OCE1001 Final Review, Chapter Quizzes

Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches. True False

False

Where in the world's oceans can large garbage patches be found? the Gulf Stream boundary currents gyres equatorial currents

gyres

Which of the following are firstlevel consumers? sardines salmon phytoplankton herbivores zooplankton

herbivores zooplankton

Which of the following are primary carnivores? larval forms of barnacles diatoms small shrimp herring sardines

herring sardines

Which type of marine organism comprises the greatest percentage of marine biomass? plankton benthos nektobenthos nekton detritus

plankton

Which type of marine animal has experienced a habitat decrease because of the dramatic decline in the extent of Arctic sea ice? polar bear blue whale sea urchin sea otter sea lion

polar bear

Waters of the continental shelf are generally _______. Choose all that apply. -within the abyssopelagic zone -within the epipelagic zone -aphotic -highly productive waters -within the neritic province -depleted in oxygen

within the epipelagic zone highly productive waters within the neritic province

There is less species diversity in sediment-covered shores than in rocky shores, but the number of individuals may be similar. True False

True

n a simple model of the tides as tidal bulges, the strongest gravitational influence = maximum seawater bulge = highest tide. True False

True

the major surface wind belts of the world are generated by the lowermost portion of Earth's atmospheric circulation cells. True False

True

Which U.S. coast would most likely experience the least amount of shoreline retreat related to a 1-meter rise in sea level? West Coast Gulf Coast East Coast

West Coast

Coral reefs need all of the following conditions EXCEPT _____________. warm water (64-86ºF) a hard substrate for attachment good wave or current action abundance of turbidity normal-salinity seawater

abundance of turbidity

Adaptations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities (such as high metabolic rates and rapid reproduction) exist because _____________. active hydrothermal vents are short-lived phenomena the amount of productivity is restricted in these deep areas that are below the euphotic zone benthic biomass is so low the food supply is so limited productivity is highly seasonal, especially in the midlatitudes

active hydrothermal vents are short-lived phenomena

What is the primary food source for organisms in deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities? bacteria-like microbes that chemosynthesize detritus from the euphotic zone above organisms, such as whales, that die and sink to the bottom zooplankton deep currents that bring nutrients and oxygen

bacteria-like microbes that chemosynthesize

Zebra mussels and Atlantic comb jellies are both examples of biological pollutants (non-native species) that were introduced to new habitats by _______. global ocean circulation birds ballast water aquarium enthusiasts wave activity

ballast water

Based on the scientific method, science supports the explanation of the natural world that _____________. best explains all available observations is the absolute and final truth most people believe is proven to be correct can be tested so thoroughly that it is then advanced to the status of a law

best explains all available observations

Runoff flowing into coastal waters can produce all of the following except ___________. a strong halocline decreased seawater salinity dry offshore winds coastal geostrophic currents

dry offshore winds

What process is primarily responsible for the formation of the continental rise along the East Coast of the United States? deposition of sediment by turbidity currents as deep-sea fans tectonic uplift along major fault zones building activity of deep-sea coral reefs hotspot activity and associated lava flows slow suspension settling of fine sediment on abyssal plains

deposition of sediment by turbidity currents as deep-sea fans

All of the following features are associated with emerging shorelines except _________. drowned beaches uplifted marine terraces stranded beach deposits wave-cut cliffs above sea level

drowned beaches

All of the following events can produce a global (eustatic) rise in sea level except _________. thermal expansion of warmer water melting of polar ice caps isostatic rebound of the land following glacial melting faster sea floor spreading rate

isostatic rebound of the land following glacial melting

Which of the following statements about benthic life is FALSE? Benthic life includes organisms that live suspended within the water column. Benthic life includes filter feeders that are attached to firm surfaces. Benthic life includes deposit feeders that burrow into sea floor sediment. Benthic life includes active predators that live on the bottom but move freely across the sea floor.

Benthic life includes organisms that live suspended within the water column.

Which of the following statements about gray whales are true? Choose all that apply. Gray whales are the largest of the toothed whales. Gray whales undertake the longest migration of any mammal. Gray whales used to be known as "devilfish" because of their aggressive behavior toward whalers. Gray whales spend most of their time in coastal waters. Gray whales are one of only a few species ever to be removed from endangered status. Gray whales typically feed on bottomdwelling organisms, such as crustaceans and clams

Gray whales undertake the longest migration of any mammal. Gray whales used to be known as "devilfish" because of their aggressive behavior toward whalers. Gray whales spend most of their time in coastal waters. Gray whales are one of only a few species ever to be removed from endangered status. Gray whales typically feed on bottomdwelling organisms, such as crustaceans and clams

For an equal quantity of solar radiation hitting all parts of Earth, the "solar footprint" is larger at the equator than it is in high latitudes. True False

False

In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well-developed thermocline. True False

False

Non-point source pollution includes large oil spills caused by ocean tankers. True False

False

Seawater absorbs excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and forms carbonic acid, thus raising the ocean's pH and decreasing its acidity. True False

False

Subtropical gyres flow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. True False

False

The United States ratified the Law of the Sea treaty in 1982. True False

False

The best time to collect organisms from a tide pool (when there would be the lowest low tides) is during neap tide conditions. True False

False

The increasing pressure with depth in the oceans has a significant impact on most marine organisms. True False

False

The term sessile describes organisms that have the ability to swim. True False

False

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming are true? Choose all that apply. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. The greenhouse effect began about 200 years ago as a result of humanrelated activities. Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will reduce sea level due to increased evaporation. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions. Eliminating all humaninduced greenhouse gas emissions will stop further global warming immediately.

Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions. Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions.

Of the following statements about the migration of gray whales, which one is true? Gray whales leave their feeding areas in September. Migration begins when the mature males leave the feeding grounds first. Gray whales migrate north so that they can eat lots of krill, which are their main food. Gray whales migrate between the lagoons of Baja California and the North Sea. The mothers and calves leave the breeding grounds first.

