Ocean Systems

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If a CO2 molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited. 0 20 50 80 100

What is the freezing point of water (in Celsius)?

At what current velocity would a particle of size 0.06 mm be deposited? 0.7 cm/sec 7 cm/sec 70 cm/sec 7 m/sec 7 km/sec

0.7 cm/sec

From a scientific perspective, there is/are _______ ocean(s) on Earth 1 3 5 7

How many centimeters in a meter?

100

How many meters are in a kilometer?

1000

Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ____ °C. 33 15 -18 0 -8

How many degrees of longitude equals one hour of time? 15 24 25 45

Tidal ranges in the eastern part of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia on the Atlantic coast of Canada are some of the world's largest. They reach maximum spring tidal ranges of __________. 5 meters 15 meters 10 meters 50 meters 30 meters

15 meters

How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the Pacific Ocean basin? 180,000 years 180 years 180 million years 2.5 billion years 543 million years

180 million years

When was seafloor spreading first proposed? 1912 1918 1940 1960 1965

1960

On average, how much of the asthenosphere is molten? 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%

How much of Earth's surface is freshwater? 97% 2.5% 71% 67%

2.5%

The density of average continental crust is? 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3 3.2 g/cm3 3.3 g/cm3 5.5 g/cm3 13.5 g/cm3

2.7 g/cm3

The density of average ocean crust is: 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3 3.2 g/cm3 3.3 g/cm3

2.9 g/cm3

Since the formation of Earth, the planet has made __________ trips around the galactic center? 10 20 30 40 50

The density of average asthenosphere is? 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3 3.2 g/cm3 3.3 g/cm3 5.5 g/cm3 13.5 g/cm3

3.2 g/cm3

The density of the average lithosphere mantle is: 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3 3.2 g/cm3 3.3 g/cm3

3.3 g/cm3

If a H2O molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited. 5 10 50 90 100

Biodegradation refers to the damage done to organisms influenced by pollution. True False

False

Carrying capacity is the total number of species in a habitat. True False

False

Crust is created at transform faults - True or False

False

Diatoms are one of the major generators of Calcareous Oozes - true or False

False

"Quiz 4 Diagram 1" in files Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean to answer this question. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map What is the feature between letters (c) and (d)? A trench A transform fault A fracture zone A hotspot track A mid-ocean ridge

A mid-ocean ridge

The name Cretaceous is derived from a Latin word for chalk, due to the massive deposits of chalk composed mainly of the tiny skeletons of this type of organism: Diatoms. Acantharians Cyanobacteria Coccolithophores Dinoflagellates Radiolarians

Coccolithophores

Which of the following is the best definition of a wave-cut platform: A smooth, nearly level sea floor generated by deposition shoreward of a delta. A smooth, nearly level sea floor just seaward of a sea cliff. A notch at the base of a sea cliff. A smooth, nearly level sea floor just seaward a coral reef.

A smooth, nearly level sea floor just seaward of a sea cliff.

Scientific data is defined as which of the following? An observation or measurement An experiment conducted by a scientist A scientific hypothesis that has been proven true A verifiable observation or measurement A scientific hypothesis that cannot be proven false

A verifiable observation or measurement

What did the Polynesians use to determine if an island was near, but could not be seen? [Choose all that apply] The smell of the water The change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull The temperature and salinity of the water The flight tracks of birds at dusk The types of marine life clustering near the boat

ALL OF THEM The smell of the water The change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull The temperature and salinity of the water The flight tracks of birds at dusk The types of marine life clustering near the boat

Where did organized, applied marine science begin in the western hemisphere? Athens, Greece Sagres, Portugal Tyre, Lebanon Alexandria, Egypt

Alexandria, Egypt

Greenhouse gases are gases that are excited by radiation that is coming from the sun. True False

False

The "High Seas" are defined by the 1982 United Nation Draft Convention on Law of the Sea as: A portion of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. All Ocean areas outside the exclusive economic zones EEZs. An area of the ocean controlled exclusively by pirates. A term synonymous with the exclusive economic zones (EEZ).

All Ocean areas outside the exclusive economic zones EEZs.

A scientific hypothesis is defined as which of the following?

An explanation for scientific data that can be tested and has not been proven false

A niche is defined as: An organisms "address" An organism's "occupation" within a habitat. None of the other options A term referring to a component of the environment.

An organism's "occupation" within a habitat.

A niche is defined as: An organisms address An organisms "occupation" within a habitat None of the other options A term referring to a component of the environment

An organisms "occupation" within a habitat

__________ is the most commonly harvested type of fish. Largehead hairtail Tuna Mackerel Alaska pollock Anchoveta

Anchoveta

Primary production in hydrothermal vent communities is accomplished by photosynthesis - true or false

false

Methane Hydrates freeze when they are brought to the surface, forming a solid composed of methane-laced ice. True False

False

How did the Moon form? It is a captured asteroid Another planet collided with the Earth It spun out of the Earth because of it's centrifugal acceleration It formed beside the Earth at the same time

Another planet collided with the Earth

Phoenician and Greek sailors were skilled enough that they ventured beyond the sight of land for trade on a regular basis.

False

Which of the following is not a type of estuary? Tectonic Drowned River Mouth Bar-built Fjord Atoll

Atoll

__________ is not one of the top five countries in annual harvesting of marine organisms (measured in tonnes). USA India Peru China Australia

Australia

In the diagram above, water is both a liquid and a sold on the line segment between: A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F

B & C

The U.S. signed the 1982 United Nations Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea. True or False

False

How old are Earth's oldest known fossils of life? This is, those found and dated by scientists. Between 450 and 600 million years old Between 1.2 and 1.6 billion years old Between 2.2 and 2,4 billion years old Between 3.4 and 3.6 billion years old Between 3.9 and 4.2 billion years old

Between 3.4 and 3.6 billion years old

Sand size sediment range in size from: Between 62.5 meters and 2 kilometers Greater than 2 millimeters Less than 4 micrometers Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters Between 4 micrometers and 62.5 micrometers

Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters

Calcareous and Siliceous oozes are __________ sediments Hydrogenous Terrigenous Biogenous Cosmogenous

Biogenous

Which type of sediment covers the greatest area of the ocean basin: Biogenous Hydrogenous Terrigenous Cosmogenous

Biogenous

Dinoflagellates are responsible for two specific marine phenomena: Bioluminescence and Evapotranspiration. Bioluminescence and Red Tides. Bioluminescence and Bioturbation. Red Tides and Evapotranspiration. Red Tides and Bioturbation.

Bioluminescence and Red Tides.

_______ is the term for unintended organisms killed while fishing for desirable ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example) Bycatch Shorthaul Overcatch Runout

Bycatch

The southward-flowing current that intercepts water outflowing from the Mediterranean Sea and then flows past the west-african coast is called the Benguela Current Agulhas Current Canary Current North African Current Atlantic Equatorial Current

Canary Current

Energy is the ________ . Capacity to increase power. Capacity to decrease power Capacity to do work

Capacity to do work

The shelter and high productivity of a kelp forest can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals. For example, sea urchins in a kelp bed can ingest ___________ that leak from algae, they also gnaw on the stipes and hold fasts with their "teeth". Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by breaking the kelp from their holdfasts. carbohydrates carbon disulfide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide

Carbohydrates

Humans have increased the amount of ________ gas in the atmosphere as a result of their demand for quick energy to fuel industrial growth. water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) all of these none these

Carbon Dioxide

What were the major components of Earth's early atmosphere? Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Helium Hydrogen Sulfide Water Vapor None of these

Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor

The greenhouse effect is a bad thing. True False

False

Bioluminescence is a process by which a compound called luciferin is activated by an enzyme called luciferase. What is the result of the activation? Nothing visible happens. Kinetic energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a blue-green colored light. Potential energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a red colored light. Chemical energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a red colored light. Chemical energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a blue-green colored light.

Chemical energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a blue-green colored light.

____ is example of a drowned river mouth estuary. Albemarle Sound, North Carolina The Nile Delta Chesapeake Bay Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington

Chesapeake Bay

_________ was the number one harvester of marine life in 2011. China Peru Chile Indonesia The United States

China

The highest mountains form at divergent plate boundaries - true or false

False

What was NOT the goal of Admiral Zheng He's explorations? Better understand the oceans and the treasures hidden within them Explore and study new civilizations in distant places Conquer people in distant places Display and share the wealth and powers of the Ming Dynasty

Conquer people in distant places

The largest marine protected area in the U.S. is off the coast of Puerto Rico - True or False

False

Why does Continent-Continent convergence produce the highest mountains? [Choose all that apply] Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too high. Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too low. The convergence thins the crust enough to support high mountains The convergence thickens the crust enough to support high mountains

Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too low. The convergence thickens the crust enough to support high mountains

Which of these are layers within Earth? [Choose all that apply] Crust Lithosphere Divergence Asthenosphere Mantle Convergence Transform

Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mantle

The lithosphere is part of which Earth layer(s)? [Choose all that apply] Crust Mantle Core Asthenosphere Picosphere

Crust Mantle

Each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for ________________. Sodium Chloride Gypsum Crustaceans manganese nodules MgSO4

Crustaceans

Which of the following is a type of picoplankton? Diatoms. Amoebas. Foraminifers. Cyanobacteria. Coccolithophores.

Cyanobacteria.

In the diagram above, the line segment between ______ shows the change in state from liquid to gas. A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F

D & E

What is the general trend in the salinity of the surface zone as a function of latitude (from about 30° N to 90° N (the north pole) or from 30° S towards 90° S (the south pole)? Random change in salinity towards the poles. Decreasing salinity towards the poles. Increasing salinity towards the poles. No change in the salinity towards the poles.

Decreasing salinity towards the poles.

The ___________ is the name for the layer composed of a relatively dense aggregate of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in synchrony with daylight Marine Residence Layer (MRL) Cavernous Residence Layer (CRL) Deep Scattering Layer (DSL) Deep Defusing Layer (DDL)

Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)

Which of the following are covered by the thinnest amount of marine sediment? Continental rises Deep-ocean floor Continental shelves Continental slopes

Deep-ocean floor

The boundary between two air masses of different __________ is called a front salinity energy volume density

Density

In a rocky intertidal community, what factor causes faunal zonation to develop with zones running parallel to the shoreline? Wave height Desiccation Predation Nutrient levels

Desiccation

What was the first echo sounder invented to do? Detect icebergs measure the depths of the ocean Detect whales Increase fisherman's catches

Detect icebergs

Corals in modern reefs have a type of symbiont that generates carbohydrates and oxygen that the coral uses. These symbionts are actually a type of: Foraminifera Diatom Acantharian Dinoflagellate Coccolithophore

Dinoflagellate

Which of the following are climatic belts that are distributed latitudinally, i.e. we only find them at certain latitudes? [select all that apply]: Doldrums Trade winds Horse latitudes Nor'easters Polar easterlies Sea breezes

Doldrums Horse latitudes Nor'easters

A fjord is a: Drowned U-shaped valley that had been carved into a U-shape by glaciers. Type of glacier that lasts at least 1000 years. Drowned V-shaped valley that had been formed by a river system. Type of fault-bounded basin that has been flooded by seawater.

Drowned U-shaped valley that had been carved into a U-shape by glaciers.

Which of the following are types of boundary currents? [select all that apply]: Eastern Boundary Currents Antarctic Deep Water Atlantic Deep Water Transverse Currents Western Boundary Currents Mediterranean Deep Water

Eastern Boundary Currents Transverse Currents Western Boundary Currents

What was the most important motivation driving the European age of discovery?

Economic

The method used to measure salinity and total dissolved solids by measuring how well a current of electrons moves through the solution is called ______________ (Hint: it is measured with a salinometer). Turbidity testing Shock trajectory Electrical conductivity pH scaling Current motility.

Electrical conductivity

Ions are: Electrically charged atoms or molecules. A type of liquid. Electrically neutral. All of the above.

Electrically charged atoms or molecules.

53% of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper 500 meters of the water column. True False

False

A fracture zone is a plate boundary - true or false

False

Seawater has an average pH of 4. - true or false

false

What planetary bodies in the solar system do we think have liquid water today? Venus Europa Garymede Triton Lo Mars Earth Titan Enceladus

Europa Garymede Mars Earth Enceladus

Which of the following is a scientific hypothesis about the impact of plastics on marine organisms: Turtle populations are in decline, in part as a result of ingesting plastics. Eventually primary producers will evolve that use plastics as the basis of energy production at the base of the food chain. Plastics are plentiful in the ocean. Humans will start to curtail their production of plastics when they realize how much it is hurting marine turtles.

Eventually primary producers will evolve that use plastics as the basis of energy production at the base of the food chain.

Whalers from Norway and Japan have stopped taking whales since the International Whaling Commission, an organization of whaling countries established to manage whale stocks, place a moratorium on the slaughter of large whales in 1986. True or false

False

When Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth, the implication that Earth was spherical was a scientific fact.

False

When scientists figured out how to date rocks using radioactive decay, geologists had to completely change the Geologic Time Scale.

