OB EXAM 2 chapters 5,6,7, and 8
Use of Maslow's needs hierarchy
can vary across cultures
In the context of Alderfer's ERG theory, existence needs are
desires for physiological and material well-being
From a __________ perspective, performance measure facilitates decisions relating to planning for and gaining commitment to the continued training and personal development of workers.
developmental
A key finding of the Locke and Latham goal-setting research is that
difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals
The degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy is known as
distributive justice
Intrinsic rewards
do not require the participation of another person or source in the work setting
The primary appeal of graphic rating scales is their
ease of use
A(n) __________ team is one that achieves high levels of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability.
effective
The __________, __________, __________ relationship underlies the logic of any performance-based pay system.
effort; performance; reward
According to expectancy theory, motivation to work hard will be low when
either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is low
The term __________ applies to a wide variety of teams whose members meet regularly to collectively examine important workplace issues
employee participation team
The five stages of team development include all of the following EXCEPT:
journeying
Teams that __________ typically work with a target completion date and disband once their purpose has been fulfilled.
recommend things
A job's motivating potential score can be raised through all of the following methods EXCEPT
reducing tasks to create smaller jobs
The potential disadvantages of job simplification include all of the following EXCEPT
reduction in the skills required to perform a job
Team performance can suffer when:
resources are inefficient to accomplish the task.
The study of social loafing by Price, Harrison, and Gavin designed natural teams consisting of __________.
students working together in course study groups for a semester
According to the integrated model of individual work motivation, a person's job performance is influenced most directly by all of the following EXCEPT
supervision
When teams accomplish more than the total of their individual members' capabilities, __________ occurs.
synergy
The __________ of a team's task include its routineness, difficulty, and information requirements.
technical demands
In the context of motivation, level refers to
the amount of effort a person puts forth
The most common form of __________ is a "4-40" schedule--that is, 40 hours of work is accomplished in four 10-hour days.
the compressed workweek
Although research supports the logic and theoretical benefits of merit pay, it also indicates that
the implementation of merit pay plans is not easy
In the context of motivation, persistence refers to
the length of time a person sticks with a given action
One disadvantage of skill-based pay is
the possible higher pay and training costs that are not offset by greater productivity
All of the following are correct statements regarding the behaviorally anchored rating scales EXCEPT:
the procedure for developing a behaviorally anchored rating scale approach starts with the employee documenting job requirements.
As a team gets larger, all of the following things tend to happen EXCEPT:
turnover and absenteeism decrease.
Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should
understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them
According to expectancy theory, the value the individual attaches to various work outcomes is known as
valence
The potential advantages of virtual teams include all of the following EXCEPT
virtual team members may have very little, if any, direct personal contact.
Teams whose members convene and work together electronically via networked computers are called
virtual teams
The performance advantages of teams over individuals are most evident in all of the following cases EXCEPT:
when a conservative decision is required.
According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job dissatisfaction EXCEPT:
work itself
According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job satisfaction EXCEPT
working conditions
A person can resolve perceived negative inequity by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
working longer hours.
If the average worker can produce 15 widgets an hour, which goal is likely to lead to the best performance?
18
Which of the following is classified as a content theory?
ERG theory
Which of the following is classified as a process theory?
Equity theory
__________ are positively valued work outcomes that are given to an individual or group by some other person or source in the work setting
Extrinsic rewards
According to Alderfer, which needs reflect a desire for continued personal development?
Growth
Research on Maslow's needs hierarchy suggests which of the following statements to be true?
Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder
To create a successful virtual team, managers should do which of the following?
Managers should do all of the above
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the forming stage of team development?
Members are interested in maintaining the sense of harmony that has been established.
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe what is needed to make a merit pay plan work well?
Merit pay should be higher for those employees whom the manager personally favors.
Which equation correctly reflects Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?
Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence
Which stage of the team development process is sometimes called initial integration?
Norming
The typical reward systems of organizations emphasize
a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
__________ is a comprehensive approach to performance appraisal that uses the evaluations of bosses, peers, and subordinates as well as self-ratings, customer ratings, and ratings of others outside the work unit.
360 degree evaluation
Most self-managing teams include between __________ members.
5 and 15
A good size for problem-solving teams is __________.
5-7
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the "best" job design?
A job design that meets organizational requirements for high performance.
__________ rewards employees based on the entire organization's performance
A profit-sharing plan
Which of the following are considered advantages of skill-based pay?
A reduction in compensation costs
Which of the following content theories of motivation is associated with the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power?