Gray whales leave their feeding areas in September.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Melt recently frozen seawater. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Catch and melt fresh falling snow.

Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Boil sea water; catch and condense the water vapor. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it.

Why does the mid-ocean ridge have a zigzag appearance? It curves around submarine canyons. It curves around deep-ocean trenches. It cannot go near a continent. It accommodates spreading of a linear ridge system on a spherical Earth. It cannot intersect any islands in the ocean.

It accommodates spreading of a linear ridge system on a spherical Earth.

Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Lungers have mostly red muscle tissue. White muscle tissue has increased levels of myoglobin compared to red muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue is designed for quick bursts of speed. White muscle tissue is designed for sustained, longdistance travel. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance. Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue.

Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance. Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue.

Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deepwater nekton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. The majority of deepwater nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. Bioluminescent organs can be used to achieve neutral buoyancy. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate.

Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. The majority of deepwater nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate.

Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (e.g., as water changes from a liquid to a solid). True False

True

Osmosis is a process that describes the movement of water molecules from the higher-salinity solution into the lower-salinity solution. True False

True

The Andes Mountains, which are a tall mountain range along the west coast of South America, are associated with an active continental margin. True False

True

The deepest spot in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high. True False

True

The surface winds of an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise. True False

True

The only way for siliceous ooze to be preserved in the ocean is ___________. for the deposit to be mixed with hydrogenous sediment during conditions of high salinity to have slow burial to have it accumulate faster than it dissolves to accumulate above the CCD before it is transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading

to have it accumulate faster than it dissolves

Which ecosystem produces the largest percentage of the world's marine fishery? the open ocean coastal waters and coral upwellings non-tropical shelves tropical shelves

non-tropical shelves

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with erosional shores? -A large volume of sediment input -Wave-cut benches and marine terraces -A coastline with lots of rugged headlands -Rocky coasts -Tectonic activity

-Wave-cut benches and marine terraces -A coastline with lots of rugged headlands -Rocky coasts -Tectonic activity

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. Earth has a satellite called the Moon, which rotates around Earth. Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day.

Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day. Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year.

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day. Kelp forests can become overwhelmingly large because benthic animals do not graze on kelp. Kelp forests are rich communities that are attached to sandy bottoms. The bestdeveloped kelp forests grow in tropical waters.

Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Of the following groups, which one is highly skilled in the ability to use echolocation for navigation and communication? Odontoceti Cephalopodia Mysticeti Pinnipedia Sirenia

Odontoceti

Why do the majority of the ocean's organisms live within the ocean's surface waters? Phytoplankton need to be in the sunlit zone, and they are the base of the entire food web. The water is clear enough for sunlight to penetrate, and thus food items are more easily seen. Most organisms cannot withstand the cold ocean temperatures that exist below this depth. Surface waters lack predators. They would be crushed by high pressures at depth in the ocean.

Phytoplankton need to be in the sunlit zone, and they are the base of the entire food web.

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is false? The Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects. The Coriolis effect is caused by Earth's rotation. The Coriolis effect is the result of our perspective on a moving frame of reference (the spinning Earth). The Coriolis effect is strongest at the poles and decreases to zero at the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the right of their intended paths; in the Southern Hemisphere, moving objects tend to curve to the left of their intended paths.

The Coriolis effect tends to increase or decrease the speed of moving objects.

What happens when an oceanic and a continental plate converge? A transform plate boundary forms. The continental plate will be subducted. An oceanic ridge forms. The oceanic plate will be subducted. Neither subducts.

The oceanic plate will be subducted.

Which of the following statements concerning graded bedding deposits is false? The particles within each graded bedding layer get progressively finer (smaller in size) as one moves upward. Each graded bedding sequence represents one turbidity current event. They comprise part of a turbidite deposit. They are associated with submarine fans. They result from successive lava flows.

They result from successive lava flows.

A cold-blooded fish is termed poikilothermic. True False

True

In a typical coastal region, the berm is _________. usually underwater a wave-cut bench the wet, steep part of a beach a dry, nearly level or gently sloping platform another term for longshore transport

a dry, nearly level or gently sloping platform

Of the following types of estuaries, which one has the best developed "estuarine circulation pattern"? a highly stratified estuary a vertically mixed estuary a slightly stratified estuary a salt wedge estuary

a highly stratified estuary

Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters highest? the North Pole about 75 degrees north or south of the equator about 50 degrees north or south of the equator about 25 degrees north or south of the equator the equator

about 25 degrees north or south of the equator

Where would you expect to find well-developed continental shelves? along active continental margins along passive continental margins along tidal continental margins along most oceanic islands along volcanic island arcs and hotspots

along passive continental margins

Where is the Ring of Fire located? in and around the Caribbean Sea around the margins of the Pacific Ocean along the Great African Rift Valley around Iceland at Krakatoa in the Indian Ocean along the Hawaiian Islands

around the margins of the Pacific Ocean

In general, where can the youngest ocean floor be found? near trenches at the mid-ocean ridge at the edges of continents in the deepest parts of the ocean

at the mid-ocean ridge

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? primary producers heterotrophs phytoplankton fish autotrophs

autotrophs phytoplankton primary producers

A nektonic organism must _____________. have an internal swim bladder be a fish be a large (macroscopic) organism have teeth be a strong swimmer

be a strong swimmer

Because of seawater's high salinity, most marine fish have the following adaptations except for ________. the need to drink large quantities of water having a small volume of highly concentrated urine secreting excess salt through special cells being hypertonic being less salty than the surrounding seawater

being hypertonic

Which of the following are considered baleen whales? Choose all that apply. blue whales right whales humpback whales gray whales sperm whales

blue whales right whales humpback whales gray whales

The Baltic Sea has ____________ because of ______________. brackish water; large amounts of runoff brackish water; large amounts of evaporation hypersaline water; large amounts of runoff hypersaline water; large amounts of evaporation the same salinity as seawater; equal amounts of runoff and evaporation

brackish water; large amounts of runoff

As a group, deep-water nekton are known to exhibit all of the following adaptations EXCEPT _____________. bright, colorful patterns large mouths Bioluminescence expandable bodies sharp teeth

bright, colorful patterns

Which of the following adaptations allow(s) a marine organism to blend into the environment and avoid visual detection? Choose all that apply. camouflage disruptive coloration countershading streamlined body transparent body tissue low surface area to volume ratio

camouflage disruptive coloration countershading transparent body tissue

Which of the following is the most abundant component of deep-ocean sediments by weight? evaporites clay sand gravel fecal pellets

clay

Where would you NOT expect to find significant volcanic activity? continental collision zone subduction zone mid-ocean ridge hotspot

continental collision zone

An ocean trench is associated with what type of plate boundary? divergent convergent transform all of the above none of the above (Ocean trenches are not associated with any plate boundary.)