False

When we correlated atmospheric carbon dioxide to temperature change the correlation coefficient was only about 0.9. This is good evidence that both the greenhouse effect and global warming are not real. True False

False

n the absence of the greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be about -18°C. Life as we know it would not have had any problem evolving in this environment. True False

False

Which one of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately choking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen. Synthetic polymers Petroleum Fertilizers Sediment runoff

Fertilizers

Neap tides occur during which two phases of the Moon? New Moon and Third Quarter Full Moon and New Moon First Quarter and Third Quarter Full Moon and First Quarter

First Quarter and Third Quarter

Some mariculture projects actually produce oysters that make jewelry-quality pearls. True False

Flase

A Gyre is defined as: Flow of surface currents around the periphery of an ocean basin. Flow of surface currents out of an ocean basin. Flow of deep currents across an ocean basin. Flow of surface currents across an ocean basin. Flow of deep currents around the periphery of an ocean basin.

Flow of surface currents around the periphery of an ocean basin.

This principle states that the total amount of dissolved solids may change from location to location across the world ocean, however the ratio of major salts remains constant at all of these locations. Forchhammer's Principle. Gibbs Free Energy of Formation. The Law of Conservation of Mass. Darwin's Principle

Forchhammer's Principle.

Of the following, which one can over time facilitate the creation of new species?: Low rates of mutation Geographic barriers. Plenty of nutrients No competition for resources or living space

Geographic barriers.

According to this plot from our textbook, if seawater had a pH of 4, the dominant dissolved form of carbon dioxide would be: H2CO3 HCO3-. CO2 CO3-2.

H2CO3

A pair of air circulation cells which exist adjacent to and on each side of the equator are known as __________. Polar cells Ferrel cells Mid latitude cells Hadley cells

Hadley Cells

Coral reefs tend to develop in tropical settings with _________ wave and/or current energy, which provides a constant supply of nutrients to the corals. Low High Moderate no

High

Why was Wegener's Hypothesis of Continental Drift rejected? His evidence was too spotty and incomplete His mechanism was too wacky He died on Greenland and was unable to defend his hypothesis He stole the idea from other people

His mechanism was too wacky

The only place on Earth where a mid-ocean ridge appears above the ocean's surface is: New Zealand Hawaii Japan Iceland Madagascar

Iceland

On the Gulf of Mexico coast, the bycatch of shrimping is about 4 lbs. to every 1 lb. of shrimp caught. True False

True

Ooids are an ingredient of Portland Cement. True False

True

Organisms that ingest plastic may experience intestinal blockages and may eventually die. True False

True

Place the following zones in order from shallow (1) to deep (3): ____ Disphotic zone ____ Aphotic zone ____ Euphotic zone

__2__ Disphotic zone __3__ Aphotic zone __1__ Euphotic zone

The highest surface seawater temperatures are found: Over the entire globe. In polar latitudes. In tropical latitudes. In temperate latitudes.

In tropical latitudes.

Organisms that manage to establish themselves in an area far from their home waters, by hitching a ride in the ballast waters of a ship (or even attached to the outside of the ship in some cases) are called _________________. Cosmopolitan species Escapees Barbarian Invaders Aliens Introduced Species

Introduced Species

A supernova is the only natural way to create elements heavier than _____ ? Iron (Fe) Helium (He) Uranium (U) Oxygen (O) Lead (Pb)

Iron (Fe)

Who invented the form of taxonomy still in use today? Linneaus Wallace Lamarck Forchhammer Darwin

Linneaus

Mangroves are usually found in what environment? Littora, tropical to subtropical Latitudes. Littoral, Temperate Latitudes. Neritic, Polar Latitudes. Neritic, tropical to subtropical Latitudes Littoral, Polar Latitudes.

Littora, tropical to subtropical Latitudes.

Renewable resources are naturally replaced by either biological or natural physical processes and are replenished at rates that are shorter than a person's life span. True False

True

Scientists use mathematical models of Earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. The models are tested by comparing modeled climate with observed climate over the last 100 years. True False

True

The concepts eventually utilized, in part, by the Law of the Sea were first described in a 1609 publication by Hugo Grotius called _____________. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Systema Naturae Mare Liberum De Re Metallica Princeps botanicorum

Mare Liberum

The following are nonextractive resources except: transport of cargo coastal real estate transport of passengers mariculture tourism

Mariculture

____________ is the name given to the practice of growing and farming of marine organisms, usually in estuaries, bays, or nearshore environments, or in specially designed structures using circulating seawater. Mariculture Aqualculture Seawaterculture Fishculture

Mariculture

What are the units of density? Beans per unit Burrito Mass per unit Volume Speed per unit Distance Acceleration per unit Time Volume per unit Mass

Mass per unit Volume

Wave height is the distance: Measured vertically from crest to trough. Measured vertically from crest to still water level. Measured horizontally from crest to crest. Measured vertically from still water level to trough Measured horizontally from trough to trough.

Measured vertically from crest to trough.

At a transform plate boundary, ocean lithosphere is... Created Moved Destroyed

Moved

During the last ice age, the continental shelf off of the eastern US was: Much broader Much narrower The same width

Much narrower

The main annual source of crude oil to the oceans is: Natural seeps of crude oil on the sea floor. Leakage during the extraction of hydrocarbons at offshore platforms. Leakage and Spills during the transport of crude oil to refineries. Operational discharge from large ships

Natural seeps of crude oil on the sea floor.

In Continent-Continent convergence, which plate subducts? The older plate The younger plate The smaller plate The larger plate Neither plate subducts, they crash into each other

Neither plate subducts, they crash into each other

One of the most common and successful animal parasites in the modern oceans is/are: Fish Shrimp Nematodes Sea Cucumbers Tube worms

Nematodes

Pelagic deposits are deposited in deep marine settings. They are dominated by biogenous sediments. What kinds of sediments would you expect to find in deep marine settings? Coal Oozes and some hemipelagic clays Granite Conglomerates Basalt

Oozes and some hemipelagic clays

The largest mass extinction in the Earth's geologic history occurred at the end of the _________ period. Cretaceous Ordovician Vendian Permian Triassic

Permian

Which of the following are types of marine resources? [select all that apply]: Physical resources Marine energy resources Nonextractive resources. Biological resources Psuedo-chemical resources

Physical resources Marine energy resources Nonextractive resources. Biological resources

________ are responsible for 90-95% of the ocean's surface water primary productivity? Allosynthetic organisms. Animals. Plants. Phytoplankton. Fungi

Phytoplankton.

The greenhouse effect is the natural response of Earth's climate system to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. True False

True

Other than hydrogen and oxygen, the most abundant ions in seawater are chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and bicarbonate. - true or false

true

Water suitable for drinking is ____________ water. Transportable Saline Movable Potable

Potable

Which of the following are renewable resources? [select all that apply]: Metallic sulfides Potable water Table salt Manganese nodules Hydrocarbons

Potable water Table salt

Biogenous sediments form through Precipitation of minerals from seawater Precipitation by organisms as part of their skeletons Weathering and erosion of preexisting rock Accumulation of cosmic dust

Precipitation by organisms as part of their skeletons

Multicellular algae are best described as _____________? Chemotrophs. Phytoplankton. Protists. Plants. Prokaryotes.

Protists.

_________ is NOT a type of macro algae found in modern oceans. Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae) Rhodophyta (red algae) Purpurophyta (purple algae)

Purpurophyta (purple algae)

The thermocline is a zone of rapid temperature change that generally corresponds to the: Surface zone and Pycnocline. Deep Zone. Surface zone. Salinocline. Pynocline and Halocline.

Pynocline and Halocline.

Photosynthetic organisms are much more abundant in the photic zone than elsewhere in the ocean. - true or false

true

The human population growth curve is a plot of scientific data if: Reports of counts of births and deaths are compiled to generate these exact numbers. Models of birth and death rates are based on reports of counts of births and deaths. Scientists are counting all births and deaths, everywhere, in real time. Models are based on ancient burial grounds analyzed by anthropologists They are used to generate scientific hypotheses and theories.

Reports of counts of births and deaths are compiled to generate these exact numbers.

In conventional hydrocarbon exploitation, oil collects in ____________, (=zones of porous rock in the subsurface), which are overlain by _________ (=zones of impermeable rock). Reservoirs / Seals Seals / Reservoirs Aquitards / Aquifers Aquifers / Aquitards

Reservoirs / Seals

Which of the following is not a colligative property of a solution? Osmotic Pressure Heat capacity Freezing point of the solution Salinity Evaporation rate of the solution

Salinity

This resource, when derived from marine sediments, is about 1% of the total production of that resource. Most production is on land. Sand and Gravel Salt Ooids Fish Oil and gas

Sand and Gravel

During a Norther Hemisphere Winter, what season are people who live in the Southern Hemisphere experiencing? Winter Spring Summer Fall

Summer

The theory of Seafloor Spreading was generated largely as a result of technologies developed during World War I and II - True or False

True

Photosynthetic organisms are one of the generators of dissolved oxygen in seawater. - true or false

true

The list represents the progression of landforms created through the erosion of a headland. Sea Stack, Sea Arch, Sea Cave. Sea Stacks, Sea Notches, Wave-cut Platform Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks None of the above.

Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks

which of the following are types of marine vascular plants? [select all that apply]: Kelp Sea Grasses like Thalasia Diatoms mangrove

Sea Grasses like Thalasia mangrove

These observations support the theory of plate tectonics: [select all that apply] Sediments are generally thicker near the edges of the oceans than they are near the center of the oceans. In the deep Pacific ocean, sediments accumulating at the surface are generally red clay but drilling shows that just above the basement rock is a thick accumulation of carbonate ooze. Abyssal plains tend to be absent adjacent to passive margins. Abyssal plains tend to be present adjacent to passive margins. Sediments are generally thinner near the edges of the oceans and they are thicker near the center of the oceans.l

Sediments are generally thicker near the edges of the oceans than they are near the center of the oceans. Abyssal plains tend to be present adjacent to passive margins.

Extreme tides in some restricted basins can cause resonance of water movement in the basin. What is the type of wave called? Seiche Capillary Waves Wind Waves Tsunami

Seiche

Which of the following techniques is not used to sample the sediment at or below the sea floor? Seismic profiles Clamshell sampler Dredging Piston coring

Seismic profiles

The solid nature of the inner core was determined by seismologists in 1935, some 30 years after they found that the outer core was liquid. The delay was because: A revolution in our understanding of Continental Drift lead to this discovery. A revolution in our understanding of Plate Tectonics lead to this discovery. An even larger earthquake occurred in 1935. Seismic receivers were more sensitive in 1935.

Seismic receivers were more sensitive in 1935.

There are isopods (small arthropods) that essentially replace the tongues of fish as an example of a parasitic relationship. True False

True

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their location and behavior on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. https://ereader.chegg.com/# ____ Neritic to Oceanic, Nekton ____ Littoral to Neritic, Planktic or Benthic ____ Neritic to Oceanic, Plankton ____ Oceanic, Benthc

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their location and behavior on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. __3__ Neritic to Oceanic, Nekton __2__ Littoral to Neritic, Planktic or Benthic __1__ Neritic to Oceanic, Plankton __4__ Oceanic, Benthc

Cape Cod, Massachusetts experiences what types of tides? Diurnal Semi-diurnal Amphidromic Mixed semi-diurnal

Semi-diurnal

Tides are a type of ____________, as their wavelengths are half the circumference of the Earth, and so they never develop in oceans deep enough to exhibit circular orbits. They are also a type of ___________, because they are always under the influence of the force that forms them. Deep-water waves / free waves Deep-water waves / free waves. Shallow-water waves / forced waves Shallow-water waves / free waves

Shallow-water waves / forced waves

Which part of the oceans is really more like the continents? Trenches Rises Basins Shelves Ridges

Shelves

_______ is the influential book that Rachel Carson published in 1962. Silent Spring On the origin of marine chemicals. Bountiful Spring Roaring Winter

Silent Spring

Terrigenous sediments are composed of mainly [select all that apply]: Carbonate ooze Cosmic dust Silicate minerals Clays Metal sulfide precipitants

Silicate minerals Clays

Which of the following are states of matter found on the Earth [select all that apply]: Plasma Gas Michigan Solid Liquid

Solid Gas Liquid

Choose the techniques that have been used to measure the ocean's water depth. [Choose all that apply] Sounding weights and lines Satellite measurements of the ocean's surface Asking mermaids and mermen Echo-sounders Space Shuttle based laser measurements of the ocean bottom

Sounding weights and lines Satellite measurements of the ocean's surface Echo-sounders

An example of a fjord in the continental U.S. is the _________. Hudson Bay Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington The Gulf of Mexico Albemarle Sound, North Carolina Nile Delta Chesapeake Bay

Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington

Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for a specific type of sedimentary structure called: Stromatolites Ripple Marks Cross Bedding Graded Bedding Mud Cracks

Stromatolites

Mixed tides are characterized by: One high tide and one low tide per day. One high tide and two low tides per day. Two high tides and three low tides per day. Successive high or low tides through the day are of significantly different heights.

Successive high or low tides through the day are of significantly different heights.

There is a lot of evidence that Mars used to have liquid water - True or False

True

True or false - a meteorological equator is different than the geographic equator

True

One ______ equals 1,000,000 cubic meters/secs. Etvös Murray Sverdrup Ekman

Sverdrup

Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift was rejected because his mechanism was unrealistic and easily disproven - True or False

True

San Francisco Bay is an example of a: Tectonic Estuary Fjord Drowned River Valley Bay-built Estuary

Tectonic Estuary

What is the difference between lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere? [Choose all that apply] Temperature, the lithosphere is warmer. Temperature, the asthenosphere is warmer. Rigidity, the lithosphere is more rigid (less plastic-y). Rigidity, the asthenosphere is more rigid (less plastic-y). Composition, the lithospheric mantle is made of less dense minerals. Composition, the asthenosphere is made of less dense minerals.