Acquired needs theory
Which of the following statements is NOT correct with regard to skill-based pay?
Although it has popular appeal, it is a fairly slow-growing pay innovation.
he ability of a team to perform well across a range of tasks.
Collective intelligence
teams bring together people from different functional departments or work units to work on a common task.
Cross-functional
Which of the following comparisons of Alderfer's ERG theory and Maslow's needs hierarchy is correct?
ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not
In a(n) __________, employees are rewarded by being given company stock or by being allowed to purchase it at a price below market value
ESOP
Since stock prices can fall as well as rise, there is a risk associated with respect to __________ and that risk must be considered in respect to the motivational value of such pay systems.
ESOPS
Which theory is based on the phenomenon of social comparison which states that people will act to eliminate any perceived inequity in the rewards they receive for their work in comparison with the rewards that others receive?
Equity
As a manager at Icon International, Nicole is driven by a personal sense of competence, respect from others, and recognition through various awards. According to Maslow, Nicole is driven by which of these needs?
Esteem
__________ performance appraisal information is useful for making selection and placement decisions.
Evaluative
Which of the following needs are addressed in ERG theory?
Existence, relatedness, and growth
Which of the following is the correct equation for team effectiveness according to the open systems model of teams?
Team effectiveness = Quality of inputs x (Process gains - Process losses)
Which one of the following characteristics truly differentiates self-managing teams from the more traditional work group?
Team members assume duties otherwise performed by a manager or first-line supervisor.
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe motivator factors in the two-factor theory?
The absence of motivator factors causes job dissatisfaction.
Which of the following reflects concerns with expectancy theory?
The multiplier effect is still in question.
Which of the following is a limitation of Herzberg's two-factor theory?
The theory may be method bound
Which statement about comparative methods of performance appraisal is false?
This method indicates that one person is better than another on a given dimension
Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of team member competencies on team performance?
To achieve success, a team must have the right skills and competencies available for task performance
Mike has always been driven by the need to work more efficiently, solve problems, and master complex tasks. According to McClelland, Mike is classified as driven by a need for:
achievement
In the context of performance appraisal dimensions and standards, __________ measures are typically obtained from the evaluator's observation and rating.
activity
For a performance appraisal system to be valid, it must
actually measure people on relevant job content
The final stage in the team development process is known as the __________ stage.
adjourning
According to McClelland, someone who is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication has a high need for
affiliation
An example of social facilitation occurs when __________.
an athlete performs in front of an enthusiastic hometown audience
A current trend in business today is
an attempt to give bonus opportunities to both managerial and non-managerial jobs
In the context of motivation, direction refers to
an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives
All of the following are steps in a typical sequence of performance management EXCEPT:
assigning people into the roles required to perform job responsibilities
The degree to which the job gives the employee substantial freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling the work and determining the procedures used in carrying it out is referred to as
autonomy
According to the integrated model of individual work motivation, whether or not a work setting proves motivational for an individual depends on the
availability of rewards and their perceived value
When measuring employee performance, managers should make sure that measurements are:
based on clear job performance criteria, accurate in assessing performance, providing a defensible basis for differentiating between high and low performance, useful as feedback that can help future performance.
Team members and leaders can do all of the following to help their teams achieve high performance EXCEPT:
building disagreement so that the team gets multiple opinions.
A __________ occurs when managers lump everyone together around the average, or middle, category; this gives the impression that there are no very good or very poor performers on the dimensions being rates.
central tendency error
All of the following are considered membership characteristics according to the open-systems model of team effectiveness EXCEPT:
cohesiveness
Social needs tend to take on higher importance in
collectivist societies
Rankings, paired comparisons, and forced distributions are types of __________ performance appraisal methods.
comparative
theories of motivation focus on the physiological or psychological deficiencies that people seek to reduce or eliminate
content
Members of __________ can solve problems with a positive combination of functional expertise and integrative or total systems thinking.
cross-functional teams
Researchers have identified the tendency for increasing diversity among team members to create difficulties even as it offers improved potential for problem solving is known as the __________.
diversity-consensus dilemma
Members of a true self-managing work team make decisions on all of the following EXCEPT:
establishing strategy and providing resources to achieve it.
In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs for respect, prestige, recognition, mastery, and a personal sense of competence.
esteem
According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals
expectancies
The expectancy theory of motivation predicts that a person will be motivated to work hard when
expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are all high
Bill is an employee at Burgers-Are-Us. He works hard each and every day so that his picture may be displayed in the restaurant lobby and that he might earn the title "Employee-of-the-Month." Bill is motivated by __________ rewards
extrinsic
According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively less than others have received in proportion to work inputs.
felt negative inequity
According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively more than others have received.
felt positive inequity
An immature group will have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
flexible operating procedures.