convergent

In middle-latitude waters, nutrients __________ during the spring because _____________________. increase; the days are getting shorter decrease; they are getting used up by phytoplankton increase; that is when spring tides occur decrease; the water is isothermal constant supply; the water is isothermal

decrease; they are getting used up by phytoplankton

Which of the following marine organisms live in cold, polar waters? diatoms foraminifers coccolithophores radiolarians

diatoms

Which of the following are primary producers? diatoms dinoflagellates krill coccolithophores copepods

diatoms dinoflagellates coccolithophores

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply. krill coccolithophores diatoms kelp dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates coccolithophores diatoms

Gray whales undertake the longest known migration of any mammal. Migration of these whales away from their feeding grounds may be an adaptation that was developed _____________. as a form of pleasure travel during times of lower sea level because of higher seawater salinity in their feeding areas to establish social order and customs for whale pods before modern mechanized travel could transport them the great distance

during times of lower sea level

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets? salmon shrimp tuna flounder cod

flounder cod shrimp

In sediments, what does the Wentworth scale describe? grain shape grain size grain density grain color grain composition

grain size

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. hydrothermal vents volcanoes a trench thick layers of sediment a central rift valley basalt volcanism and pillow lavas

hydrothermal vents volcanoes a central rift valley basalt volcanism and pillow lavas

The Red Sea has ____________ water because of large amounts of ______________. brackish; runoff brackish; evaporation brackish; precipitation hypersaline; runoff hypersaline; evaporation

hypersaline; evaporation

The ocean's biological pump reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that enters the ocean by "pumping" it ______________. into deep-sea waters and especially sea floor sediments back into the atmosphere where it came from directly into the bellies of marine organisms, such as large fish and whales, through osmosis directly into cracks and fissures on the sea floor as a result of the high pressure at the bottom of the ocean into turbidity currents that periodically occur along continental margins and trap the gas

into deep-sea waters and especially sea floor sediments

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply. calcium silica carbon dioxide iron phosphates nitrates

iron phosphates nitrates silica

All of the following adult-stage organisms are considered benthos except _________. sea urchins coral jellyfish sea stars marine worms that burrow into the sea floor sand dollars

jellyfish

Kelp belongs to which of the following types of organisms? macroscopic algae diatoms seed-bearing plants eelgrass surf grass

macroscopic algae

Minamata disease is caused by eating fish contaminated with ________. radioactive waste mercury raw sewage DDT PCBs

mercury

Of the following ocean locations, where would nutrient concentrations be highest? in deep water near continents in warm water in downwelling areas on the ocean floor, where nutrients settle out

near continents

The cosmological model for the formation of the Sun and the rest of our solar system is called the ___________________. Big Bang theory natural selection hypothesis model of star genesis bolide theory nebular hypothesis

nebular hypothesis

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5? orca whales phytoplankton humans tuna salmon

orca whales humans

Which of the following gases was absent from Earth's early atmosphere? oxygen helium hydrogen methane carbon dioxide

oxygen

Which of the following marine pollutants are biodegradable? DDTs the seaweed Caulerpa crude oil microplastics petroleum mercury

petroleum the seaweed Caulerpa crude oil

Of the following groupings, which one is the most inclusive (contains the greatest number of species)? genus family class order phylum

phylum

Which organisms contain chlorophyll? tuna zooplankton anchovies phytoplankton diatoms

phytoplankton diatoms

Dinoflagellates are important examples of _____________ that are often associated with ________________. phytoplankton; red tides zooplankton; tidal bores nekton; grunion runs benthic life; spring tides krill; neap tides

phytoplankton; red tides

The most accurate scientific estimation of Earth's age is based on _____________. calculation of Earth's cooling history radiometric methods of determining the age of meteorites and moon rocks counting generations of people back in time determining the rate of change of seawater salinity the thickness of sediments in the ocean basins

radiometric methods of determining the age of meteorites and moon rocks

All of the following are adaptations that organisms in rocky intertidal zones use to avoid predators EXCEPT _____________. stinging cells the ability to break off body parts and regrow them later release of large numbers of eggs/sperm into the water during reproduction cycles Camouflage firm attachment of a hard shell

release of large numbers of eggs/sperm into the water during reproduction cycles

Which of the following features are associated with erosional shores? sea cliffs and sea stacks barrier islands and lagoons spits and bay barriers estuaries and bays

sea cliffs and sea stacks

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply. sending sound through water (sonar) recording many depths using a long cable using satellites to measure the sea surface direct visitation of the sea floor measuring seawater clarity

sending sound through water (sonar) recording many depths using a long cable using satellites to measure the sea surface direct visitation of the sea floor