Temperature, the asthenosphere is warmer. Rigidity, the lithosphere is more rigid (less plastic-y).

Habitat is defined as __________. The combination of the space that an organism lives in and the organism's occupation The optimal range of environmental conditions for a specific organism The "address" or "location" that an organism lives at within a community The organism's occupation

The "address" or "location" that an organism lives at within a community

Population is a group of organisms of the same species - true or false

true

Why is the mid-ocean ridge more obvious in the Atlantic then it is in the Pacific? [Choose all that apply] The Atlantic's spreading rate is faster, so the ridge is wider, making it easier to identify. The Pacific's spreading rate is slower, so the ridge is narrower, making it harder to identify. The Atlantic's spreading rate is slower, so the ridge is narrower, making it easier to identify. The Pacific's spreading rate is faster, so the ridge is wider, making it harder to identify.

The Atlantic's spreading rate is slower, so the ridge is narrower, making it easier to identify. The Pacific's spreading rate is faster, so the ridge is wider, making it harder to identify.

Where is the shallowest point in the ocean? The Beach The Abyssal Plain The Mid-Ocean Ridge The Peru Trench The Continental Slope

The Beach

Why is the continental shelf below water today? [Choose all that apply] Sea-level is low because we're not in an ice age. The continental crust is thicker there so it floats lower (deeper). Sea-level is high because we're not in an ice age. The continental crust is thinner there, so it floats lower (deeper).

The continental crust is thinner there, so it floats lower (deeper). Sea-level is high because we're not in an ice age.

Where do hotspots originate? The upper mantle The lithosphere The asthenosphere The crust-mantle boundary The core-mantle boundary

The core-mantle boundary

___________________ was the longest continuous scientific oceanographic expedition. The Meteor expedition The Challenger expedition The Albatross expedition The Fram expedition

The Challenger expedition

S-waves can travel in the inner core - true or false

true

What does the Miller-Urey experiment provide evidence for? The creation of the building blocks of life on Earth. The nebular accretion of the Earth. The density stratification of the Earth. The formation of the Earths' oceans and continents.

The creation of the building blocks of life on Earth.

western boundary currents then to be cold, slow, & deep warm, slow, & shallow cold, slow, & shallow warm, fast, & deep

warm, fast, & deep

How was the Moon formed? It is a captured asteroid. It was spun out of the Earth by its centrifugal acceleration. It formed alongside the Earth from the same stellar disk. The Earth collided with a planet the size of Jupiter. The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars

The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars

An example of a scientific hypothesis in this lesson is: The observation that there is no life shallower than 400 m in the ocean prior to the HMS Challenger expedition. The Earth is round (really spherical) in early Egypt. The observation that at sea the first part of a sailboat that you see (on a clear day) is the top of the mast. The destruction of Alexandria's Library by the Vikings.

The Earth is round (really spherical) in early Egypt.

When societies face a choice between increased economic growth and short-term gains over long-term preservation of the environment, usually short-term gains and economic growth prevails. True False

True

With a warmer Troposphere, we expect more frequent and severe storms. True False

True

With the exclusion of Japan, Norway and a few other countries, most of the world has stopped harvesting large whales. True False

True

What probably caused the Scandinavian raiders known as Vikings to start traveling Europe to explore, conquer, pillage, and loot? The Medieval Warm Period allowed for populations to explode to unsustainable levels The Vikings defeated the "wendol", and ancient enemy, and got bored The start of the Medieval Warm Period shifted winds, making sailing north and south along Europe's western boundary easier The Roman Empire fell, and destroyed the only force that had been keeping the Vikings at bay

The Medieval Warm Period allowed for populations to explode to unsustainable levels

IN a rocky intertidal community, what factor causes faunal zonation to develop with zones running parallel to the shoreline? Wave height desiccation predation nutrient levels

desiccation

Cold water flows to higher latitudes where head is transferred to it, then it flows back to the low latitudes and releases its heat before the cycle repeats - true or false

false

What is the deepest point in the ocean? The Caribbean Trench The Peru Trench The Japan Trench The Marianas Trench None of these

The Marianas Trench

Where is most of the Earth's water located? The Ocean The icecaps The Rocky Interior The rivers and lakes

The Rocky Interior

Diurnal Tides exhibit two high tides and two low tides per day. true or false

false

Earth's early atmosphere was tolerable to human life - true or false

false

Earthquakes are more likely to occur along a fracture zone than on a transform fault. - true or false

false

Extratropical cyclones form at the boundary between the Hadley and Ferrel Cells - true or false

false

Why are continents above water? The continental crust is lower density than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher The continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher The continental crust is higher density than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher The continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher

The continental crust is lower density than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher The continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust so continental lithosphere floats higher

What are some of the pieces of evidence Wegener presented to support continental drift? The matching of fossil ferns across oceans The similarities of mountains in northern Europe to those in North America The matching of freshwater animal fossils in South America and Africa The matching of the coastlines to the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic

The matching of fossil ferns across oceans The similarities of mountains in northern Europe to those in North America The matching of freshwater animal fossils in South America and Africa

What plays the biggest role in deciding the ultimate fate of a star? The initial mass of the star How bright the star is burning The color of the star the amount of oxygen in the star The initial ratio between hydrogen and helium

The initial mass of the star

What even marks the transition from protostar to star? The initiation of nuclear fusion The initiation of nuclear fission The initiation of nuclear decay

The initiation of nuclear fusion

Which of the following is a scientific inference? The internal structure of the earth. The remarkable similarity of the coastlines on either side of the Atlantic Ocean. The lack of S-wave arrivals further than 113° from an earthquake epicenter. The lack of P-wave arrivals between 113° and 143° away from an earthquake source.

The internal structure of the earth.

A fishery scientist is studying the maximum sustainable yield for Anchovies off the coast of Peru. His hypothesis might be that: The maximum sustainable yield is quite stable and low in this zone of downwelling associated with the Peru current, a western boundary current. The maximum sustainable yield will fluctuate with with ENSO, being high during La Niña periods and low during El Niño periods. The maximum sustainable yield will fluctuate with with ENSO, being low during La Niña periods and high during El Niño periods. The maximum sustainable yield is quite stable and high in this zone of upwelling associated with the Peru current, an eastern boundary current.

The maximum sustainable yield will fluctuate with with ENSO, being high during La Niña periods and low during El Niño periods.

During El Niño years, the trade winds are diminished. This causes changes in atmospheric pressure distribution and causes changes in oceanic circulation. Off the northwest coast of South America what happens? The thermocline moves up in the water column and upwelling starts up. The thermocline moves down in the water column and upwelling starts up. The thermocline moves up in the water column and upwelling is shut down. The thermocline moves down in the water column and upwelling is shut down.

The thermocline moves down in the water column and upwelling is shut down.

This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1"). The plate boundary indicated by the letter C is a (an) __________ plate boundary. Convergent Transform Emergent Divergent

Transform

Ocean water circulates through the young crust of mid-ocean ridge systems - true or false

True

Barrier islands are mainly composed of: Glacial sediment deposits. Volcanic ash deposits. Massive skeletons of coral colonies. Unconsolidated Sand. Bed rock and sand.

Unconsolidated Sand.

Nutrient availability and light availability are not particularly important limiting factors for primary productivity. - true or false

false

Which of the following is not one of the four major elements used by organisms? Oxygen. Zirconium. Nitrogen. Carbon. Hydrogen

Zirconium.

How man discrete, different named atmospheric circulation cells exist in each of Earth's hemisphere (north or south of the equator) 1 2 3 4

The figure above shows where Ar (Argon) is on the periodic table and gives a blowup of this element. The electrons in the neutral element Ar are present in ___ electron shells.

The figure above shows where Mg (magnesium) is on the periodic table and gives a blowup of this element. The electrons in the neutral element Mg are present in __ electron shells

GEOSAT's measurements of the oceans surface are accurate to about ______? 1 centimeter 3 centimeters 1 meter 3 meters 1 kilometer

3 centimeters

The North Atlantic Deepwater actually forms in the: Arctic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Antarctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Lionfish are native species of the Caribbean Sea that have prospered in the tropical part of the Indo-Pacific region after being released from aquaria. True False

False

Marine resources can be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Oil, gas, and solid minerals are renewable resources. True or False

False

Sound is not a type of pollutant in the marine environment. True False

False

The Deepwater Horizon accident occurred in 2010 and contaminated most of the North Sea. True False

False

The Earth's magnetic field has remained steady throughout time - True or False

False

The bathymetry determined by satellite does not provide as good an overview of ocean features as you get from echo sounding - True or False

False

The greenhouse effect and global warming are the same thing. True False

False

The internal structure of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, and Core is a scientific fact - True or False

False

The net motion of water in response to wind, down to about 1 km (1000 m), after allowance for the summed effects of Ekman spiral, is known as Ekman transport or Ekman flow - true or false

False

The rate at which humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere has begun to decline over the last 10 years. True False

False

The theory of plate tectonics is just the hypothesis of plate tectonics which, despite looking at lots of scientific data, as not yet been proven incorrect - True or false

False

The various hypotheses about what happened 'before' the Big Bang are subject to the scientific method - true or false

False

One chapter of Grotius's work De Jure Praedae, which defended free ocean access for all nations, was reprinted in 1609 under the title Mare Liberum. Mare Liberum formed the basis for all modern international: Laws of the sea Laws of exploration laws of fisheries science laws of marine life

Laws of the sea

In which of these zones do environmental factors favor large numbers of organisms from a species? Niche zone Zone of physiological stress Optimal range Zone of intolerance Regional Habitat

Optimal range

A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n): Contour current Ooid fall Hadley cell Gulf stream Turbidity current

Turbidity current

What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Kalamazoo, MI?

Latitude 42°N, Longitude 85°W

Mariculture is the growth and farming of __________ organisms for commercial purposes, such as food and pearls. aquatic freshwater esturine terrestrial marine

Marine

The largest source of oil pollution is: Leakage and Spills during the transport of crude oil to refineries. Operational discharge from large ships Natural seeps of crude oil on the sea floor. Leakage during the extraction of hydrocarbons at offshore platforms.

Operational discharge from large ships

____________________ are the relics of ancient continental divergence. Transform Margins Passive Margins Active Margins Indecisive Margins

Passive Margins

Who paid for the GEOSAT satellite? Soviet Navy Soviet Air Force US Navy US Air Force Private Research

US Navy

One cubic meter of cold air at sea level can cold more vapor than one cubic meter of warm air at sea level

false

P-waves cannot travel in the outer core - true or false

false

Red light wavelengths penetrate deeper than any other color wavelength - true or false

false

The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, high quantity and low persistance: harmful algal blooms excess sediment heavy metals. invasive species

harmful algal blooms

According the the theory of Ekman Transport, ocean surface currents in the southern hemisphere will: be deflected right be deflected left have a net deflection in a direction 90 degrees to surface winds both a and c both b and c

have a net deflection in a direction 90 degrees to surface winds

The amount of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules is called: Temperature Evaporation Light Sound Heat

heat

The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, low quantity and high persistance: heavy metals harmful algal blooms excess sediment invasive species

heavy metals

In the diagram the break in the sandy area, just northeast of letter D, is a(n): beach inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

inlet

A southwesterly wind blows towards the: northeast southwest northwest southeast

northeast

A southeasterly wind blows towards the: northeast southeast southwest northwest

northwest

the most common symbiotic relationship is parasitism commensalism mutualism none of these others

parasitism

A(n) _________ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with biochemical processes of an organism. photon animal pollutant human

pollutant

A(n) _________ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with biochemical processes of an organism. photon pollutant animal human

pollutant

Lakes like Lake Michigan experience small tides - true or false

true

Langmuir circulation affects only the shallow part of the surface waters up to a maximum depth of 20 meters. true or false

true

Mixed tides can be generated in the equilibrium theory of the tides, because the moon's orbit is at an angle relative to Earth's spin axis. true or false

true

Neap tides are an example of destructive wave interference. true or false

true

On some coasts mangroves act as sediment trappers and binders. true or false

true

A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n): Ooid fall Hadley cell Turbidity current Contour current Gulf stream

turbidity Current

Which of the following is not required for evolution? genetic mutations that can be passed on to offspring by reproduction environmental stress two offspring for each mating pair more offspring than can mature to adulthood

two offspring for each mating pair

The argo floats collect scientific data including _______ to help scientists understand deep ocean currents temperature salinity location pressure all

all

Which one of the following is the source of the ocean's dissolved oxygen? Photosynthetic activity of plants Photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton The diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere All of above

all

Sensors on the deep seafloor must observe subtle, long wavelength variations in pressure in order to distinguish tsunami from the chaos of wind waves that affect the ocean surf - true or false

false

Coral reefs tend to develop in tropical settings with ___________ wave and or current energy, which provides a constant supply of nutrients to the corals. low high moderate no

high

The speed of sound in the ocean increases with ___________ pressure and ___________ temperature. decreasing / increasing increasing / increasing decreasing / decreasing increasing / decreasing

increasing / increasing

How much of Earth's surface is exposed to land? 97% 2.5% 71% 29%

29%

Excess solar heat is transported from the equator to the poles. Atmospheric circulation accounts for ________ of the transfer, while ocean circulation accounts for _______. (1/3, 2/3) (3/4, 1/4) (2/3, 1/3) (1/4, 3/4)

(2/3, 1/3)

Water in the oceans and water vapor in the atmosphere transfer great quantities of heat from the tropics to the poles. Atmospheric circulation accounts for _____ of the transfer, while ocean circulation accounts for _______. (1/3, 2/3) (2/3, 1/3) (3/4, 1/4) (1/4, 3/4)

(2/3, 1/3)

If Earth was a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color) its' average temperature at the surface would be about ____ °C. -18 -8 0 15 33

-18

What is the boiling point of water (in Celsius)?

