well together on an ongoing basis and/or look forward to working together again at some future point in time.

team viability

Tasks that are complex in __________ require unique solutions and more information processing than other tasks.

technical demands

All of the following descriptions of Maslow's needs hierarchy are correct EXCEPT

the satisfaction of a need at one level will always decrease its importance and increase the importance of the next lower need

The performing stage of team development is described by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

the team structure is unstable.

Self-managed teams have structural and management implications for organizations because they largely eliminate __________.

the top management team

During which stage of team development does hostility and infighting occur with the team typically experiencing many changes?

Storming

__________ is a method of performance appraisal that uses a small number of performance categories, such as "very good," "good," "adequate," and "very poor," and slots a certain proportion of people into each category.

Forced distribution

During what stage of team development may a team member ask, "What can the group offer me? Can my needs be met at the same time that I contribute to the group?

Forming

Which stage of team development has a primary concern with the initial entry of members to the team?

Forming

Which of the following sequences accurately describes the order of the stages of team development?

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

consist of persons with natural affinities for one another, and who tend to work together, sit together, take breaks together, and even do things together outside of the workplace

Friendship groups

__________ is a pay system that links pay and performance by giving the workers the opportunity to share in productivity gains through increased earnings

Gain sharing

Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of homogeneous teams?

Homogeneous teams have members who are similar with respect to such variables as age, gender, race, experience, ethnicity, and culture.

__________ teams have members who are very similar to one another.

Homogenous

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the storming stage of team development?

Hostility and infighting seldom occur.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Herzberg's hygiene factors?

Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary

All of the following statements about the equity theory of motivation are correct EXCEPT:

It is a content theory of motivation.

When your manager increases your job content by giving you more responsibility for planning and evaluating duties, which job design approach is being used?

Job enrichment

Which of the following statements about goal setting is INCORRECT?

Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals

Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT:

Locke and Latham's goal setting theory

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the norming stage of team development?

Minority viewpoints, deviations from group directions, and criticism are welcomed as members experience a preliminary sense of closeness.

__________ is a method of performance appraisal whereby each person is directly compared with every other person being rated.

Paired comparison

Which one of the following statements about the application and/or implications of equity theory is NOT accurate?

People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work.

Which statement about acquired needs theory is correct?

People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback.

Which stage of the team development process is sometimes called total integration?

Performing

Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as lower-order needs?

Physiological, safety, and social

Which of the following is the correct order of Maslow's needs from the lowest (lower-order need) to the highest (higher-order need)?

Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and so on.

Physiological; safety; social, esteem

__________ refers to a person's relative rank, prestige, and standing in a group.

Prominence

__________ is a technique of performance appraisal that involves ordering each individual from best to worst on each performance dimension being considered.

Ranking

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which needs reflect a desire for satisfying interpersonal relationships?

Relatedness

Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as higher-order needs?

Self-actualization and esteem

__________ is a system that rewards people for acquiring and developing job-relevant skills.

Skill-based pay

Leslie strives to maintain strong interpersonal relationships. She is a member of a book club, a sewing club, and a tennis club because she enjoys feeling a sense of belonging. According to Maslow, Leslie is driven by which these needs?

Social

Research on subconscious goal motivation was conducted by

Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair


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