Areas of high atmospheric pressure (at Earth's surface) generally experience what kind of conditions? sinking air, with dry, clear weather rising air, with dry, clear weather sinking air, with cloudy, rainy weather rising air, with cloudy, rainy weather usually none of the above

sinking air, with dry, clear weather

Along the U.S. West Coast, longshore transport generally moves ______, and along the U.S. East Coast, longshore transport generally moves ______. north; south south; north south; south north; north in various directions depending on local conditions

south; south

Which of the following whales do NOT have baleen? humpback whales blue whales right whales gray whales sperm whales

sperm whales

What best describes the tectonic setting of the Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest? subduction zone continental rift zone continental collision zone continental hotspot transform fault

subduction zone

A fjord is a type of estuary that was created by _______. natural movement of a barrier island away from shore growth of a barrier island uplifting of the sides along faults submergence of a glacially carved valley folding of rocks

submergence of a glacially carved valley

Surface ocean currents are caused by ___________, whereas deep currents are the result of __________. the Ekman spiral; the Coriolis effect the Coriolis effect; the Ekman spiral surface wind belts; density differences the pycnocline; the thermocline the Ekman spiral; the pycnocline

surface wind belts; density differences

The ocean's deep water is initially formed at the _________ and in _________ regions. ocean floor; subpolar surface; subpolar surface; subtropical ocean floor; subtropical

surface; subpolar

Microscopic shells that create biogenous sediment on the sea floor are called ___________. nodules slime tests clays smush

tests

Which of the following currents does not belong with the others as part of the same gyre? the Benguela Current the Brazil Current the South Equatorial Current the Agulhas Current the West Wind Drift

the Agulhas Current

Going from the equator to the North Pole, what are the names of the wind belts you would cross? the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, the polar easterlies the prevailing westerlies, the trade winds, the polar easterlies the polar easterlies, the prevailing westerlies, the trade winds the trade winds, the polar easterlies, the prevailing westerlies the polar easterlies, the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies the prevailing westerlies, the polar easterlies, the trade winds

the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, the polar easterlies

The San Andreas Fault is associated with what type of plate boundary? divergent convergent transform all of the above none of the above (The San Andreas Fault is not associated with any plate boundary.)

transform

Which of the following features is not associated with the crest of the mid-ocean ridge? a central rift valley deposits of metal sulfides hydrothermal vents pillow lavas trenches

trenches

Which of the following tropical islands would likely be the youngest? tropical island without a fringing reef tropical island with a fringing reef tropical island with a barrier reef ring-shaped tropical island (called a coral atoll)

tropical island without a fringing reef

Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? Choose all that apply. burning of fossil fuels variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions changes in solar energy

variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions changes in solar energy

Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply. east coast of the United States east coast of Brazil west coast of Africa west coast of Chile west coast of the United States

west coast of Chile west coast of the United States

Based on the World Heath Organization's definition of marine pollution, all of the following would be considered pollution (provided that the item results in harmful effects) except ________. an oil spill "natural pollution," such as piles of dead seaweed at the beach a plastic six-pack ring raw sewage warm water discharged into the ocean from a power plant

"natural pollution," such as piles of dead seaweed at the beach

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

- An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density - An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

Of the following statements about the Ekman spiral and Ekman transport, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. - Ekman transport can result in both upwelling and downwelling. - The Coriolis effect causes surface waters to move at an angle relative to the wind direction. - In the deeper layers of the Ekman spiral, water can move in a direction opposite of the wind direction.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. -Record the temperature of the water. -Measure the chlorinity of the water. -Observe the clarity of the water. -Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. -Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. -Pass electrical current through the water.

- Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. - Measure the chlorinity of the water. - Pass electrical current through the water.

Of the following bathymetric conditions, which one(s) would likely produce spilling breakers? Choose all that apply.

- a gently sloping, rocky bottom - a gently sloping, sandy bottom

Select all that apply. -Surface temperatures would increase, causing a decrease in surface water and/or ice on Earth, and would thus cause a further increase in albedo. -A higher albedo means more of the Sun's radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface. -Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth. -Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface.

- Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth. - Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface.

Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur? Choose all that apply. -Where seamounts or table mounts are present -Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline -In areas of converging surface currents -In regions with a well developed pycnocline -In areas of diverging surface currents

- In areas of diverging surface currents - Where seamounts or tablemounts are present - where there is a sharp bend in a coastline

- The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. - Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. - Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

- In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. - In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. - When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. - When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. - Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

Of the following surface currents, which one(s) transport large volumes of warm water to higher latitudes? Choose all that apply. Brazil Current Peru Current Kuroshio Current the Gulf Stream Canary Current North Pacific Current

- Kuroshio Current - Brazil Current - the Gulf Stream

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? Choose all that apply. Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres North Pacific Subtropical Gyre North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre

- South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre - South Pacific Subtropical Gyre - Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres - Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre

Of the following statements about the Coriolis effect in the Northern Hemisphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around low pressure. -The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around high pressure. -The Coriolis effect does not cause air to move in a circular pattern around either high or low pressures. -The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure. -The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure.

- The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure. - The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure.

Part B - Water density case study. Select the three statements below that apply. -The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. -The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth.

- The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. - The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Of the following statements about tsunami, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The tsunami warning system uses seismic waves and deep-ocean pressure sensors to detect tsunami. - At the coast, a tsunami looks like a suddenly occurring high or low tide, which is why they are misnamed "tidal waves." - Tsunami have a very long wavelength, so they travel at very high speeds (equivalent to the speed of a jet airplane). - Tsunami are undetectable by ships in the open ocean.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. -Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity. -The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean.

- The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. - Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. - Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. -Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes. -Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. -Greenhouse gases in the air decrease the amount of heat retained by Earth's atmosphere. -Earth's albedo reflects back into space all of the sunlight hitting Earth.

- Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. - Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. - Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes.

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which one(s) describe wave period? Choose all that apply.

- the inverse of wave frequency - the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point

Which of the following statements about tides in a simple tidal bulge model is/are true? Choose all that apply. -A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy. -Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at apogee and Earth is at aphelion. -Wave interference does not affect tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion.

-A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy. -Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion.

Which of the following statements about tidal patterns and tidal charts is/are true? Choose all that apply. -A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day. -A diurnal tidal pattern has two high tides every tidal day. -A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about equal height and two highs of about equal height every tidal day. -A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day. -A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long. -The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide.

-A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day. -A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long. -The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide. -A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day.