100

Match the photos with the coastal classifications below. 1. Delta 2. Fjord 3. Drowned River 4. Moraine 5. Volcanic

1. Delta (has a faint fan looking shape) 2. Fjord (red and white vainy thing) 3. Drowned River (picture is deep blue with green land - the land looks like it has a butterfly cocoon) 4. Moraine (pink dinosaur looking land) 5. Volcanic (light blue and a curved blue nugget)

About __________ of the world's table salt is currently produced from seawater by evaporation. In 2013 the United Stated produced about 40.1 million metric tons of table salt with a value of US$1.6 Billion. 1/3 1/7 1/5 1.9

1/3

The figure above shows where F (fluorine) is on the periodic table and gives a blowup of this element. The F ion has ______ electrons.

About ______ percent of the world ocean is moving under the influence of the global system of surface currents. 10% 25% 50% 5% 1%

10%

Not all pollutants enter the ocean in a dissolved state; much of the burden arrives in solid form. About 134 million metric tons of plastic is produced each year, and about ______% ends up in the ocean. Although crude oil spills get more attention as a potential environmental threat, plastic is a far more serious danger. Oil is harmful, but unlike plastic, it biodegrades relatively quickly. 1% 5% 10% 30% more than 50%

10%

How many of Christopher Columbus's ships could have fit on the main deck of the Zheng He's treasure ship? None, Christopher Columbus's ships were larger 1, Christopher Columbus's ships were the same size 5, Christopher Columbus's ships were smaller 10, Christopher Columbus's ships were smaller

10, Christopher Columbus's ships were smaller

A 1 kg tuna steak (5th level of the trophic pyramid) requires _______ kg of primary producers (e.g., phytoplankton), while a 1 kg beef steak (2nd level of the trophic pyramid) requires _______ kg of primary producers (e.g., grass). 50 - 2 10 - 10,000 10,000 - 10 5 - 2 2 - 5

10,000 - 10

A shallow water wave is passing over the deep Pacific Ocean (water depth = 5 km). What is the minimum possible wavelength of this wave? 5 m 1 km 5 km 50 km 100 km

100 km

The depth to which the Ekman spiral moves the water is about: 20 m 100 m 500 m All the way to the seafloor 1500 m

100 m

A 10 ton orca whale (5th level of the trophic pyramid) has consumed primary consumers that ate about _______ tons of primary producers. 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

100,00

A 10 ton baleen whale (3rd level of the trophic pyramid) has consumed primary consumers that ate about _______ tons of primary producers. 10 200 20 1000 100

1000

Between the last ice age (when there was an ice sheet covering Kalamazoo) and 1800 the increase in methane was about 300 ppb (parts per billion) from 400 to 700 ppb. Between 1800 and 2014 the increase in methane (due to human activities) was about ____ . 1000 parts per billion 100 parts per billion 3000 parts per billion 30 parts per billion 100 parts per trillion

1000 parts per billion

To be called a hurricane or a typhoon, a tropical cyclone has to have winds speeds that are at least: 100 km/day (62 miles/day). 200 km/hr (124 miles/hr). 119 km/hr (74 miles/hr). 100 km/hr (62 miles/hour). 119 km/day (74 miles/day).

119 km/hr (74 miles/hr).

How many neutrons does Lead (Pb, atomic #82) normally have?

125

How long would it take the research vessels of the Earth to map the entire ocean with echo-sounding? 25 years. 125 years. 250 years. No years, it has already been fully mapped with echo-sounding. 5 years.

125 years.

How long ago did the Big Bang occur? 65 million years ago 4.6 billion years ago 13.7 billion years ago 18.2 billion years ago

13.7 billion years ago

If you have a Zircon crystal with a ratio of 25% Uranium(235) to 75% Lead(207), how many half lives has the crystal existed?

2 half lives

Models of future climates based on various scenarios of greenhouse gas emission predict a global temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial Earth) of about _____ by 2100. 6 to 10°C -2 to 0°C 2 to 6 °C 0 to 2 °C

2 to 6 °C

Most maps are distorted because the distance between:

20 and 10 degrees of longitude are much greater than the distance between 50 and 60 degrees of longitude.

Please calculate the wave velocity C with the following equation for a deep-water wave. Both g and π are constants. C=gT/2π which simplifies to C=1.56T The following information may be useful: the wavelength is 300 meters, the wave period is 13.9 seconds. 21.1 m/sec 21.1 km/hr 21.1 km/min 21.1 m/min 21.1 cm/sec 21.1 m/hr

21.1 m/sec

What are the percentages (by mass) of elements created by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis? 25% Hydrogen 25% Helium 5% Lithium 75% Helium 20% Carbon 75% Hydrogen

25% Helium 75% Hydrogen

What is the average depth of the ocean? 1,628 meters 10,919 meters 594 meters 3,682 meters

3,682 meters

At the time of the vernal equinox, Ferrel Cells are found between ______ latitude. 0° and 60°. 60° and 90°. 0° and 90°. 30° and 60°. 0° and 30°

30° and 60°.

Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ____ °C higher than it would be if it was a a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color). -18 15 0 -8 33

Average seawater has a salinity of: 35 % None of the above 35 ‰ 3.5 ppt (ppt - parts per a trillion

35 ‰

How many degrees are in a circle? 15 90 180 360

360

What is the average temperature of the ocean? 0 C 4 C 8 C 12 C

4 C

The Earth's atmosphere is composed of mainly two conservative gasses. It also contains as much as _____ water vapor. 1% 2% 4% 10% 40%

What is the age of the Earth? 65 million years 500 million years 4.5 billion years 13.7 billion years

4.5 billion years

The dissolved nitrogen gas of average seawater is ___________ in comparison with other dissolved gases. 480% 4.8 ppt (ppt - parts per a trillion) 48% 4.8%

48%

How many amphidromic points are observed in the Pacific Ocean? 8 5 12 1 3

Phytoplankton account for about ______, or slightly less, of the world's primary production. 5%. 25%. 50%. 75%. 100%.

At what current velocity would grain 2 millimeters in diameter be eroded? 0.5 cm/sec 5 cm/sec 50 cm/sec 5 m/sec 5 km/sec

50 cm/sec

How many neutrons does Carbon have normally?

How many protons does Carbon have?

About how much of humanity's nutritional protein needs are supplied from the sea? 6% 10% 3% 17%

Pure water (without any dissolved solids) has a pH of: Question options: 3. 5. 7. 9. 11.

The approximate amount of plastic that settles to the sea floor - where it can smother, or be eaten by benthic organisms. 70.0% 17.0% 0.7% 7.0%

70.0%

How much of the Earth's surface is covered in water? 3% 67% 71% 97%

71%

The deep zone lies below the pycnocline at depths below about 1,000 meters in the mid-latitudes (40°S to 40°N). This deep zone contains about ____ % of all ocean water. 50 60 80 70

In theory, the net (average) direction of Ekman transport is ___________ to the ________ of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere . 45° / left 45° / right 90° / left 0° / fore 90°, right

90°, right

In the diagram above the wave height is indicated by letter: F B C A The distance from B to D

A climax community is defined as: A community that crashes after the organisms use up all of the nutrients in that habitat. A community that is not stable. The initial start up of a community of organisms. A community that is stable and long-established.

A community that is stable and long-established.

A climax community is defined as: The initial start up of a community of organisms. A community that is stable and long-established. A community that is not stable. A community that crashes after the organisms use up all of the nutrients in that habitat.

A community that is stable and long-established.

What prevented explorers like Christopher Columbus from finding precise longitude? The lack of accurate pendulums in Genoa Calculations necessary for determining longitude were too complex A durable and precise clock Longitude was no the issue, latitude was the problem

A durable and precise clock

Local newspapers in coastal communities print tidal charts. This is an example of: A practical use of scientific data. Diurnal mixed tides. Semi-diurnal mixed tides. A practical use of scientific inference. Wishful thinking.

A practical use of scientific inference.

"Quiz 4 Diagram 1" in files Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean to answer this question. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map. What is the feature between letters (A) and (C)? A mid-ocean ridge A transform fault A hotspot track A fracture zone A trench

A trench

A verifiable observation or measurement

Vascular plants need all of the following except: A way to take some of the food produced in the leaves and transport it to the roots for the roots' use. A way to photosynthesize light energy to produce food in the leaves. A way to transport nutrients and water from the roots to the leaves. A way to use conductive vessels to transport things like food and nutrients around the plant's body. A way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas.

A way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas.

What is the average depth of the ocean? About 4,000 meters About 1,500 meters About 600 meters About 11,000 meters

About 11,000 meters

___________ are the flattest places on Earth. (Even flatter then Iowa!) Abyssal Hills Abyssal Flats Abyssal Fans Abyssal Plains Abyssal Rises

Abyssal Plains

The western coast of North America is a(n): Indecisive Margin Transform Margin Active Margin Passive Margin

Active Margin

What change in Earth's atmosphere allowed for the development of large animals? Removing the sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere. Removing ammonia from the early atmosphere. Adding free oxygen into the atmosphere in high percentages. Replacing the early atmosphere with one dominated by nitrogen.

Adding free oxygen into the atmosphere in high percentages.

Which of the following are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? [select all that apply]: Aerobic respiration of animals Denitrifying organisms generate it Anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial burning of fossil fuels) Extraterrestrial sources Outgassing of crustal and mantle CO2

Aerobic respiration of animals Anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial burning of fossil fuels) Outgassing of crustal and mantle CO2

As astrophysicist develop new tools to look into space, it is likely that: Some of the details of the condensation theory will need to be revised A better understanding of the condensation theory will result We will image many examples of the condensation theory in various stages All of the Above

All of the Above

The center of Gyres are where: Calm conditions prevail. Accumulations of human trash like plastic and styrofoam collect. Accumulations of floating seaweed like Sargassum collect. Primary productivity is relatively low. All of the above.

All of the Above

The shapes of the gyres shown in the figure is controlled by: Ocean basin configuration due to the distribution of land masses Wind Circulation Patterns The Coriolis Effect Ekman Transport All of the Above

All of the Above

Increased greenhouse gases and global warming could be expected to cause: melting of polar ice lowered pH of the oceans sea-level rise all of these none of these

All of these

The atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include: water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) all of these none of these

All of these

The impact of bottom trawling for benthic fish (e.g., orange roughy or shrimp) includes: extensive bycatch all of these habitat distruction resuspension of sediment none of these

All of these

Sandy beaches tend to be lower in diversity than rocky intertidal settings. What factor(s) might explain this? Tides and the problem of exposure and desiccation Wave energy that moves particles around Abrasive sand particles All of these are true.

All of these are true.

Why do people voyage? Increase availability of food Mobility of residence Expansion of trade All of these choices

All of these choices

Which of the following is/are form(s) of nitrogen that all plants can use? [select all that apply] Chloride (Cl-) Ammonium (NH4+) Iron (Fe+3) Nitrite (NO2-) Carbonate (CO3=) Nitrate (NO3-) Nitrogen Gas (N2)

Ammonium (NH4+) Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrate (NO3-)

A scientific hypothesis is defined as which of the following? Anything that can be observed or measured Anything that can be observed or measured by a scientist A scientific observations that has been proven true many times An explanation for scientific data that can be tested and has not been proven false An explanation for scientific data that cannot be tested and proven false

An explanation for scientific data that can be tested and has not been proven false

From the perspective of salinity, what is a steady state ocean?: An ocean in which the rate of ions added to seawater is greater than the rate of removal of ions. An ocean in which the rate of ions added to seawater is proportional to the rate of removal of ions. An ocean in which the rate of ions added to seawater is balanced by the rate of removal of ions An ocean in which the rate of ions added to seawater is less than the rate of removal of ions.

An ocean in which the rate of ions added to seawater is balanced by the rate of removal of ions

Polar molecules: Bonded by van der Waal's bonds which are composed of electrons circling the atoms of the molecule in specific, van der Waal's orbits. Are molecules in which one end of the molecule is more positively charged and the other end more negatively charged. Are held together through exchange of charges and are easily dissolved in water. Are generally found near the north and south Poles where radiation from the Van Allen Belts comes to Earth.

Are molecules in which one end of the molecule is more positively charged and the other end more negatively charged.

Fetch is the: Area of a fault rupture during a submarine earthquake. Area over which surface currents flow. Distance that a pod of whales travel in order to eat tasty krill. Area of water over which wind blows consistently.

Area of water over which wind blows consistently.

The Northwest Passage is a(n): Area north of Canada. Area that is now ice-free most of the time. Trade route that was actively searched for in the early European exploration of North America. Trade route that is now open due to climate change. All of the above.

Area that is now ice-free most of the time.

