OB Exam 3, (ch. 9-12)

To minimize conflict due to incompatible goals, it is wise to

Emphasize superordinate goals

To minimize conflict due to differentiation, it is wise to

Reduce differences

Which of the following is an advantage of using email communication? It increases the politeness and respect of communication. It reduces the problem of information overload. It reduces the frequency of flaming. It can reduce status differences between sender and receiver. It is easier to interpret emotional meaning in email messages as they are less formal.

It can reduce status differences between sender and receiver.

What is NOT a contingency of power?

Location

Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of money is correct? The meaning of money is the same across different cultures. Money can generate a variety of emotions, some of which are negative. The meaning of money is the same to men and women. Money has no symbolic value. Everyone agrees on the meaning of money.

Money can generate a variety of emotions, some of which are negative.

Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of money is correct? Money has no symbolic value. Everyone agrees on the meaning of money. Money can generate a variety of emotions, some of which are negative. The meaning of money is the same across different cultures. The meaning of money is the same to men and women.

Money can generate a variety of emotions, some of which are negative.

Events that occurred decades ago can hamper effective communications true or false?

True

The open systems view emphasizes that organizations survive by adapting to changes in the external environment. True or False?

True

________ occurs when employees at the acquired company willingly embrace the cultural values of the acquiring organization. Integration Assimilation Deculturation Negotiation Separation

Assimilation

Those who exercise their legitimate power over their subordinates obtain the highest levels of commitment and employee engagement true or false?

false

When verbal and non-verbal communications are incongruent, people tend to take others at their word true or false?

false

When we need to communicate precise, clear information, email should not be used true or false?

false

Women tend to view conversations more as a mean to power and status true or false?

false

If emotions are experiences, then attitudes are actions. values. events. objects. judgments.

judgments.

Executives who have worked in a global matrix say they have more employees. more work. more control. more freedom. more complications.

more freedom.

Which of the following is a major advantage of having moderate levels of organizational conflicts? reduced attrition in the organization more responsiveness to the changing business environment reduced stress and job dissatisfaction among employees less information sharing less wastage of time because of reduced communication among employees

more responsiveness to the changing business environment

The conflict style that is high in assertiveness and high in cooperation is

problem-solving

social networks

social structures of individuals or social units that are connected to one another through one or more forms of interdependence

Managerial leadership assumes that the organization's objectives are misaligned with the external environment. transforming. change focused. people-oriented. stable.

stable

One difficulty that decision makers experience in problem identification is that suppliers, employees, and customers offer and withhold information that distorts the situation. This problem is known as perceptual defense. stakeholder framing. decisive leadership. programmed decision making. mental models.

stakeholder framing

social presence

the extent to which a communication channel creates psychological closeness to others, awareness of their humanness, and appreciation of the interpersonal relationship

synchronicity

the extent to which the channel requires or allows both sender and receiver to be actively involved in the conversation at the same time (synchronous) or at different times (asynchronous)

Stephen Covey advocates that one first makes his or her point clearly and then give the other party an equal opportunity to make his or her point without interruption true or false?

false

The grapevine is a poor tool for communicating messages true or false?

false

The individual rights principle of ethical decision making states that individual rights cannot conflict with another. True or false?

false

You're more apt to build common ground with people of differing values by engaging in a Discussion or Dialogue?

Dialogue

Latisha and Federico are experiencing conflict. Latisha is a democrat and Federico is a republican. A likely source of conflict between these two would be

Differentiation

What is NOT part of a good communication plan? The font The email The message The sender

The font

Which of the following statements is correct about the role of founders and leaders on an organization's culture? The founder plays a central role in establishing a firm's core values. Leaders need to always maintain the culture established by the founder. Founders do not influence organizational culture. The core values of an organization emerge long after the founder has left. Since things change, it is important to forget the past, including stories about the founder.

The founder plays a central role in establishing a firm's core values.

After the receiver decodes the message, what happens next in the communication process model? The sender receives confirmation that the message has been understood. The receiver decodes the received message. The receiver encodes the message. The receiver confirms with the sender that the message sent was intended to be a message. The receiver forms feedback in response to the received message.

The receiver forms feedback in response to the received message.

grapevine

an unstructured and informal communication network founded on social relationships rather than organizational charts or job descriptions

third-party conflict resolution

any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help conflicting parties resolve their differences

influence

any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior

Closed-looped communication is a process where an individual summarizes the point they are trying to communicate after provided the necessary details of their argument. true or false?

false

A BATNA is an abbreviation for the steps in effective negotiation. is a term representing one party's target point. represents the estimated cost of walking away from the relationship. is a form of "exploding offer." is the difference between your resistance point and your opponent's resistance point.

represents the estimated cost of walking away from the relationship.