Of the following statements about coastal wetlands, which is/are true? -Salt marshes are a type of coastal wetland found only in the tropics. -Coastal wetlands are good at cleansing water of agricultural runoff, toxins, and other pollutants. -Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland that can protect shorelines from erosion. -Scientists estimate that, globally, 50% of all coastal wetlands have disappeared in the past century. -Coastal wetlands often serve as important nursery areas for many species of fish.

-Coastal wetlands are good at cleansing water of agricultural runoff, toxins, and other pollutants. -Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland that can protect shorelines from erosion. -Scientists estimate that, globally, 50% of all coastal wetlands have disappeared in the past century. -Coastal wetlands often serve as important nursery areas for many species of fish.

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply. -The marine fishing industry has developed new hightech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. -Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. -In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. -The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. -Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. -The largest proportion of marine fish stocks are harvested from open ocean waters.

-Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. -In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. -Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Which of the following statements about gills are true? Choose all that apply. -Gills regulate body temperature. -Gills are fibrous respiratory organs used to extract oxygen from seawater. -Gills are found only on fishes. -Gills rely on diffusion to release carbon dioxide waste from the blood. -Gills filter salt out of seawater.

-Gills rely on diffusion to release carbon dioxide waste from the blood. -Gills are fibrous respiratory organs used to extract oxygen from seawater.a

-When seawater cools, it contracts and occupies less volume, so global sea level is lowered. -Sea level has risen about 120 meters (400 feet) in the past 18,000 years. -When seawater warms, it thermally expands and occupies more volume, so global sea level rises. -Sea level is affected by the amount of ice in polar ice caps on land.

-Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (riprap) or of sturdy wood pilings. -Groins can be singular or many.

Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true? -If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore. -Forty two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. -Offshore areas have very little to offer in the way of resources, so ownership here is not an issue. -Many areas of the deep ocean can be purchased from the United Nations in a sealed bidding process. -Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). -The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993.

-If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore. -Forty two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. -Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). -The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply. -In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. -In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. -In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime. -Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. -In polar oceans, productivity is high yearround.

-In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. -In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. -In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply. -In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. -In tropical oceans, productivity is limited yearround by the lack of sunlight. -In tropical oceans, productivity is limited yearround by the lack of nutrients. -In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. -In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. -In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.

-In tropical oceans, productivity is limited yearround by the lack of nutrients. -In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. -In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight.

Of the following statements about -longshore transport (longshore drift), which is/are true? -Longshore transport moves just a small amount of sediment along the shore during a year. -Longshore transport moves sediment in a zigzag path. -Longshore transport describes the movement of water in the surf zone. -Longshore transport moves sediment upcoast or downcoast along the beach. -Longshore transport and rip currents are the same thing. -Longshore transport can change direction depending on which direction the waves approach the beach.

-Longshore transport moves sediment in a zigzag path. -Longshore transport moves sediment upcoast or downcoast along the beach. -Longshore transport can change direction depending on which direction the waves approach the beach.

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution? -Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy. -Marine pollution can be a natural occurrence. -Marine pollution is aesthetically displeasing (an eyesore). -Marine pollution is harmful to human health only. -Marine pollution is humanmade. -Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life.

-Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy. -Marine pollution is humanmade. -Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the issues with plastics in the marine environment? -Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. -Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. -Accumulating plastic debris acts as an artificial habitat for marine life in the open ocean. -Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. -Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. -Plastics do not biodegrade.

-Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. -Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. -Plastics do not biodegrade. -Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. -Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics.

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move. - Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. - Ocean waves can be classified by the force that created them.

Of the following statements about the physical characteristics of coastal oceans, which is/are true? -Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America. -In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. -In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters). -In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. -Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff.

-Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America. -In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. -In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters). -In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop.

Which of the following are viable options for reducing the amount of plastic in the ocean? -People can reduce their consumption of singleuse plastics. -Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment. -Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of single-use plastics and their improper disposal at sea. -Skim the ocean surface water for floating trash. -Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible.

-People can reduce their consumption of singleuse plastics. -Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment. -Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of singleuse plastics and their improper disposal at sea. -Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible.

Of the following statements about plankton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Plankton drift with ocean currents. -Plankton can move up and down in the water column. -Plankton comprise 98% of all marine species. -Plankton are very abundant and comprise most of Earth's biomass. -Plankton also include certain types of bacteria

-Plankton are very abundant and comprise most of Earth's biomass. -Plankton also include certain types of bacteria -Plankton drift with ocean currents. -Plankton can move up and down in the water column.

Which of the following techniques are the best options for cleaning up after an oil spill? -Pressure wash the coastline with super hot water. -Introduce chemical dispersants to break up the spill. -Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. -Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation.

-Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. -Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation.

Of the following statements about the monthly tidal cycle, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Spring tides occur twice a month. -The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. -The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same. -The new moon is associated with neap tide conditions. -Neap tides occur twice a month. -The new moon is associated with the smallest tidal range of the month.

-Spring tides occur twice a month. -The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. -The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same -Neap tides occur twice a month.

Of the following statements about coastal regions and landforms, which is/are true? -The area of a beach above the shoreline is often called the recreational beach. -The berm is affected by storm waves but is typically dry and relatively flat. -The nearshore is exposed during low tide each day. -The berm is located in the backshore area. -Most of the beach face is exposed during the lowest tides and covered during the highest tides. -The beach face is the wet, sloping surface in the foreshore area.

-The berm is located in the backshore area. -Most of the beach face is exposed during the lowest tides and covered during the highest tides. -The beach face is the wet, sloping surface in the foreshore area. -The area of a beach above the shoreline is often called the recreational beach. -The berm is affected by storm waves but is typically dry and relatively flat.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with depositional shores? -The formation of barrier islands -High sediment supply -A location near a large delta -Bay-mouth bars -Active tectonic uplift -A large sand spit

-The formation of barrier islands -High sediment supply -A location near a large delta -Bay-mouth bars -A large sand spit

Which of the following correctly describes the impacts of known biological pollutants? -Large predatory fish have bioaccumulated high levels of mercury. -The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. -The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea. -Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region. -Fungi that are introduced into an oil spill biodegrade the petroleum.