Some modern tools used to study water masses and ocean circulation include the: Argo float Gyro glider Crystal ball all of these none of these

Argo float

Which is hotter? Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Asthenosphere

Over the 20th century, the human population grew by 400%. Over that same period, there has been an average 4.5-fold increase in the economic activity of each person. The result has been: [Select all that apply]. At least an 8-fold reduction in the use of wild-caught fish as a result of conservation regulations to keep the natural environment untouched by humans. At least a 4-fold increase in use of fisheries resources. At least a 8-fold increase in the use of natural resources, such as oil, coal and natural gas. At least a 4-fold reduction in use of oil and natural gas due to improved technologies, like wind and solar energy.

At least a 4-fold increase in use of fisheries resources. At least a 8-fold increase in the use of natural resources, such as oil, coal and natural gas.

These observations support the theory of plate tectonics: [select all that apply] In the Pacific Ocean turbidite deposition is generally limited to the trenches. Above the CCD there tends to be a thick deposit of calcium carbonate. At the shallowest portion of mid-ocean ridges, there tends to be very little calcium carbonate deposited. In the deep Atlantic ocean, sediments accumulating at the surface are generally turbidites but drilling shows that just above the basement rock is a thick accumulation of carbonate ooze. Across the equatorial deep Pacific ocean, oozes are being deposited

At the shallowest portion of mid-ocean ridges, there tends to be very little calcium carbonate deposited. In the deep Atlantic ocean, sediments accumulating at the surface are generally turbidites but drilling shows that just above the basement rock is a thick accumulation of carbonate ooze. Across the equatorial deep Pacific ocean, oozes are being deposited.

Where are the measurements of Chlorophyll the highest in the surface waters of the modern oceanic zones? At upwelling zones At downwelling zones In the center part of the oceans

At upwelling zones

When we compare atmospheric carbon dioxide with temperature we only see a correlation of about 0.9. This is probably because: There is no relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide with temperature. Global warming is just a big hoax. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere and the climate system is complex. Scientists do not fully understand the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature so it should not correlate well. It is important that scientists not confuse correlation with causation. The input data is based on all kinds of hypotheses and models. It has errors so we do not expect a perfect correlation.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere and the climate system is complex.

Storm Surges are bulges of water associated with tropical cyclones. When it hits the east coast of the U.S. (e.g., South Carolina) the most damage occurs: South of the eye of the storm. Directly beneath the eye of the storm. Before the storm reaches the shore. North of the eye of the storm.

Before the storm reaches the shore.

Estuarine organisms need to tolerate ___________ water, which is composed of __________. Hypersaline / seawater Brackish / freshwater Brackish / mix of seawater and freshwater Normal marine water / seawater Hypersaline / mix of seawater and freshwater

Brackish / mix of seawater and freshwater

Eastern Boundary currents are characterized by: Broad, shallow, cold currents Narrow, shallow, cold currents Narrow, deep, warm currents Broad, deep, cold currents

Broad, shallow, cold currents

In the diagram above, water is at its' highest density on the line segment between: A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F

C & D

Which of the following are important gases dissolved in seawater? (That is, they comprise 95% or more of all gases in seawater; [select all that apply]: Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2 Neon gas Ne Helium He

Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2

Which chemical compounds are important buffers of seawater pH? [select all that apply]: Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Phosphate PO4-3 Carbonate CO3-2 Carbon dioxide CO2 HydroxylOH-

Carbonate CO3-2 Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Carbon dioxide CO2

Atmospheric circulation: Carries a third of the heat energy transported from the equator to the poles. Carries two-thirds of Earth's heat energy from the equator to the poles. Carries neither Earth's heat energy transported from the equator to the poles or from the poles to the equator. Carries two-thirds of Earth's heat energy from the poles to the equator. Carries a third of the heat energy transported from the poles to the equator.

Carries two-thirds of Earth's heat energy from the equator to the poles.

Lines of longitude run parallel to the equator - true or false

False

Which of the following are processes that organisms use to convert inorganic substances to organic substances? [select all that apply]: Chemosynthesis Hydrolysis Catalysis Photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis Photosynthesis

Who was responsible for most of the progress in science and math during the "dark ages" after the fall of Rome? Portuguese Chinese Vikings Arabs Greeks

Chinese and Arabs

With remote sensing techniques, Oceanographers map the distribution of a specific compound in the ocean surface waters and use it as a proxy for primary productivity. Which compound are they mapping? Sucrose Chlorophyll Glucose Beta Carotein Luciferin

Chlorophyll

Satellite remote sensing data can measure surface productivity. What proxy is used in this analysis? Vitamin D. Glucose. Total Carbohydrates. Chlorphyll. Content of beta carotene.

Chlorphyll.

Which of these was NOT invented by the Chinese to facilitate their ocean voyages? Watertight Compartments Central rudder systems Compass Wood reinforced sails Chronometer

Chronometer

The four major grain size classes are: Quartz, Feldspar, Silicates, clay Clay, silt, sand, Fish Diatoms, Radiolarians, Coccolithophorids, foraminifers Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel

Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel

The _____________ form of marine community distribution is the most common one found in nature Random Geometric Uniform Clumped

Clumped

The White Cliffs of Dover are constructed mainly of ______ tests/(shells). Coccolithophores Diatoms Dinoflagellates Foraminifera Cyanobacteria

Coccolithophores

When the wave crests and troughs of multiple wave trains are passing through the same point on the ocean and they align, the wave heights of the resulting waves exceeds the size of each participating wave. This is called: Negative interference Constructive interference Positive interference Destructive interference

Constructive interference

What tectonic regime produces the tallest mountains? Ocean-Ocean Convergence Ocean-Continent Convergence Continent-Continent Convergence Continent-Continent Divergence Ocean-Ocean Divergence Transform Faults

Continent-Continent Convergence

The ____________ is underlain by the thickest sediment deposits. Continental Slope Abyssal Hills Continental Rise Mid-Ocean Ridges Abyssal Flats

Continental Rise

Why is continental crust higher (shallower) than oceanic crust? [Choose all that apply] Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is more dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.

Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.

In which part of the ocean basin should you expect to see the thickest average sediment accumulations? Oceanic Shelves Abyssal plains Mid-Ocean ridges Continental rises

Continental rises

Which of the following would be useful in testing the hypothesis that the compensation depth is deeper for diatoms than it is for coccolithophores? [select all that apply]: Controlled laboratory experiments with either coccolithophores or diatoms in paired light/dark bottles at a series of depths with radioactive bicarbonate. Sampling of plankton using plankton nets at a series of depths in the same location. Sampling of plankton using collection of seawater at a series of depths in the same location followed by filtering through a porcelain filter. Satellite based estimates of primary productivity.

Controlled laboratory experiments with either coccolithophores or diatoms in paired light/dark bottles at a series of depths with radioactive bicarbonate. Sampling of plankton using plankton nets at a series of depths in the same location.

This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1") The motion between plates 1 & 2 is __________________. Convergence Divergence Transform unknown, not enough information both Convergence and Transform both Divergence and Transform

Convergence

This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below. (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1"). The plate boundary indicated by the letter A is a (an) __________ plate boundary. Convergent Transform Emergent Divergent

Convergent

Which two men independently developed the theory of evolution in the 1850s? Gibbs and Wallace. Darwin and Wallace Forchhammer and Wallace. Forchhammer and Gibbs. Darwin and Gibbs.

Darwin and Wallace

The graph shows that during an El Niño event the temperature profile of the water column shows a shift towards increasing surface water temperatures compared to the temperature in normal years. This reflects which of the processes below? Upwelling of cold, deep waters. Deepening of the thermocline due to changes in atmospheric pressure in the Equatorial Pacific. Upwelling of warm, deep waters. Increased vibration of plankton as they try to warm up after the winter months.

Deepening of the thermocline due to changes in atmospheric pressure in the Equatorial Pacific.

What process created the layers of the Earth? (The crust, mantle, and core). Evolution. Density Stratification. Nebular Accretion. Condensation.

Density Stratification.

Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of plankton that we described back in chapter 14. Which type of plankton is found as endosymbionts (lives within the tissue) of coral? Cyanobacteria Diatoms Foraminifera Coccolithophores Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates

At the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, there is complete: Dissolution of siliceous biogenic sediment like diatom or radiolarian tests Dissolution of gypsum laths Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests Dissolution of manganese nodules Dissolution of phosphatic bones made of apatite

Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests

The plate boundary indicated by the letter B is a (an) __________ plate boundary. This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1"). Divergent Emergent Transform Convergent

Divergent

Doldrums Trade winds Horse latitudes Polar easterlies

Which two climate belts are characterized by light, variable winds (so that they were a hazard to early (wind-powered) shipping)? Trade Winds and Doldrums Westerlies and Horse Latitudes Doldrums and Horse Latitudes Polar Easterlies and Trade Winds Polar Easterlies and Westerlies

Doldrums and Horse Latitudes

Geological oceanographers use ____________ to obtain as much as 1 km length of relatively continuous samples of ocean sediments for study. clamshell samplers piston corers drill ships all of the above none of the above

Drill Ships

Darwin based his model on observation of different reefs and logical thinking. How might a modern scientist test his theories with scientific data? Dredge the corals in the middle of the lagoon to determine if they are dead or alive. Dredge the corals on the outer edge of the growing/living reef to determine if they have lost their zooxanthellae (endomorphic symbionts). Drill into a fringing reef and search for evidence of an extra-terrestrial source for the initiation of the reef. Drill into the lagoon in the middle of many atolls, to determine the type of basement below the carbonates.

Drill into the lagoon in the middle of many atolls, to determine the type of basement below the carbonates.

Eutrophication is the set of processes by which one species reproduces at exponential rates due to the increase in the supply of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. What secondary impact do they have on the other species living in the area? Nothing else happens. The large numbers of autotrophs are enough to harm other organisms. During the night, photosynthetic algae that make up the algal bloom use up much of the oxygen in the water column - this causes other organisms to suffocate. They remove all of the carbon dioxide in the water column, which causes the fish to die. The algal bloom provides a significant source of food for fish -- so they begin to overbreed resulting in what is called a "boom and bust community".

During the night, photosynthetic algae that make up the algal bloom use up much of the oxygen in the water column - this causes other organisms to suffocate.

Layer(s) ______________ are plastic-y (about 2% liquid) [Choose all that apply] "Quiz 3 Diagram 2" in files This diagram is a slice through the Earth from the surface to the center. Note that 'b' is above 'a', and 'c' is at the same level as 'a', 'b' and 'd' in various points. Use this image to answer the question above. A B C D E F G H

In the diagram above, there are no hydrogen bonds between water molecules on the line segment between: A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F

E & F

Select the best definition of Geostrophic Gyres: A) Gyres not in balance with pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect. B) Gyres in balance with pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect. C) Gyres that flow entirely around continental land masses, driven by the wind. D) Gyres constrained by both patterns of driving winds and the configuration of the continents. E) Both B and D. F) Both A and C

E) Both B and D.

Einstein's famous E=Mc2 equation deals with what? Exchanging mass and energy. Predicting how gravity works. Exchanging mass and electrons. Predicting how space-time bends.

Exchanging mass and energy.

The Earth's radius at the poles is shorter than its radius at the equator. This is consistent with the geological hypothesis that: Earth has a Troposphere that is divided into three circulation cells in each hemisphere. Earth has a Troposphere that is basically a single circulation cell in each hemisphere. Earth is composed of internal layers that include layers that are liquid and layers that elastic-plastic. Earth is composed of internal layers that include one that is mostly made of iron and nickel and another that is mostly made of iron-magnesium silicates. Earth has a Troposphere that is divided into six circulation cells in each hemisphere.

Earth is composed of internal layers that include layers that are liquid and layers that elastic-plastic.

Water rushing out of a basin due to a fall in sea level as the tidal trough approaches is called: High Tide Ebb Current Flood Current Meteorological Tide. Slack Water Tidal Datum

Ebb Current

_______ are generated by loops in surface currents breaking off of the main current flow. This phenomenon is most associated with western boundary currents. eddies hurricanes curlies sea sprouts

Eddies

An S-shaped population curve develops due to: Predation Environmental Impedance Overbreeding Environmental Resistance

Environmental Resistance

Which librarian of the Library of Alexandria is responsible for the development of the longitude and latitude system? Eratosthenes Ptolemy Pythagoras Hypatia

Eratosthenes

The "_________________ Zone" is the oceanic zone where nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental protection. Exclusive Economic Extinction Economic Executive Ethnic Executive Economic

Exclusive Economic

Which of the following is not a resource extracted from the ocean? Physical Resources Nonextractive Resources Biological Resources Marine Energy Resources Extraterrestrial Resources

Extraterrestrial Resources

If a CFC molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled ___ there is a 100% chance that it will get excited. D E F G H

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current: A) Flows westward around the continent of Antarctica B) Is an example of a geostrophic current C) Is not an example of a geostrophic current D) Flows eastward around the continent of Antarctica E) Both A and B F) Both C and D

F) Both C and D

The Gulf Stream forms in the equatorial belt and is a narrow, deep, warm water surface current. What influence does it have on climate? A) It causes Western Europe to be colder than it would be without the current. B) It causes Western Europe to be drier than it would be without the current during the winter. C) It causes Western Europe to be warmer than it would be without the current. D) It causes Western Europe to be wetter than it would be without the current during the winter. E) Both A and B. F) Both C and D.

F) Both C and D.

The Gulf Stream forms in the equatorial belt and is a narrow, deep, warm water surface current. What influence does it have on climate? Question options: A) It causes Western Europe to be colder than it would be without the current. B) It causes Western Europe to be drier than it would be without the current during the winter. C) It causes Western Europe to be warmer than it would be without the current. D) It causes Western Europe to be wetter than it would be without the current during the winter. E) Both A and B. F) Both C and D.