A company that requires employees to be at work between 9:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. but allows them to schedule their remaining work day to fit personal needs is using __________
flexible working hours
The research of Lawler generally concludes that
for pay to serve as a motivator, high levels of job performance must be viewed as the path through which high pay can be achieved
Skill-based pay plans reward people
for the mix and depth of skills they possess
The __________ is another name for the functional silos problem.
functional chimney problem
The __________ occurs when members of functional units stay focused on matters internal to the function and minimize their interactions with members of other functions.
functional silos problem
All of the following statements about gain sharing are true EXCEPT
gain sharing plans decrease personal responsibility
The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing is known as
goal setting
Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on all of the following EXECPT:
group instead of individual goals
A __________ results when one person rates another person on several different dimensions and gives a similar rating for each dimension.
halo error
Regarding job enrichment, OB scholars
have been reluctant to recommend job enrichment as a universal solution to all job performance and satisfaction problems
Maslow's __________ theory identifies five levels of individual needs
hierarchy of needs
Process theories of motivation focus on
how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior
In the two-factor theory of motivation, __________ are associated with the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary
hygiene factors
he potential benefits of self-managing teams include all of the following EXCEPT:
ifficulty for some members to adjust to self-managing responsibilities.
All of the following statements describe hygiene factors in the two-factor theory EXCEPT
improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work
The potential advantages of job simplification include all of the following EXCEPT
increased employee turnover
Which of the following statements about job rotation is correct? Job rotation:
increases task variety by shifting workers among jobs involving tasks of similar difficulty
Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management include all of the following EXCEPT:
increasing job content by giving workers more responsibility.
Groups that form spontaneously through personal relationships or special interests, and not by any specific organizational endorsement, are called __________.
informal groups
The potential benefits of informal groups include all of the following EXCEPT
informal groups enable members to establish important goals for the formal work unit
According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by clarifying performance-reward relationships and confirming these relationships when rewards are actually given for performance accomplishments.
instrumentalities
Jason works as a social worker at a local hospital. He loves his job and derives great satisfaction from feeling as though he has helped others and made a difference in the community. Jason is motivated by __________ rewards.
intrinsic
Sometimes called horizontal loading, __________ increases job breadth by having the worker perform more and different tasks, but all at the same level of responsibility and challenge
job enlargement
Alternative work arrangements commonly used today include all of the following EXCEPT:
job enrichment
Herzberg recommends building motivators into job content by using
job enrichment
n organization that is able to employ two persons as one by having one person work mornings and the other person work afternoons on the same job is reaping the benefits of:
job sharing
Whether part of a formal work unit, a temporary task force, or a virtual team, the group itself passes through a series of __________.
life cycle stages
All of the following are negatives about telecommuting EXCEPT:
lower employee satisfaction
Members of teams that __________ must have good long-term working relationships with one another, solid operating systems, and the external support needed to achieve effectiveness over a sustained period of time.
make or do things
MBO is
management by objectives, a process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate, a process that helps clarify the hierarchy of objectives, a process that extends participation of establishing goals to jointly evaluating them
When a team's members believe that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs, the __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated.
member satisfaction
Key team inputs include all of the following EXCEPT:
member satisfaction.
Some people argue that __________ are not consistent with the demands of today's organizations because they fail to recognize the high degree of task interdependence among employees
merit pay plans
The ERG theory contends that
more than one need may be activated at the same time
All of the following are core job characteristics as identified by Hackman and Oldham EXCEPT:
motivating potential
refers to forces within an individual that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person's effort expended at work
motivation
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, __________ factors are the sources of job satisfaction.
motivator
When voting is required in problem solving teams, __________.
odd numbers of team members are preferred
In the context of performance appraisal dimensions and standards, the goal of meeting product specification standards is an example of a(n)
output measure
Content theories attempt to explain work behaviors based on
pathways to need satisfaction and the influence of blocked needs
Merit pay is an attempt to make pay contingent upon
performance
According to McClelland, it is
possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs
According to McClelland, someone who seeks influence over others and likes attention has a high need for
power
The degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied is known as
procedural justice
All of the following statements about profit-sharing are true EXCEPT
profit sharing plans have no criticisms
For a performance appraisal system to be reliable, it must
provide consistent results each time it is used
Accenture and Booz Allen Hamilton offer suggestions for attracting and retaining talented working mothers. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
requiring employees to take challenging jobs requiring travel.