-The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. -The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea. -Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region.

Of the following statements about global sea level, which is/are true? -When seawater cools, it contracts and occupies less volume, so global sea level is lowered. -When the rate of sea floor spreading increases, global sea level is lowered. -Sea level has risen about 120 meters (400 feet) in the past 18,000 years. -When seawater warms, it thermally expands and occupies more volume, so global sea level rises. -Sea level is affected by the amount of ice in polar ice caps on land.

-When seawater cools, it contracts and occupies less volume, so global sea level is lowered. -Sea level has risen about 120 meters (400 feet) in the past 18,000 years. -When seawater warms, it thermally expands and occupies more volume, so global sea level rises. -Sea level is affected by the amount of ice in polar ice caps on land.

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that apply. -hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane -subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor -mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers -mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor) -areas where highsalinity waters percolate from the sea floor

-hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane -subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor -mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers -areas where highsalinity waters percolate from the sea floor

Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution? -a natural oil seep on the ocean floor that is discharging oil directly into the ocean -warmer than normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant -sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean -biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship -sulfuric acid seeping into marine waters from a volcanic vent area -raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean

-warmer than normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant -sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean -biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship -raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean

The pressure in deep-ocean trenches is typically ________ times that at the ocean's surface. 2 10 20 100 1000

1000

Under ideal conditions for the West Coast of the United States, the time interval between a high tide and the very next high tide would be __________. 12 hours 12 hours, 25 minutes 24 hours 24 hours, 50 minutes about one week (7 3/8 days)

12 hours, 25 minutes

What is the total number of marine species that have been catalogued? 25,000 228,000 860,000 1,800,000 18,000,000

228,000

On the deep-ocean floor, studies suggest that organisms the size of humans would have their soft tissue devoured in about _____________. 1 hour 2 hours 12 hours 24 hours 3 days 1 week

24 hours

Globally, air descends (sinks toward the surface) at ______________. the equator and 90 degrees latitude (the poles) the equator and 30 degrees latitude 30 degrees latitude and 90 degrees latitude (the poles) 30 degrees latitude and 60 degrees latitude 60 degrees latitude and 90 degrees latitude (the poles) the equator and 60 degrees latitude

30 degrees latitude and 90 degrees latitude (the poles)

The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends _______ from all land (including islands) and gives each respective nation jurisdiction over mineral resources, fishing, and pollution regulation in that zone. 50 kilometers 10 kilometers 500 kilometers 370 kilometers 170 kilometers

370 kilometers

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is currently ______ parts per million and is increasing by about 2 parts per million each year. 280 395 412 999 1500

395

If human-caused emissions remain at or near their current rate of increase, atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to be about _____ parts per million sometime between 2050 and 2100, 300 500 900 1200 1500

500

What percentage of marine species live in or on the ocean floor? 2% 19% 54% 71% 98%

98%

Which of the following statements about the iron hypothesis are true? Choose all that apply. Adding iron to the ocean might cause an ecological disaster in the ocean. Iron is a limiting nutrient in some regions of the ocean. Adding iron to the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plankton must die and sink to the sea floor for this to reduce global warming. Phytoplankton populations declined when iron was added to the ocean.

Adding iron to the ocean might cause an ecological disaster in the ocean. Iron is a limiting nutrient in some regions of the ocean. Adding iron to the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plankton must die and sink to the sea floor for this to reduce global warming.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sedimentcovered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply The most stable sedimentcovered shores have the largest grain sizes. Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sedimentcovered shores are sessile epifauna.

Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores.

Which of the following statements about coastal wetlands is false? Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland. Coastal wetlands have very low productivities. Coastal wetlands are often deemed useless land, and so they are filled in for development. Many species of fish use coastal wetlands as nurseries for their young. Salt marshes are a type of coastal wetland. Coastal wetlands naturally cleanse runoff from land.

Coastal wetlands have very low productivities.

Of the following statements, which one best describes copepods? Copepods are a type of foraminifer that spends much of its time floating in the open ocean. Copepods are important examples of deep-water nekton that bioluminesce. Copepods have large gas containers that enable them to increase their buoyancy and float easily. Copepods are microscopic shrimplike animals that are a vital link in many marine food webs. Copepods are deep-ocean dwelling creatures that either crawl across the ocean floor like crabs or burrow into sediment.

Copepods are microscopic shrimplike animals that are a vital link in many marine food webs.

Which of the following statements concerning density stratification is false? Density stratification is responsible for the structure (layering) within Earth. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to migrate to Earth's core. Density stratification has caused Earth to be homogeneous throughout. Density stratification is the tendency of heavy material to sink.

Density stratification has caused Earth to be homogeneous throughout.

Because they tend to move downslope, most lithogenous sediments are deposited in abyssal plains. True False

False

Black volcanic beach sand is a type of hydrogenous sediment. True False

False

Countershading is a term used to describe an organism that is dark-colored on bottom and light-colored on top, a trait that helps it avoid being seen by predators. True False

False

Diffusion is a process that involves passing particles or molecules from areas of low particle concentration to areas of high particle concentration. True False

False

Which of the following properties of plastic make it unusually persistent and damaging? It is durable. It is strong. It is lightweight. It is inexpensive. It is biodegradable.

It is durable. It is strong. It is lightweight. It is inexpensive.

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the depth and height of Earth's surface as shown on the hypsographic curve? Choose all that apply. More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land. The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%.

More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land. The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%.

Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply. Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. Over 50 different species of tropical reefbuilding corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean. Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone.

Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant.

Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. -Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. -Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor. -Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.

Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.

Which of the following statements about the positions of the Earth-Moon-Sun system during a solar eclipse is false? The Earth-Moon-Sun system is in alignment (a straight line). Neap tide conditions occur. The Moon is in syzygy. From Earth, the Sun is at least partially blocked out by the Moon. The Moon would be in new moon phase.