F) Both C and D.

Although we continue to produce increasing amounts of plastics each year, recycling efforts are catching up so that the amount that enters the environment as pollution is negligible. True False

False

An active margin is wider than a passive margin - true or false

False

Earth's core plays a critical role in plate tectonics - True or False

False

Earthquakes are more likely to occur along a fracture zone than on a transform fault - True or False

False

Fracture zones are plate boundaries. - true or false

False

Global warming describes the natural response of Earth's climate system to natural greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. True False

False

Greenhouse gases are gases that are excited by radiation that is coming from both the sun and Earth. True False

False

Water moving into an enclosed basin due to an increase in sea level as a tidal crest approaches is called a: Hide Tide Low Tide Slack tide. Flood Current. Ebb Current.

Flood Current.

What features listed below would be characterized as accretionary wedge? Found far from a trench and subduction zone Contains lots of sediments Contains little or no sediments Found near a trench and subduction zone

Found near a trench and subduction zone Contains lots of sediments

Tidal power is the only marine energy source that has been successfully exploited on a large scale. The first major tidal power station was opened in 1966 in __________. France Canada Norway United States of America

France

Why did the Vikings bands start exploring west for conquest and glory? French, British, and Irish governments bribed them to look elsewhere French, British, and Irish cities were completely pillaged French, British, and Irish defenses become more effective They got bored with French, British, and Irish food and drink

French, British, and Irish defenses become more effective

Of the following reservoirs of water on Earth, the smallest is: Freshwater lakes and rivers The Glaciers Groundwater The oceans The Earth's rocky interior

Freshwater lakes and rivers

Which of the following are types of tropical cyclones? (select all that apply) Frontal storms hurricane Nor'easter tropical storm tropical depression

Frontal storms hurricane Nor'easter Refer to table 8.2 and the discussion of Tropical cyclones in section 8.5.

Diatoms secrete a siliceous shell called a: Disk. Petri Dish. Frustule. Coccolith. Chalk.

Frustule.

Spring tides occur during which two phases of the Moon? First Quarter and Third Quarter New Moon and Third Quarter Full Moon and New Moon Full Moon and First Quarter

Full Moon and New Moon

The Pacific Ocean basin is _______________. Getting smaller. Staying the same size. Getting larger.

Getting smaller.

What is the average composition of the crust? Peridotite Sandstone Basalt Marble Granite Limestone

Granite

Which of the following are particle size classes [select all that apply]: Plankton Gravel Clay Silt Sand

Gravel Clay Silt Sand

There are six atmospheric circulation cells. Three on each side of the Equator. What are their names? Tropical, Temperate, Polar Ferrel, Temperate, Polar Hadley, Temperate, Polar Hadley, Ferrel, Polar

Hadley, Ferrel, Polar

Which U.S. President expanded the limits of the nation's control over marine territory from the traditional 5 kilometer limit to the area encompassing the coastal shelf? Jimmy Carter Franklin Delano Roosevelt Ronald Reagan Dwight Eisenhower Harry Truman

Harry Truman

A fishery scientist is studying the maximum sustainable yield for Anchovies off the coast of Peru. In order to test his hypothesis on the impact of external forces on the maximum sustainable yield he needs to collect data. But he does not have a budget to go out and sample. What can he do? Nothing, there is no valid scientific data collected so he cannot test his hypothesis. He could count the number of boats that go out fishing and assume that more boats means that there are more fish available. He could use the tonnes of anchovy reported by the ship captains to the local fishery authorities. He could compare it with the cod fishing industry in the northwest Atlantic ocean and conclude that it is just overfishing that is changing the maximum sustainable yield.

He could use the tonnes of anchovy reported by the ship captains to the local fishery authorities.

Based on the Miller-Urey experiment, and it's followups, what seems to be the critical requirements of life to have started on Earth? An Oxygen-rich atmosphere Pre-existing amino acids Heat Lightning Time An Oxygen-free atmosphere

Heat Lightning Time Oxygen-free atmosphere

What processes contributed to the heating and density stratification of the early Earth? (While the sun was a "protostar") [Choose all that apply] Heating of the Earth by the Sun. Heating caused by decaying radioactive elements. Volume loss due to the gravitational compression of Earth. Friction caused by the motion of materials as they moved up or down during density stratification. Heating caused by burning of primitive organic compounds in the early Earth. Heating caused by the multiple impacts that formed the Earth.

Heating caused by decaying radioactive elements. Volume loss due to the gravitational compression of Earth. Friction caused by the motion of materials as they moved up or down during density stratification. Heating caused by burning of primitive organic compounds in the early Earth. Heating caused by the multiple impacts that formed the Earth.

If you were to use Linnean classification to classify yourself, what would be your scientific name? Homo heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Rafinesquina alternata Octopus bimaculatus Octopus dofleini

Homo sapiens

A tropical cyclone is called _____________ in Florida and ____________ in the (south of Japan) Hurricane, Typhoon Willie-Willie, Tsunami Chubasco, Monsoon El Viento, Kaminari

Hurricane, Typhoon

The most abundant type of detectable matter in the universe is: Hydrogen (H) Iron (Fe) Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Helium (He)

Hydrogen (H)

What was the important questions that the HMS Challenger Expedition set out to answer? If there was life below 549 meters If there were holes at the north and south poles of the Earth leading to the interior If there were currents that would aid shipping If the oceans were all interconnected

If there was life below 549 meters

Plastic production has ________exponentially over the last 60 years, while recovery (recycling) has _______. Increased / decreased due to the widespread use of biodegradable plastic Decreased / also decreased Decreased / increased exponentially Increased / increased but not as rapidly

Increased / increased but not as rapidly

One hypothesis that we can consider as a result of human addition of CO2 to the atmosphere and its' impact on pH is: Increased atmospheric CO2 lowers the pH. This is great for coccolithophores which make their shells out of CaCO3. Thus, it results in more photosynthesis and an increase in the abundance of life in the oceans. Increased atmospheric CO2 lowers the pH of seawater. This is bad for coccolithophores which make their shells out of CaCO3. Thus, it results in less marine photosynthesis and a reduction in life in the oceans. Increased atmospheric CO2 does not impact the pH, but it does result in increased CO2 in the seawater which results in more photosynthesis and thus more abundant life in the oceans. There is no relationship between atmospheric CO2 and the pH in the oceans. And there is no impact on the abundance in life in the oceans. Increased atmospheric CO2 does not impact the pH, but it does result in increased CO2 in the seawater which results in less photosynthesis and thus a reduction in life in the oceans.

Increased atmospheric CO2 lowers the pH of seawater. This is bad for coccolithophores which make their shells out of CaCO3. Thus, it results in less marine photosynthesis and a reduction in life in the oceans.

The general trend in grain size of particles on a beach ___________ with _____________ slope angle. Increases / increasing There is no trend Increases / decreasing

Increases / increasing

Which of the following are important forces that combined act to generate tides (In the Equilibrium Theory of the Tides) [Select all that apply] Inertia Gravitational Forces Surface Tension Isostasy Coriolis Effect

Inertia Gravitational Forces

Human activities generated background sound in the oceans that may be heard over large distances. This is being studied by the: Greenpeace Whales Need Quiet Initiative International Quiet Ocean Experiment Intensionally Quiet Ocean Experiment Global Ocean Noise Experiment

International Quiet Ocean Experiment

The figure above gives a blowup of several elements and shows where they are on the periodic table. Solid LiF (lithium fluoride) molecules are held together by _____ bonds.

Ionic

What elements are ejected during supernovas? [Choose all that apply] Iron and Lead Oxygen and Nitrogen Hydrogen and Helium Sodium and Potassium Carbon and Uranium

Iron and Lead Oxygen and Nitrogen Hydrogen and Helium Sodium and Potassium Carbon and Uranium

____________ are only associated with ocean-ocean convergence. Island Arcs High Mountains Mid-Ocean Ridges Tectonic Arcs Trenches

Island Arcs

"Quiz 4 Diagram 1" in files Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean to answer this question. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map! The line of islands between letter D and letter E is a(n): Island Shelf Island Arc Island Chain

Island Chain

Which of the following are parameters that describe seawater? [select all that apply]: Seawater's dominant dissolved solid is Chromium ions. It is a solution. It contains dissolved salts. Seawater's dominant dissolved gas is methane. The total quantity of dissolved solids in seawater is called its salinity.

It is a solution. It contains dissolved salts. The total quantity of dissolved solids in seawater is called its salinity.

Which of the following is not true of algin? It is an important commercial product. It is produced from the mucus coatings of seaweed. It is used in a wide variety of products such as ice cream, fabrics, salad dressings and beer. The U.S. seaweed gel industry produces more than $220 million worth of algin every year. It is an important product in the mariculture industry.

It is an important product in the mariculture industry.

Why does the older oceanic plate always subduct in Ocean-Ocean convergence? It is more dense It is less dense It is larger It is smaller It wants it more It is moving faster It is moving slower

It is more dense

Why does older ocean lithosphere (& crust) float lower (deeper) than younger ocean lithosphere (& crust)? It is less dense. It has sagged because of age. It doesn't, it floats higher. It is more dense.

It is more dense.

When a scientific hypothesis is inconsistent with a scientific fact:

It is necessary to revise or reject the scientific hypothesis.

Why is the Pacific Ocean basin getting smaller? It is surrounded by transform faults. It realized how large it was, and went on a diet! It is surrounded by spreading centers. It is surrounded by subduction zones.

It is surrounded by subduction zones.

Life is said to have originated in the ocean. What are some of the characteristics of water that suggest this? []Choose all that apply] It moderates temperatures. Early life loved to swim. It is blue so sunlight penetrates it easily. It dissolves many chemicals.

It moderates temperatures. It dissolves many chemicals.

During a Northern Hemisphere Winter, how is the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth oriented? The earth doesn't tilt at all, so it is facing the sun. It tilts on its side. It tilts away from the Sun. It tilts towards the sun.

It tilts away from the Sun.

Where did all of the Hydrogen in the universe come from? It was made shortly after the Big Bang. It was made in the biggest stars. It has always existed. It was made in a laboratory by scientists.

It was made shortly after the Big Bang.

What is the predicted outcome for the sun? It will swell into a red giant and then turn into a white dwarf It will go supernova and then turn into a neutron star It will go supernova and then turn into a black hole

It will swell into a red giant and then turn into a white dwarf

If a species was brought into a new environment where there were no environmental limits on its reproduction, what would the curve of number of individuals as a function of time look like? L-shaped U-shaped /-shaped J-shaped S-shaped

J-shaped

Unlimited, unchecked, and unbridled exponential growth of a population of organisms, prior to their feeling the effects of limiting factors, is associated with what "letter-shaped" graphical curve? U-shaped curve Delta-shaped curve S-shaped curve J-shaped curve

J-shaped curve

Sea Otters and Sea Urchins are found in which community? Coral Reefs Mangrove swamps Plankton community Sandy Beaches Kelp Forests

Kelp forests

Sea Otters and Sea Urchins are found in which community? Mangrove swamps Kelp Forests Plankton community Sandy Beaches Coral Reefs

Kelp forests

Which of the following is not a type of eustatic change? Changes in the amount of water in the ocean's basins due to continental glaciations (e.g., 20,000 years ago). Changes in the volume that water occupies due to changes in ocean water temperature. Changes in the size of the ocean's basins due to changes in spreading rate (e.g., more ocean floor like that of the Pacific rather than the Atlantic). Local changes like tectonic motions, isotostatic adjustments or local current and wave patterns (e.g., seiches, storm surges, wind waves, etc.).

Local changes like tectonic motions, isotostatic adjustments or local current and wave patterns (e.g., seiches, storm surges, wind waves, etc.).

Which of the following describes a conservative (not a non-conservative) constituent of seawater? An element that experiences seasonal cycles Long residence times Short residence times An element used in biological cycles.

Long residence times

Tide-dominated deltas tend to exhibit the following features: Long, linear islands oriented parallel to river flow. Numerous distinct, well-developed distributory channels in a bird's foot shape. Smooth shorelines with beaches and dunes; with just one main river channel. None of the above

Long, linear islands oriented parallel to river flow.

We can see into the deep past (13 billion years ago) by: making inferences about what we see today in our solar system and on Earth Looking at starts and galaxies that are so far away that it takes billions of years for the light to reach Earth Looking at stars within our own galaxy, the milky way Looking at the detailed structure of simple atoms because they were creaked billions of years ago, their structure can tell us about the deep past

Looking at starts and galaxies that are so far away that it takes billions of years for the light to reach Earth

Older ocean crust floats _______ than younger ocean crust. Higher (shallower) The same level. Lower (deeper)

Lower (deeper)

Which of the following are among the major components of the dissolved solids in seawater (in weight %)? [select all that apply] Magnesium Mg+2 Sodium Na+ Uranyl UO2+2 Chloride Cl- Sulfate SO4-2 Carbonate CO4-2 Iron Fe+3

Magnesium Mg+2 Sodium Na+ Chloride Cl- Sulfate SO4-2

_______ is/are a type of vascular plant found in tropical to subtropical estuaries that binds sediment with its roots. Mangroves Sea grass Cyanobacteria Kelp

Mangroves

The asthenosphere is part of the following Earth layer(s): [Choose all that apply] Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Picosphere

Mantle

NOAA and, earlier, the US Coastal Survey have been collecting tidal data in many locations along the coast. This data is scientific data because: Predicted tides based on the dynamic theory of the tides match the observed data points perfectly. Scientists use the tidal data to make inferences about the shape of the Earth. Each data point was measured many times and always resulted in the same tidal depth measurement. Many scientists were involved in collecting each data point. Many many data points over time have been combined to learn about the tides.