Which of the following active listening processes includes showing interest and clarifying the message of the speaker? persuading evaluating responding recording sensing

responding

negotiation

the process whereby two or more conflicting parties attempt to resolve their divergent goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence

A supervisor who gives a subordinate a work assignment is exercising his or her legitimate power true or false?

true

A supervisor who publicly criticizes an employee is using coercive power true or false?

true

An environment that is stressful is a barrier to optimal communications true or false?

true

An individual with whom we respect and demonstrates personal integrity can be said to have referent power over us true or false?

true

Communications characterized by timidity, defensiveness, or brashness may indicate self-esteem issues are impeding good communications true or false?

true

Emails may inflame situations where tensions are high true or false?

true

Having regular pizza lunches would most probably help minimize the frequency of task conflict digressing into relationship conflict true or false?

true

Maintenance crews with the ability to repair broken equipment can be said to have expert power true or false?

true

Students exercise reward power over professors through student evaluations true or false?

true

The richest way to communicate a message is face-to-face true or false?

true

Your bad mood affecting others is an example of emotional contagion true or false?

true

Increasing the driving forces and reducing the restraining forces tends to reduce the need for change. occur after the change process is complete. refreeze the status quo. strengthen the current conditions. unfreeze the status quo.

unfreeze the status quo.

Krystal's boss in the accounting department initially rejected her proposal for a new budgeting process. So Krystal spoke to and received support from the heads of two departments that would benefit from the proposed budgeting process. She also found support from several coworkers in the accounting department because they believed the new budgeting process would be simpler and fairer. When Krystal's boss realized that several key people supported the new budgeting system, he agreed to test it in a pilot project. What other form of influence is Krystal using? silent authority integration management information control exchange upward appeal

upward appeal

Which of the following is a "hard" influence tactic? exchange upward appeal persuasion visibility ingratiation

upward appeal

People with high Machiavellian values tend to use more socially acceptable forms of power to influence others. stay away from organizations where politics is tolerated. believe that deceit is totally inappropriate in organizational settings. place a lot of trust in their colleagues. view deceit as natural and acceptable.

view deceit as natural and acceptable.

Which of the following is true about a global mindset? A global mindset includes an awareness of, openness to, and respect for other views and practices in the world. A global mindset occurs as people initially develop more of a local than a global frame of reference about their business. A global mindset minimizes the capacity to empathize and act effectively across cultures. A global mindset includes an inability to comprehend and reconcile intracultural matters. A global mindset includes the ability to process complex information about familiar environments.

A global mindset includes an awareness of, openness to, and respect for other views and practices in the world.

Which of the following statements about countervailing power in organizational relationships is true? Countervailing power is one of the ways that people gain power by coping with uncertainty. Countervailing power is the weaker party's power to maintain the stronger party's continued participation in the exchange relationship. Countervailing power is a personality characteristic of people who crave power. Countervailing power prevents anyone else from having any power over you. Countervailing power is used by the stronger party to prevent the weaker party from leaving the relationship.

Countervailing power is the weaker party's power to maintain the stronger party's continued participation in the exchange relationship.

________ exists when employees champion the introduction of new technologies and products. Supportive leadership Servant leadership The romance of leadership Shared leadership Directive leadership

Shared leadership

What is generally an ineffective influencing tactic to gain commitment from others?

Silent authority

media richness

a communication channel's data-carrying capacity—that is, the volume and variety of information that can be transmitted during a specific time

management by wandering around (MBWA)

a communication practice in which executives get out of their offices and learn from others in the organization through face-to-face dialogue

information overload

a condition in which the volume of information received exceeds the person's capacity to process it

centrality

a contingency of power pertaining to the degree and nature of interdependence between the power holder and others

norm of reciprocity

a felt obligation and social expectation of helping or otherwise giving something of value to someone who has already helped or given something of value to you

structural hole

a gap between two or more social networks that lack network ties

coalition

a group that attempts to influence people outside the group by pooling the resources and power of its members

Action research is also known as the Four-D model. a highly participative process of planned change. not problem focused. an action orientation that ignores research. the theoretical foundation for appreciative inquiry.

a highly participative process of planned change.

managerial leadership

a leadership perspective stating that effective leaders help employees improve their performance and well-being toward current objectives and practices

transformational leadership

a leadership perspective that explains how leaders change teams or organizations by creating, communicating, and modeling a vision for the organization or work unit and inspiring employees to strive for that vision

Johari's window is a model for how to present the facts of a situation in a logical, organized fashion true or false?

false

path-goal leadership theory

a leadership theory stating that effective leaders choose the most appropriate leadership style(s), depending on the employee and situation, to influence employee expectations about desired results and their positive outcomes

charisma

a personal characteristic or special "gift" that serves as a form of interpersonal attraction and referent power over others

Machiavellianism

a personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality

inoculation effect

a persuasive communication strategy of warning listeners that others will try to influence them in the future and that they should be wary of the opponent's arguments

learning orientation

a set of beliefs and norms in which people are encouraged to question past practices, learn new ideas, experiment putting ideas into practice, and view mistakes as part of the learning process

psychological safety

a shared belief that it is safe to engage in interpersonal risk-taking; specifically, that presenting unusual ideas, constructively disagreeing with the majority, and experimenting with new work behaviors will not result in coworkers posing a threat to their self-concept, status, or career

leadership substitutes theory

a theory identifying conditions that either limit a leader's ability to influence subordinates or make a particular leadership style unnecessary

implicit leadership theory

a theory stating that people evaluate a leader's effectiveness in terms of how well that person fits preconceived beliefs about the features and behaviors of effective leaders (leadership prototypes) and that people tend to inflate the influence of leaders on organizational events

task conflict

a type of conflict in which people focus their discussion around the issue (i.e., the task) in which different viewpoints occur while showing respect for people involved in that disagreement

relationship conflict

a type of conflict in which people focus their discussion on qualities of the people in the dispute, rather than on the qualities of the ideas presented regarding a task-related issue

upward appeal

a type of influence in which someone with higher authority or expertise is called on in reality or symbolically to support the influencer's position

impression management

actively shaping through self-presentation and other means the perceptions and attitudes that others have of us

Having clear rules would minimize which type of conflict? ambiguity differentiation communication problems scarce resources interdependence

ambiguity

legitimate power

an agreement among organizational members that people in specific roles can request a set of behaviors from others

Juliet is a member of a team of 17 people working in research and development for a toy maker. They have weekly meetings to discuss new toy ideas. At these meetings, participants are encouraged to identify potential toy products no matter how crazy they seem, to build on each other's ideas, and to avoid evaluating or criticizing any of the ideas presented. Juliet has several good ideas in these sessions, but forgets or doesn't have time to mention some of them because it takes time for her teammates to finish describing their ideas. What type of meetings is Juliet participating in? informal group gathering electronic brainstorming brainwriting remote team meeting brainstorming

brainstorming

The illumination stage in the creative process can be quickly lost if not documented. provides a tested solution to complex problems. is characterized by convergent thinking. occurs after the verification stage in the process. generates long-lasting thoughts in the memory.

can be quickly lost if not documented.

Relationship conflict is actually helpful in an organization as it promotes better solutions to problems true or false?

false

A team-based organizational structure has a mechanistic organizational structure. narrow span of control. high degree of formalization. decentralized organization structure. tall organizational hierarchy.

decentralized organization structure.

social media

digital communication channels that enable people to collaborate in the creation and exchange of user-generated content

Motivation identifies three forces which affect voluntary work behavior. What are these three forces? intensity, engagement, drives direction, intensity, persistence engagement, drives, needs direction, intensity, drives direction, intensity, emotion

direction, intensity, persistence

Integrity, a financial services organization, trains employees to develop new skills and uses coworkers to train new employees, while providing social support in the form of daycare facilities. Integrity management believes that using this system will help replace or reduce the need to micromanage by assigning and clarifying work responsibilities, setting goals and deadlines for employees, establishing performance-based rewards, and establishing well-defined work procedures. Setting goals and deadlines, as well as establishing work procedures are a part of the ________ leadership style. supportive transformational directive people-oriented participative

directive

There are two key components to leadership. The first is the ability to persuade and influence others; the second is that leaders are performers. transformers. enablers. guides. change agents

enablers.

Dev knows he is correct and needs a quick resolution to the conflict. He needs to use the ________ style. problem-solving avoidance forcing yielding compromising

forcing

An organization's culture begins with its founders and leaders. employees. country-level managers. clients. auditors.

founders and leaders.

superordinate goals

goals that the conflicting parties value and whose attainment requires the joint resources and effort of those parties

Organic structures are better than mechanistic structures for ________ environments. slowly changing stable munificent hostile integrated

hostile

leadership

influencing, motivating, and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members

Most employees at Consolidated FiberTech support the idea that the company's success depends on their willingness to continually change and improve customer service. Consolidated FiberTech most likely has a strong corporate cult. drive for profits. management team. learning orientation. training program.

learning orientation

Western cultures view change as circuitous. linear. unnecessary. cyclical. harmonious.

linear

According to four-drive theory, what guides our motivational energy toward goals that reduce the felt need? our need for achievement our mental skill set a hierarchy of needs our goal-directed choice our drive to bond

our mental skill set

When negotiators have an audience watching their progress in the negotiations, the negotiator feels and acts the same as if no one were viewing the negotiation. tends to be more willing to make concessions to the other party. tends to feel more cooperative and is more willing to make concessions to the other party. pays more attention to saving face. is more likely to give in to the other party's demands.

pays more attention to saving face.

The anticipatory principle emphasizes that organizations are open books. people are motivated and guided by a vision of the future aligned with their values. inquiry and change are simultaneous. focusing on the positive will improve success and well-being. conversations don't describe reality; they shape that reality.

people are motivated and guided by a vision of the future aligned with their values.

Implicit leadership theory states that people rely on prototypes of how a leader should look and act to evaluate a leader's effectiveness. people underestimate a leader's impact on organizational events. the best leadership style depends on both the characteristics of employees and the environment in which they work. everyone is capable of being an effective leader. leaders should act as change agents in organizations.

people rely on prototypes of how a leader should look and act to evaluate a leader's effectiveness.

The effectiveness of ________ as an influence tactic depends on characteristics of the power holder, message content, communication channel, and audience characteristics. silent authority persuasion coalition forming upward appeal information control

persuasion

The ________ principle states that organizations are open books, so we have choices in how they may be perceived, framed, and described. constructionist simultaneity positive poetic anticipatory

poetic

Active listeners improve their sensing activities by postponing evaluation of the message. maintaining a casual posture when listening. forming an opinion early in the process. estimating the learning often. clarifying the message during presentation

postponing evaluation of the message.

A consumer products firm with a functional structure is expanding from a single product line into several diverse product groups, with most sales within one country. Which of the following should it eventually adopt to manage the new conditions most effectively? product divisional structure geographic divisional structure simple structure client divisional structure matrix structure

product divisional structure

win-lose orientation

the belief that conflicting parties are drawing from a fixed pie, so the more one party receives, the less the other party will receive

win-win orientation

the belief that conflicting parties will find a mutually beneficial solution to their disagreement

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)

the best outcome you might achieve through some other course of action if you abandon the current negotiation

power

the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others

countervailing power

the capacity of a person, team, or organization to keep a more powerful person or group in the exchange relationship

referent power

the capacity to influence others on the basis of an identification with and respect for the power holder

social capital

the knowledge, opportunities, and other resources available to members of a social network, along with the mutual support, trust, reciprocity, and coordination that facilitate sharing of those resources

emotional contagion

the nonconscious process of "catching" or sharing another person's emotions by mimicking that person's facial expressions and other nonverbal behavior

Charisma refers to any situation where followers attribute positive things to leaders who do not really deserve this credit. the people-oriented behaviors displayed by individuals. the personal traits that provide referent power over others. the situational traits that lead to transformational leadership. the traits that lead to managerial leadership.

the personal traits that provide referent power over others.

communication

the process by which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people

conflict

the process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

According to the communication process model information flows through channels between the sender and receiver. communication is a free-flowing conduit. information transmission is minimal in a formal communicative process. the sender is the dominant and more important partner. the sender and receiver are at different levels and communicate only when the levels match

the sender and receiver are at different levels and communicate only when the levels match

persuasion

the use of facts, logical arguments, and emotional appeals to change another person's beliefs and attitudes, usually for the purpose of changing the person's behavior

organizational politics

the use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization

authentic leadership

the view that effective leaders need to be aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept

servant leadership

the view that leaders serve followers, rather than vice versa; leaders help employees fulfill their needs and are coaches, stewards, and facilitators of employee development

shared leadership

the view that leadership is a role, not a position assigned to one person; consequently, people within the team and organization lead each other

Fellow team members often monitor performance more closely than a traditional supervisor. This is particularly true where the team's performance depends on technological factors. the worst performer in the group. the aptitudes of members. certain skills of members. the special efforts of members.

the worst performer in the group.

Some studies indicate that executives make the best decisions when they react based on their "gut feeling." they spend some time in logical evaluation. they ignore both emotions and cognition. they delegate the decision to subordinates. they rely solely on their emotions.

they spend some time in logical evaluation.