Neap tide conditions occur.

What happens when two continental plates converge? The older one subducts. The younger one subducts. Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms. A spreading center is formed. A hotspot is formed.

Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms.

What is one of the ways to tell the difference between a dolphin and a porpoise? Only dolphins have baleen. Only dolphins have a falcate-shaped dorsal fin. Only dolphins swim by using their large front flippers. Only dolphins use echolocation. Only dolphins have shovel-shaped or spade-shaped teeth (not pointy teeth).

Only dolphins have a falcate-shaped dorsal fin.

Of the following statements about lunar phases, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. -Over the few days of a waning gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waning crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. -Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range decreases.

Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases.

Which of the following marine pollutants will bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food web? PCBs mercury DDTs nurdles microplastics

PCBs mercury DDTs

Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true? Choose all that apply. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives. Schooling allows fish to learn avoidance techniques from each other through observation and socialization. Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. Schooling provides conservation of body heat and allows fish to be warmer, thus using less energy to keep warm. Schools can gang up on larger predators and chase them away, thus avoiding an attack. Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind.

Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind. Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives.

Which of the following statements about the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is false? The DSDP confirmed that the age of the ocean floor increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. The DSDP confirmed that sediment thickness increases with distance from the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material. The DSDP confirmed that Earth's magnetic field polarity reversals are recorded in sea floor rocks.

The DSDP drilled to the center of Earth and confirmed that the outer core is composed of liquid iron-nickel material.

Why do scientists use proxy data to reconstruct past climates? Proxy data fit into computer models better. Proxy data are in close proximity to the laboratories of climate scientists. Proxy data have already been published in established scientific journals. The further back in time we go, actual measurements become less complete and more unreliable.

The further back in time we go, actual measurements become less complete and more unreliable.

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.

The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.

What happens to the ocean water over a seamount on the ocean floor when measured from a satellite? The ocean water rises up to form a mound based on the mass of the seamount. The ocean water forms a depression based on the mass of the seamount. The ocean water becomes denser because of higher gravitational pull. The elevation of ocean water remains flat, as all water should. The elevation of ocean water will vary depending on other factors. The ocean water becomes less dense because of weaker gravitational pull.

The ocean water rises up to form a mound based on the mass of the seamount.

Only 13% of Earth's species live in the ocean. Which is the most logical explanation of why there are so few marine species? The high pressures at depths in the ocean are not conducive to living organisms. In general, the water is just too cold to support much marine life. The depth of the ocean inhibits the easy transmission of sunlight. The large volume of the deep ocean is inhospitable for life. The relatively uniform conditions of the open ocean create an easier life for marine organisms than terrestrial organisms.

The relatively uniform conditions of the open ocean create an easier life for marine organisms than terrestrial organisms.

Planetary atmospheric processes include many feedback loops. What are feedback loops? They are processes that modify an end result. They are circular-moving loops of water that occur in offshore areas. They involve feeding organisms that live in the atmosphere. They are also known as circulation cells, which occur in the atmosphere, the oceans, and inside Earth. They are various types of instruments used for measuring atmospheric properties.

They are processes that modify an end result.

Which of the following statements about fracture zones is false? They are ancient fault scars. They experience very little seismic activity. They are transform plate boundaries. They are found beyond the offset segments of the mid-ocean ridge. They are embedded within a plate and so are often referred to as "intraplate" features.

They are transform plate boundaries.

An examination of natural climate change factors reveals that the recently observed climate changes, such as the rate of warming in recent decades, are greater than can be explained by any natural factors. True False

True

What is one of the first indications that an El Niño event may be occurring? The intensity of the prevailing westerlies increases as they flow over South America. Upwelling increases along the coast of Peru. Ekman flow phenomena occur, causing the movement of surface currents. Warm water originating near Australia migrates toward South America. Thermohaline flow becomes unusually strong.

Warm water originating near Australia migrates toward South America.

All of the following are considered examples of non-petroleum chemical pollution except ________. a plastic six-pack ring sewage pesticides prescription drugs mercury

a plastic six-pack ring

Which of the following best describes a continental borderland? a wide, flat continental shelf with a steep continental rise offshore a deep ocean trench just beyond a narrow continental slope a series of islands, shallow banks, and deep basins a mid-ocean ridge just beyond a narrow continental plain a narrow shelf, leading out to an abyssal plain

a series of islands, shallow banks, and deep basinsccccccccc,m

Of the following characteristics, which apply to a planktonic organism that photosynthesizes? Choose all that apply. living in the aphotic zone classified as zooplankton a type of autotrophic organism classified as phytoplankton living within the euphotic zone a type of heterotrophic organism

a type of autotrophic organism classified as phytoplankton living within the euphotic zone

Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply. a wide continental shelf volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas a deep-ocean trench a continental rise an abundance of earthquake activity

a wide continental shelf a continental rise

Which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zone along rocky shores? Choose all that apply. carnivorous sea stars sea anemones hermit crabs goosenecked barnacles corals giant brown bladder kelp (Macrocystis)

carnivorous sea stars sea anemones hermit crabs goosenecked

Of the following fins, which one is most commonly used in propelling fish rapidly forward? dorsal fin pectoral fin anal fin pelvic fin caudal fin

caudal fin

Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? coral reefs equatorial upwelling anywhere there is a strong thermocline in the deep ocean, far from land coastal upwelling

coastal upwelling coral reefs equatorial upwelling

What features are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply. continental rise narrow continental shelf Flat coastal terrain ridge trench

continental rise Flat coastal terrain

Plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is being added are called _____________. transform boundaries convergent boundaries divergent boundaries volcanic boundaries transvergent boundaries

divergent boundaries

Late one night as you are flipping channels on TV, you come across the Alfred Hitchcock thriller The Birds. You know that this movie showing unusual bird behavior was inspired by an actual event involving birds that pecked people because the birds were affected by ________________. denitrifying bacteria domoic acid paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) western intensification Minamata disease

domoic acid

Destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges occurs __________. during neap tide every day at about noon during spring tide during perigee during apogee every night at about midnight

during neap tide

Syzygy occurs __________. during neap tides every night at about midnight during apogee every day at about noon during perigee during spring tides

during spring tides

Which of the following increases the salinity of seawater? runoff entering the ocean precipitation into the ocean icebergs melting in the ocean evaporation of seawater runoff and precipitation into the ocean only End of Question 16

evaporation of seawater

What causes the potentially lethal bleaching of coral reefs? the covering of coral by white beach sand Bioaccumulation expulsion of algae the presence of sulfuric acid Bioerosion

expulsion of algae

Unlike humans, whales can minimize the debilitating effects of deep diving because they _____________. extract more oxygen from each breath than humans do have collapsible lungs have developed insensitivity to high levels of carbon dioxide gas use echolocation to prevent it don't dive after eating a large meal

have collapsible lungs

A geostrophic current is one that (ideally) flows _______. always toward the North Pole, even in the Southern Hemisphere parallel to the coastline downhill away from the center of a gyre straight down vertically, deep into the ocean, until it touches the sea floor; at that point, it spreads out in a circular path around the central "hill" of a gyre

in a circular path around the central "hill" of a gyre

The type of hard stabilization that protects a harbor or bay entrance and is almost always found in pairs is called a _________. groin sea wall breakwater jetty coastal fortification beach stabilizer

jetty

Which of the following groups of organisms are considered zooplankton? Choose all that apply. krill copepods radiolarians jellyfish diatoms

krill copepods radiolarians jellyfish

What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply. large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time trench formation at convergent boundaries major climate changes, such as ice ages tectonic activity produced by offshore faults the creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time trench formation at convergent boundaries major climate changes, such as ice ages tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

In marine food webs, individual members of a feeding population are generally _________ in size and ______ numerous than their prey. larger; less smaller; less larger; more smaller; more

larger; less

With rising sea level, barrier islands tend to _______. become stabilized along their length develop wave-cut terraces wash out toward the sea grow higher by deposition of sediment migrate landward

migrate landward

In middle-latitude waters during the winter, the supply of sunlight is ___________ and the supply of nutrients is _____________. maximized; maximized maximized; minimized minimized; maximized minimized; minimized

minimized; maximized

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deepwater species -are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. governments target deepwater species when they subsidize their fishing industries -most deepwater organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate -deepwater fishes taste better and are in higher demand -deepwater fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population fisheries management agencies have -become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list

most deepwater organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

The Hawaiian Islands are associated with which type of plate boundary? divergent convergent transform all of the above none of the above (The Hawaiian Islands are not associated with a plate boundary.)

none of the above (The Hawaiian Islands are not associated with a plate boundary.)

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to -:krill and other shellfish. -species harvested for industrial purposes. -non target species that are caught along with commercial species. -species raised in aquaculture settings. -species caught as part of traditional fisheries.

nontarget species that are caught along with commercial species.

Of the following phases of the Moon, which one is associated with the smallest tidal range? full moon new moon quarter moon gibbous moon crescent moon

quarter moon

Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following? Choose all that apply. creating manmade glaciers in tropical areas to increase the solar radiation reflected back into space. releasing gaseating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heattrapping gases reflecting solar radiation back into space using manmade devices. adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump spraying aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds

reflecting solar radiation back into space using manmade devices. adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump

In the open ocean, tidal currents follow which of the following patterns? reversing upwelling boring cresting rotary

rotary

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply. the Pacific Ring of Fire very deep ocean water depths volcanic arcs and active continental margins subduction zones and associated faults the mid-ocean ridge narrow or no continental shelves

the Pacific Ring of Fire very deep ocean water depths volcanic arcs and active continental margins subduction zones and associated faults narrow or no continental shelves

The Age of Discovery was the time period in ocean exploration history when _____________. Earth-orbiting satellites were first launched into outer space the Phoenicians explored the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean Leif Eriksson reached Newfoundland the Western European world realized the vastness of Earth's water-covered surface

the Western European world realized the vastness of Earth's water-covered surface

Life on rocky shores of the supratidal (spray) zone is influenced primarily by _____________. whether symbiosis occurs there the ability of an organism to avoid drying out whether an organism is a suspension or deposit feeder the nature of the sediment the amount of wave activity experienced along a particular shoreline

the ability of an organism to avoid drying out

A moving object traveling northward in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected toward ______________. straight upward the east the south the west the north

the east

During periods of very heavy wave activity, _________. the berm grows and the longshore bar shrinks the berm shrinks and the longshore bar grows both the berm and the longshore bar grow both the berm and the longshore bar shrink both the berm and the longshore bar stay the same size

the berm shrinks and the longshore bar grows

A fishery's maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is defined as _____________. the maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem the maximum amount of fish that can be caught during a sustainable season (its yield) the maximum yield of fish produced in an ecosystem that sustains it the maximum size that fish reach before being removed (yielded) from the ocean by eating (food webs) or harvesting (by humans in fisheries) the maximum number of fishing vessels that can be sustained by the yield of a local fishery per year.

the maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem

Which of the following structures is used by dolphins and porpoises to focus echolocation sounds? the spermaceti organ the rostrum the melon the dorsal fin the blowhole, including the nasal passage

the melon

How is energy transferred from Earth's surface to Earth's atmosphere? through convection through conduction through latent heat in water vapor through the greenhouse effect through absorption

through convection through conduction through latent heat in water vapor through the greenhouse effect

How might the development of dead zones be controlled? -through preservation of wetlands -by planting trees and grasses -with enhanced sewage treatment -by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands -by adding more nutrients to the water

through preservation of wetlands by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands

The Gulf Stream is a ________ current that flows ________. cold; west warm; west warm; north warm; south cold; south cold; north

warm; north

The East Australian Current is a ________ current that flows ________. warm; north cold; south warm; south cold; north warm; east cold; east

warm; south