Many many data points over time have been combined to learn about the tides.

Which one of the following terms is used to describe weather-related alterations to predicted tidal cycles, such as those associated with storm surge caused by tropical cyclones? Astronomical tides Red tides Meteorological Tides None of the Above

Meteorological Tides

Which of the following is not a major gas dissolved in seawater (that is, it is less than 1% of the gases dissolved in seawater)? Carbon dioxide CO2 Oxygen O2 Nitrogen N2 Methane CH4

Methane CH4

Methane Hydrates consist of: Frozen methane. Methane laced water. Frozen water. Methane laced ice.

Methane laced ice.

Sometimes cosmogenous sediments include translucent oblong particles of glass called: Clay Asteroids Microtektites Diatoms Volcanic ash

Microtektites

What word in greek does "Galaxy" come from? Milk Cloud Nebula Light Egg

Milk

Which publication is considered the foundation of Oceanography? Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" Maury's "The Physical Geography of the Seas" United States Exploring Expedition's 19 volumes None of these

None of these

As opposed to pelagic sediments, neritic sediments are found: In the water column On the abyssal plain Near the coast

Near the Coast

Kelp are usually found in what environment Littoral, Tropical to subtropical Latitudes. Neritic Temperate to Subpolar Latitudes. Neritic, Polar Latitudes. Littoral, Polar Latitudes Littoral Subtropical to Temperate Latitudes

Neritic Temperate to Subpolar Latitudes.

Why are the various hypotheses about what happened before the Big Bang not subject to the scientific method? None of the hypotheses have generated enough excitement. We haven't built telescopes large enough to observe out that far yet. None of the hypotheses have produced testable predictions. None of the hypotheses have been proven yet.

None of the hypotheses have produced testable predictions.

Which of the following following regional names are not appropriate for tropical cyclones that occur there? Hurricane, Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Willi-willis, Ocean near Australia. Typhoon, Pacific Ocean. Tropical Cyclone, Indian Ocean. Nor'easter, Northern Atlantic Ocean.

Nor'easter, Northern Atlantic Ocean.

What property(or properties) of the Earth allow(s) paleo-magnetics to identify the age of the seafloor? [Choose all that apply] The Earths' magnetic field reverses every so often Ocean crust contains small amounts of magnetic minerals which lock in the Earth's magnetic field when they cool The Earth's magnetic field reverses regularly Ocean crust is continuously being created at the apex mid-ocean ridges

Ocean crust contains small amounts of magnetic minerals which lock in the Earth's magnetic field when they cool The Earths' magnetic field reverses every so often

The hydrologic cycle describes the transport of water through which three systems? Oceans, Land, and Atmosphere Crust, Mantle, and Core Earth, Moon, and Sun Oceans, Atmosphere,and Space

Oceans, Land, and Atmosphere

Heterotrophs are __________? Organisms that consume only organisms that reproduce asexually. Organisms that do not reproduce, they just serve the ones that do. Organisms that consume primary producers and other consumers. Organisms that make their own food from basic chemicals.

Organisms that consume primary producers and other consumers.

Bycatch is defined as: Organisms that live attached to boats. This is a drain on the resources of the fishing industry. Organisms that were unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms. Organisms that escape the nets. They say "bye bye" to the fishermen. Desirable organisms that were intentionally killed and harvested because people want to buy them.

Organisms that were unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms.

Which of the following are important gases dissolved in seawater? (That is, which constitute 95% of the gases dissolved in seawater) [select all that apply]: Helium He Oxygen O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nitrogen N2 Neon gas Ne

Oxygen O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nitrogen N2

Which seismic wave travels fastest? L-waves P-waves R-waves S-waves Surface waves

P-waves

Which of the following are body waves? [Choose all that apply] P-waves S-waves Surface waves L-waves R-waves

P-waves S-waves

______ is not a dangerous heavy metal being introduced to the ocean. Lead Copper Mercury PCB Tin

PCB

Sediment is defined as: Artifacts collected at an underwater archaeological survey Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated manner. A swarm of fish that are stirring up the seafloor while they fertilize and deposit their eggs. Only particles that are unrelated to human activities.

Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated manner

"Self Ass 4 Diagram 1" in files - Using this image, what kind of margin is the southern margin of Australia? Transform Margin Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Passive Margin Transform Boundary Active Margin

Passive Margin

If the Earth's orbital axis was oriented perpendicular to its spin axis (as is the case during the spring and autumn equinoxes), at the equator, light would hit the Earth's surface at what angle? Parallel to the Surface (0°). Perpendicular to the Surface (90°) At 30°. At 45° At 60°

Perpendicular to the Surface (90°)

Which of the following people developed the Dynamic Theory of Tides? Pierre-Simon Laplace Sir Walter Raleigh John Cabot Sir Isaac Newton Vasco De Gama

Pierre-Simon Laplace

Place the following classes of tropical cyclone in order of maximum windspeed (from lowest (1) to highest (3)). ____ Tropical Storm ____ Tropical Cyclone (Hurricane or Typhoon) ____ Tropical Depression

Place the following classes of tropical cyclone in order of maximum windspeed (from lowest (1) to highest (3)). __2__ Tropical Storm __3__ Tropical Cyclone (Hurricane or Typhoon) __1__ Tropical Depression

Place the following water masses in order of increasing depth (from shallowest = 1, to deepest = 5). ____ Deep Water ____ Surface Water ____ Central Water ____ Intermediate Water ____ Bottom Water

Place the following water masses in order of increasing depth (from shallowest = 1, to deepest = 5). __4__ Deep Water __1__ Surface Water __2__ Central Water __3__ Intermediate Water __5__ Bottom Water

Place the following waves in order of decreasing wavelength. (1=largest) ____ Seismic Sea Wave (Tsunami) ____ Capillary wave ____ Seiche ____ Tide ____ Wind wave

Place the following waves in order of decreasing wavelength. (1=largest) __2__ Seismic Sea Wave (Tsunami) __5__ Capillary wave __3__ Seiche __1__ Tide __4__ Wind wave

Biomagnification is the process by which the concentration of _____________ increases as one moves __________________ in the food web. Pollutants / higher Species interactions / lower Species interactions / higher Pollutants / lower

Pollutants / higher

What is the largest change to the chemistry of the ocean and atmosphere? Breakdown of Hydrogen Sulfide by chemosynthesis. Formation of the Moon. Production of Oxygen from photosynthesis. Formation of Ozone by high-energy radiation.

Production of Oxygen from photosynthesis.

Plankton productivity as measured by amount of chlorophyll in the surface waters. Off of the coast of Peru during El Niño years: Productivity increases due to weakening of the thermocline. Productivity decreases due to weakening of the thermocline. Productivity increases due to strengthening of the thermocline. Productivity decreases due to strengthening of the thermocline.

Productivity decreases due to strengthening of the thermocline.

Biological construction follows a specific pattern around a subsiding volcano (as observed around many islands in the Tropical Pacific Ocean), what is the observed pattern? Progression from atolls, through barrier reefs and ending with fringing reefs as corals fill in more and more of the lagoon. Progression from fringing reefs to atolls to barrier reefs to form extensive deposits of coral material over 100s of square kilometers. Progression from fringing reefs, to barrier reefs to atolls, as corals grow to maintain themselves near/at sea level. None of the above.

Progression from fringing reefs, to barrier reefs to atolls, as corals grow to maintain themselves near/at sea level

As waves approach the shore they: Refract and the wave crests become nearly perpendicular to the shore. Defract and the wave crests become nearly parallel to the shore. Defract and the wave crests become nearly perpendicular to the shore. Refract and the wave crests become nearly parallel to the shore.

Refract and the wave crests become nearly parallel to the shore.

Reports of counts of births and deaths are compiled to generate these exact numbers.

Over the 20th century, the human population grew by 400%. Over that same period, there has been an average 4.5-fold increase in the economic activity of each person. How is this possible? [Select all that apply]. Science allowed improved understanding of resources and how to harvest them. New political systems resulted in improvements for the 'common man', eliminating wars and famine. Improved technology allowed people to be more productive. New religious ideas swept across the world, resulting in global unity of purpose.

Science allowed improved understanding of resources and how to harvest them. Improved technology allowed people to be more productive.

Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). Select the statement below that you feel is most true: An international law will be passed immediately stopping harvesting until the environmental impact is fully assessed. This would contribute to the generation of hydrocarbon-free energy, thus meeting the needs of modern society and reducing pollution. Scientific advances will have made this new method possible, since we would not even know that manganese nodules exist and/or where to find them without scientific work. This will pose no pollution danger to ecosystems, since nothing lives at the very deep depths in which manganese nodules are found. None of the above are true.

Scientific advances will have made this new method possible, since we would not even know that manganese nodules exist and/or where to find them without scientific work.

The human population growth curve is a plot based on scientific hypotheses if: Scientific computers are used to process the data. Scientific models of birth and death rates are based on estimates derived from reports of counts of births and deaths in various countries and regions. Scientists are counting all births and deaths, everywhere, in real time. The plot is based directly on reports of counts of births and deaths are compiled to generate these exact numbers. That is, every birth and death is counted and reported. Scientific models of births and deaths in ancient times are based on burial grounds analyzed by anthropologists.

Scientific models of birth and death rates are based on estimates derived from reports of counts of births and deaths in various countries and regions.

The human population growth curve is a plot based on scientific hypotheses if: Scientific models of births and deaths in ancient times are based on burial grounds analyzed by anthropologists. Scientific computers are used to process the data. Scientific models of birth and death rates are based on estimates derived from reports of counts of births and deaths in various countries and regions. Scientists are counting all births and deaths, everywhere, in real time. The plot is based directly on reports of counts of births and deaths are compiled to generate these exact numbers. That is, every birth and death is counted and reported.

Scientific models of birth and death rates are based on estimates derived from reports of counts of births and deaths in various countries and regions.

Which of the following statements is most true about using satellites to measure waves: Scientists use satellite data to estimate wind speed and from that data they estimate (infer) wave heights. Scientists use satellite data to measure the height of waves and combine lots of wave heights to get a measure of the roughness of the sea. Satellite data does not provide any insight on the heights of ocean waves. Scientists need to use ships to learn about waves. Satellite data provides estimates of primary productivity. Because mixed water has more nutrients this can be used to estimate wave heights.

Scientists use satellite data to measure the height of waves and combine lots of wave heights to get a measure of the roughness of the sea.

The plot above shows bulk density in grams per centimeter cubed vs. depth for a group of samples taken from a core drilled off the northwest shelf of Australia. The density data are "scientific fact" because:

Scientists using the same instruments would get the same values for the same sediments

Most fisheries are currently being harvested at or beyond the maximum sustainable yield. True False

True

Which one of the following is a not an eastern boundary current? The California Current The East Australian Current The Benguela Current The Canary Current

The East Australian Current

Which mid-ocean ridge is spreading faster? The Mid-Atlantic Ridge The East Pacific Rise

The East Pacific Rise

The Dynamic Theory of the Tides was developed because: The Equilibrium Theory of the Tides is not consistent with the conditions that exist for the oceans on Earth. The name was a better description of the tides, because these giant waves are dynamic, and ever-moving. Without it you could not separate meteorological tides from the astronomical tides There is no way to determine the relationships between the sun and moon and earth and the complex math of the equilibrium theory of the tides. The name sounded more scientific than the "Equilibrium Theory" of the tides.

The Equilibrium Theory of the Tides is not consistent with the conditions that exist for the oceans on Earth.

Why is the East Pacific Rise spreading faster then any other mid-ocean ridge on Earth? The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones The Pacific is surrounded by mid-ocean ridges The Lithosphere is thinner under the East Pacific Rise The Asthenosphere is hotter under the East Pacific Rise

The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones

Why is the divergent plate boundary in the Pacific spreading faster than the divergent plate boundary in the Atlantic? The Atlantic is surrounded by subduction zones The asthenosphere under the Atlantic is hotter than under the Pacific The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones The asthenosphere under the Pacific is hotter than under the Atlantic

The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones

Which of the following is based on scientific inference (rather than non-science or directly on scientific data)? The age of the Earth is approximately 200 thousand years. The age of meteorites is approximately 200 thousand years. The age of the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years. The age of meteorites is approximately 4.6 billion years.

The age of the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years.

An example of scientific data in this lesson is: The reason the Vikings began attacking the Europeans The angle of the sun at noon in Alexandria on the longest day of the year The observation that there is no life deeper than 600 m in the ocean by the HMS Challenger expedition The destruction of Alexandria's library by early Christians

The angle of the sun at noon in Alexandria on the longest day of the year

In Ocean-Ocean convergence, which ocean plate subducts? The older plate The younger plate The smaller plate The larger plate

The older plate

What is the part of the Earth that the plates of plate tectonics float on? The lithosphere The core The mantle The crust The asthenosphere

The asthenosphere

What is the definition of refraction? A swarm of fish avoiding a predator The bending of waves as the velocity of the medium changes A change from sound energy to light energy An increase in the temperature which does not correspond with a decrease in salinity

The bending of waves as the velocity of the medium changes

Which of the following is a scientific hypothesis about the impact of plastics on marine organisms: Everything that humans do results in degradation of the environment. The best thing to do about plastic pollution is to do nothing. Organisms in the ocean will biodegrade this pollutant. The benthic oceanic community is adversely impacted by plastics pollution. Plastics are plentiful in deep sea sediments.