Teams that __________ may exist at all levels of responsibility, from the individual work unit composed of a team leader and team members to the top management team composed of a CEO and other senior executives.
run things
In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs for security, protection, and stability in the physical and interpersonal events of day-to-day life.
safety
In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs refer to the needs to fulfill oneself as well as to grow and use abilities to the fullest and most creative extent
self-actualization
Self-managing teams are also known as __________.
self-directed work teams
The awarding of cash bonuses is especially common in the __________ of organizations
senior executive ranks
The basic foundation of equity theory is
social comparison
The __________ of a team's task involve relationships, ego involvement, controversies over means and ends, and the like.
social demands
When people work less hard in teams than they would individually, __________ occurs.
social loafing
Job simplification is a job design approach that
standardizes work procedures and employs people in clearly defined and highly specialized tasks
When a team achieves its performance goals regarding quantity, quality, and timeliness of work results, the __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated.
task performance
The open systems model of team effectiveness suggests that team effectiveness is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:
task performance.
The __________ characteristic of team effectiveness is being demonstrated when the members of a team are sufficiently satisfied to continue working well together on an ongoing basis and/or look forward to working together again at some future point in time.
team viability
Tasks that are complex in __________ require unique solutions and more information processing than other tasks.
technical demands
All of the following descriptions of Maslow's needs hierarchy are correct EXCEPT
the satisfaction of a need at one level will always decrease its importance and increase the importance of the next lower need
The performing stage of team development is described by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
the team structure is unstable.
Self-managed teams have structural and management implications for organizations because they largely eliminate __________.
the top management team
During which stage of team development does hostility and infighting occur with the team typically experiencing many changes?
Storming
__________ is a method of performance appraisal that uses a small number of performance categories, such as "very good," "good," "adequate," and "very poor," and slots a certain proportion of people into each category.
Forced distribution
During what stage of team development may a team member ask, "What can the group offer me? Can my needs be met at the same time that I contribute to the group?
Forming
Which stage of team development has a primary concern with the initial entry of members to the team?
Forming
Which of the following sequences accurately describes the order of the stages of team development?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
consist of persons with natural affinities for one another, and who tend to work together, sit together, take breaks together, and even do things together outside of the workplace
Friendship groups
__________ is a pay system that links pay and performance by giving the workers the opportunity to share in productivity gains through increased earnings
Gain sharing
Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of homogeneous teams?
Homogeneous teams have members who are similar with respect to such variables as age, gender, race, experience, ethnicity, and culture.
__________ teams have members who are very similar to one another.
Homogenous
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the storming stage of team development?
Hostility and infighting seldom occur.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Herzberg's hygiene factors?
Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary
All of the following statements about the equity theory of motivation are correct EXCEPT:
It is a content theory of motivation.
When your manager increases your job content by giving you more responsibility for planning and evaluating duties, which job design approach is being used?
Job enrichment
Which of the following statements about goal setting is INCORRECT?
Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals
Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT:
Locke and Latham's goal setting theory
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the norming stage of team development?
Minority viewpoints, deviations from group directions, and criticism are welcomed as members experience a preliminary sense of closeness.
__________ is a method of performance appraisal whereby each person is directly compared with every other person being rated.
Paired comparison
Which one of the following statements about the application and/or implications of equity theory is NOT accurate?
People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work.
Which statement about acquired needs theory is correct?
People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback.
Which stage of the team development process is sometimes called total integration?
Performing
Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as lower-order needs?
Physiological, safety, and social
Which of the following is the correct order of Maslow's needs from the lowest (lower-order need) to the highest (higher-order need)?
Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and so on.
Physiological; safety; social, esteem
__________ refers to a person's relative rank, prestige, and standing in a group.
Prominence
__________ is a technique of performance appraisal that involves ordering each individual from best to worst on each performance dimension being considered.
Ranking
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which needs reflect a desire for satisfying interpersonal relationships?
Relatedness
Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as higher-order needs?
Self-actualization and esteem
__________ is a system that rewards people for acquiring and developing job-relevant skills.
Skill-based pay
Leslie strives to maintain strong interpersonal relationships. She is a member of a book club, a sewing club, and a tennis club because she enjoys feeling a sense of belonging. According to Maslow, Leslie is driven by which these needs?
Social
Research on subconscious goal motivation was conducted by
Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair