OCE 1001 chpt 1

Label each path with either P, S, or P and S, to indicate which type(s) of body waves could be represented by that path.

(from left to right) - P & S waves - P & S waves - P & S waves - P waves - P waves - P & S waves - P & S waves - P waves

Look at the accompanying map showing the locations of the 15 largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. Imagine an earthquake occurs at location 2 on the map (southern Alaska), which could generate a tsunami. Which of the following statements are most accurate

- All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, as they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami. - All islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean should also receive warnings

of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true

- Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered.

Which of the following ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense

- Early organisms likely evolved into more complex organisms. - The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop. -As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment. - Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true

- The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles). - The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

Mantle

- contains a weak layer below the lithosphere - contains rock rich in magnesium and iron

Core

- contains iron and nickel - both liquid and solid components

Crust

- is earth's stiff rigid rocky shell - solid part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition while another part is composed of many rock types

metamorphic

- layers are made of crystals, which are about the same size in all layers - looks glassy, brittle, lightweight, opaque black - crystals are mostly garnet, micas, serpentine, graphite, galena, or sphalerite

Sedimentary

- layers that are flat soft or crumbly - grains are mostly sand, silt, or gravel

Ingeous

- looks glassy, dense and hard, like window glass - grains are mostly mineral crystals - rocks is vesicular

After accretion, which tools could a geologist use to differentiate between a terrane and the continent onto which it accreted

-Use paleomagnetic data to tell if the rocks have shifted position significantly. (Paleomagnetism is the study of magnetic properties of a rock to determine the record of Earth's magnetic field) - Look for fossils that are distinct from those of the continent. - Look at the rock types, and determine if they are distinctly different from the continent

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months

25 atoms

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

Earth is about

4.6 billion years old.

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock

50 years old

Refer to the accompanying seismogram above again, and determine the time interval between the arrival of the first P wave and the arrival of the first S wave

6 minutes

How did our Solar System begin to form

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity

On the pie diagram below, match the name of the ocean with its correct relative size

A. pacific B. Indian C. Atlantic D. Artic

Look again at the map. An earthquake at which of the following locations could cause a tsunami?

All of the locations except 9 could produce tsunamis, as all are subduction zones involving at least one oceanic plate

This map depicts the voyages of some European explorers during the Age of Discovery. Match the route with each explorer.

B columbus A magellan

This map depicts the voyages of the Vikings. Match the correct letter with the statements below

B discovered by Leif Erikson A first new land conquered by vikings C when eric the red was banished D it is believed that eric...

Match the steps of the scientific method with the chart below

C testing B hypothesis D theory A observation

The European "Age of Discovery" began with

Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World."

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

In the cross-sectional view of Earth's interior shown below, correctly match each layer with its appropriate name

D crust B mantle F asthenosphere E inner core A outer core C lithosphere

All of the following are oceanographic sampling activities that are completed on board the ship, EXCEPT

DNA analysis of marine organisms

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was

Eratosthenes

Using the map of present-day oceanic plateaus and other submerged crustal fragments, determine which feature is most likely to be accreted onto a continen

Galapagos Rise

A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

Indian

How deep is the Mariana Trench (the deepest part of the ocean) compared to Mount Everest (the tallest mountain on Earth

Mount Everest is thousands of meters shorter than the Mariana trench is deep.

A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

Oxygen

Use the accompanying seismogram to answer which of the three types of seismic waves reached the seismograph first

P wave

Throughout human history, there have been many people who have explored the seas. Match each key term to the appropriate sentence

Pacific Islanders - are some Phoenicians- were the first Greeks- used the polar Arabs- were the dominant Vikings- possessed excellent Columbus- was an Italian Cook- was an english

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the

Pacific Ocean

What happens during radioactive deca

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the

Phoenicians.

A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

Ptolemy

Which of the following best describes how scientists help the public prepare for an earthquake event

Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.

What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer

The material fractured like a solid

Which of the following best describes why the ground surrounding the students looks dry and solid, while the ground underneath them is wet and muddy?

The motion of the students' bodies in the water-rich soil caused it to flow like a fluid

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true

The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.

Which of the following is the best description of what happens to water-saturated soils during an earthquake

The shaking causes water from between grains to move and push grains apart, weakening the material and allowing it to flow like a slurry

here are no waves that are filling them up. Instead, there is another reason. Where is the water coming from?

The water is from the pore spaces between the sand grains

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer.

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle

What is a nebula

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

Using the data in the seismogram in Part A and your answer to Part B, compute the distance from the seismic station to the earthquake with the accompanying travel-time graph.

about 3,000 miles or 4,800 kilometers

All the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except

all of the above are correct

If all were accessible, which of the following items would be best for geologists to examine to better understand Earth's internal structure?

an iron meteorite

Determine the relationship that exists between the majority of the following words. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern.

atmosphere

Look at the figure below showing a slice through Earth's interior again. There is one layer in Earth that transmits only one type of wave. Select the layer from A, B, and C that doesn't transmit all waves

c

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

core

composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer

lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

The lithosphere consists of Earth's

crust and uppermost mantle

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth

Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land

false

Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere

false

Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese

false

In Europe, significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages

flase

If a container ship that is floating on water has weight removed from the deck, it would float __________ in relation to its previous position

higher

Since the end of the last Ice Age, the melting of glaciers has caused continental landmasses to ride __________ with respect to the mantle.

higher

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an

hypothesis

The vertical movement of Earth's crust due to the addition or removal of weight is called

isostatic adjustment

During the height of the last Ice Age (~21,000 years ago), large glaciers made the continents ride __________ with respect to the mantle

lower

Ptolemy

mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

The water in Earth's oceans came

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a

nebula

basalt

oceanic crust

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

In the ship's name, what does R/V stand for

research vessel

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere

silly putty

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied _____ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied _____.

slowly, rapidly

Referring to the accompanying seismogram below, which of the seismic waves had the highest amplitude when it reached the seismic station

surface waves

solar system

the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

What is the scientific definition of half-life

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history

true

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks

true

The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago

true

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean

weak sphere