The benthic oceanic community is adversely impacted by plastics pollution.

__________ is (approximately) in thermal equilibrium. [select all that apply] The black body Earth in the astrophysicist's calculation of average Earth temperatures without greenhouse gases. Earth one million years ago, with greenhouse gases and no human impact on the atmosphere. Venus with 96.5% of it's atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and a surface temperature of about 730°K (about 500°C). The sun, with nuclear fusion turning hydrogen to helium at it's core. Earth today with increased greenhouse gases and plenty of human impact on the atmosphere.

The black body Earth in the astrophysicist's calculation of average Earth temperatures without greenhouse gases. Earth one million years ago, with greenhouse gases and no human impact on the atmosphere. Venus with 96.5% of it's atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and a surface temperature of about 730°K (about 500°C).

_________ is an example of a scientific fact.

The chemical composition of a diamond.

The annual extent of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is based on __________, thus it is based on scientific data. The area of Gulf of Mexico beaches that are covered in dead fish each year. The number of individuals who die of seafood poisoning in the Gulf states each year. The concentration of oxygen gas in the water column collected by ship-going surveys. Counts of the number of dead fish that wash ashore each summer.

The concentration of oxygen gas in the water column collected by ship-going surveys.

Oceanographers now measure water temperature by measuring the electrical conductivity of the a wire, immersed in the water. The conductivity of the wire as a function of temperature has been established in the laboratory through observations. When oceanographers collect temperature vs. depth data by lowering a thermistor on a wire: The temperatures are the scientific data. They are wasting their time. they get very different answers if they lower the thermistor in the same place many times on the same day. The conductivities are the scientific data.

The conductivities are the scientific data.

When sediments are used to understand Earth History one type of scientific hypothesis that is used is: Potassium - Uranium dating of sedimentary basalts the species of diatoms present in a sample of evaporite the species of foraminifera present in a sample of carbonate ooze Carbon dating radiolaria shells The evolution of the foraminifera present in the sample of carbonate ooze

The evolution of the foraminifera present in the sample of carbonate ooze

Which of the following are scientific hypotheses (inferences) that support the theory of plate tectonics? [Choose all that apply] The explanation for the presence of symmetric stripes of magnetic anomalies on either side of the peak of the mid-ocean ridge. The presence of plant fossils of the same age on opposite sides of the Atlantic ocean. The structure of the Earths' interior, especially the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The location and depths of the subducting lithosphere as indicated by earthquake locations. The observation of symmetric stripes of magnetic anomalies on either side of the peak of the mid-ocean ridge. The explanation for the age and locations of islands in the Emperor - Hawaii seamount chains in the Pacific ocean.

The explanation for the presence of symmetric stripes of magnetic anomalies on either side of the peak of the mid-ocean ridge. The presence of plant fossils of the same age on opposite sides of the Atlantic ocean.

Apogee is: The farthest approach that the Moon makes to the Earth. The farthest approach that the Earth makes to the Sun. The closest approach that the Earth makes to the Sun. The farthest approach that the Moon makes to the Sun. The closest approach that the Moon makes to the Earth.

The farthest approach that the Moon makes to the Earth.

Which of these are true differences between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere? The lithosphere is an elastic solid. The asthenosphere is not. The asthenosphere is partially molten (approximately 2%) and the lithosphere is not. The asthenosphere is an elastic solid. The lithosphere is not. The lithosphere is partially molten (approximately 2%) and the asthenosphere is not.

The lithosphere is an elastic solid. The asthenosphere is not. The asthenosphere is partially molten (approximately 2%) and the lithosphere is not.

A community is defined as: The many populations of organisms that interact at a particular location a measure of biodiversity the group of organisms of the same species found at a particular location the organism's address

The many populations of organisms that interact at a particular location

Population density is defined as: The relationship between environmental resistance and reproduction rate. The number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume). The number of species per unit area (or volume). It is a synonym of biodiversity.

The number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume).

A scientist wishes to test the hypothesis that tropical storms are influenced by human induced global change using data collected by the U.S. national oceanographic and atmospheric administration over the last 50 years. Which of the following are scientific data that the scientist might collect in order to test this hypothesis. [select all that apply]: The model prediction of North Atlantic hurricanes for each year. The number of named Atlantic hurricanes each year. The number of days per year in which named North Atlantic hurricanes were present each year. The number of days per year in which hurricanes were present with maximum sustained wind speeds of 210 kph (category 4 on the Saphir-Simpson scale). The difference between the model prediction of North Atlantic hurricanes and those observed.

The number of named Atlantic hurricanes each year. The number of days per year in which named North Atlantic hurricanes were present each year. The number of days per year in which hurricanes were present with maximum sustained wind speeds of 210 kph (category 4 on the Saphir-Simpson scale).

The deep-sea ecologists who are studying the impact of dredging manganese nodules on biologic communities hypothesize that: The oceanic benthic community will be adversely impacted by dredging, which would kill many organisms. The oceanic benthic community will not be impacted by dredging, because these life forms are robust, with wide tolerances. The oceanic benthic community is quite diverse The oceanic benthic community will be positively impacted by dredging, which would provide new food resources through stirring up the sediment.

The oceanic benthic community will be adversely impacted by dredging, which would kill many organisms.

In Ocean-Continent convergence, which plate subducts? The oceanic plate The continental plate The older plate The younger plate Neither plate subducts, they crash into each other

The oceanic plate

Why was the continental shelf much narrower during the last ice age? The continents were higher because the ice was less dense. The oceans were lower because lots of water was frozen as ice in the ocean. The continents were higher because the mantle was convecting more. The oceans were lower because lots of water was frozen as ice on land.

The oceans were lower because lots of water was frozen as ice on land.

If there is an age difference across a fracture zone, how does that make the fracture zone so identifiable. The older side is less dense, so it floats higher (shallower). The older side is more dense, so it floats lower (deeper). The older side is more dense, so it floats higher (shallower). The older side is less dense to it floats lower (deeper).

The older side is more dense, so it floats lower (deeper).

In ocean-ocean convergence, which oceanic plate subducts? The one on the west subducts The one moving faster. The one that is younger The one on the east subducts The one that is older The one moving slower.

The one that is older

Why can S-waves travel through the inner core, but not the outer core? [Choose all that apply] The inner core is a solid, and S-waves can travel in a solid. The inner core is a liquid, and S-waves can travel in a liquid The outer core is a solid, and S-waves cannot travel in a solid The outer core is a liquid, and S-waves cannot travel in a liquid

The outer core is a liquid, and S-waves cannot travel in a liquid The inner core is a solid, and S-waves can travel in a solid.

On a sandy beach, the foreshore is characterized as: The part of the beach that is below the low-tide mark. The part of the beach between the offshore bar and high-tide mark. The part of the beach that is above sea level most of the time. The part of the beach between the berm and the low-tide mark.

The part of the beach between the berm and the low-tide mark.

Waditi and Benioff noticed what? The pattern of earthquakes going deep into the earth The pattern of volcanoes around the edges of the Atlantic The magnetic pattern of paleo-magnetics generated by mid-ocean ridges The pattern of earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges The pattern of volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges

The pattern of earthquakes going deep into the earth

What does a hypsometric curve represent? The percentage of the planet above a certain elevation (or depth). The percentage of the planet above water. The percentage of the planet that is habitable. The percentage of the planet involved in each part of plate tectonics.

The percentage of the planet above a certain elevation (or depth).

The two photos are of the Muir glacier in Alaska. Which statement below is most correct? The photo on the left was taken in the winter in the 1800s and the one on the right was taken in the summer of the same year. The photo on the left was taken in the winter in the early 2000s and the one on the right was taken in the summer of the same year. The photo on the right was taken in the late 1800s and the one on the left was taken in the early 2000's. The photo on the left was taken in the late 1800s and the one on the right was taken in the early 2000's.

The photo on the left was taken in the late 1800s and the one on the right was taken in the early 2000's.

Volcanoes always form on which plate? The plate going down a subduction zone The plate staying above a subduction zone The plate moving sliding past at a transform boundary

The plate staying above a subduction zone

The poles are colder than the equator because: The poles are farther from the sun than the equator, so that dispersion has reduced the amount of sunlight to get to the poles. Earth's magnetic field deflects the sunlight from the Poles making it much colder there. The poles reflect off all of the sunlight because of the ice / glaciers that are present at the poles. The poles are hit at a steep angle by sunlight while at the equator sunlight is nearly perpendicular to the surface.

The poles are hit at a steep angle by sunlight while at the equator sunlight is nearly perpendicular to the surface.

The poles are colder than the equator because: The poles are hit at a steep angle by sunlight while at the equator sunlight is nearly perpendicular to the surface. Earth's magnetic field deflects the sunlight from the Poles making it much colder there. The poles reflect off all of the sunlight because of the ice / glaciers that are present at the poles. The poles are farther from the sun than the equator, so that dispersion has reduced the amount of sunlight to get to the poles.

The poles are hit at a steep angle by sunlight while at the equator sunlight is nearly perpendicular to the surface.

The tidal datum is defined as the: Maximum height of the low tide. Maximum height of the high tide. Average of the High tide through time. Minimum height of the high tide The reference level to which tidal height is compared.

The reference level to which tidal height is compared.

According to the Equilibrium Theory of the Tides, the following factors influence the heights of the tides: [check all that apply] The shape of the ocean basin The tilt of Moon's spin axis Storms and Winds The tilt of Earth's spin axis compared to the Moon's orbit around Earth The relationship between the Sun the Moon and the Earth The Coriolis effect

The relationship between the Sun the Moon and the Earth The Coriolis effect Storms and Winds

When a scientific hypothesis is inconsistent with an established scientific fact:

The scientific hypothesis is rejected and/or revised

When a scientific hypothesis is inconsistent with an established scientific fact: It proves that science doesn't work very well A new experiment is designed to prove the hypothesis The scientific hypothesis is rejected and/or revised It is necessary to repeat the experiment until it agrees with the hypothesis The scientific hypothesis is revised and elevated to a scientific theory

The scientific hypothesis is rejected and/or revised

Suppose a scientist demonstrates that a current scientific theory is incorrect, and the findings are verified. What happens to that scientist?

The scientist is praised and remembered, and maybe get's a better job.

The lesson suggests that passive margins would be more likely to be the sites of deltas than active margins. How might a scientist test this hypothesis?. Use satellite remote sensing images to identify and measure the size of all deltas. Use aerial images to verify the size of many deltas obtained from satellites. Identify all active and all passive margins based on plate tectonic criteria. The scientist would have to do all of these things.

The scientist would have to do all of these things.

Why is the Pacific seafloor bumpier then the Atlantic? The Atlantic has a slower spreading rate, so the bumps get spread out. The Pacific has more hot spots and island chains The sediments in the Pacific are trapped in trenches.

The sediments in the Pacific are trapped in trenches.

What pieces of information did Eratosthenes use to calculate the size of the earth? (Choose all that apply) The distance between Alexandria and Jerusalem The radius of the Earth The shadow cast at noon on the longest day in Athens The distance between Alexandria and Athens The shadow cast at noon on the longest day in Alexandria The lack of shadow at noon on the longest day in Syene in a vertical well. The shadow cast at noon on the longest day in Jerusalem The distance between Alexandria and Syene The positions of stars in the sky

The shadow cast at noon on the longest day in Alexandria The lack of shadow at noon on the longest day in Syene in a vertical well. The distance between Alexandria and Syene

What prompted the development of the first echo sounder? The sinking of the Lusitania The sinking of the Titanic The sinking of the Maine The sinking of the HMS Challenger

The sinking of the Titanic

Which of the following are parameters accurately describes water [select all that apply]: The temperature which water freezes decreases with increasing salinity. Pure water boils at 75°F. Pure water freezes at 0°C. Pure water has one of the highest latent heat of vaporization of any known substance. Pure water boils at 100°C.

The temperature which water freezes decreases with increasing salinity. Pure water freezes at 0°C. Pure water has one of the highest latent heat of vaporization of any known substance. Pure water boils at 100°C.

What makes the Pacific Ring of Fire so tectonically active (many earthquakes and volcanoes)? The volcanoes that ring the Pacific are associated with divergent plate boundaries. The volcanoes that ring the Pacific are associated with hot spots. The volcanoes that ring the Pacific are associated with convergent plate boundaries. The volcanoes that ring the Pacific are associated with transform plate boundaries.

The volcanoes that ring the Pacific are associated with convergent plate boundaries.

Why is a fracture zone so identifiable if it is not a plate boundary? There is a plate motion difference across the fracture zone. There is an age difference across the fracture zone. There is no plate motion across the fracture zone. There is a composition difference across the fracture zone.

There is an age difference across the fracture zone.

The euphotic zone is the zone where: There is enough sunlight for chemosynthesis to occur. There is not enough sunlight for chemosynthesis to occur. There is no light penetration at all. There is enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. There is not quite enough light for photosynthesis, though light does penetrate there.

There is enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur.

Which one of the following is NOT true about Copepods? They are about a half millimeter in size. They are a type of zooplankton. They are a type of phytoplankton. They are a type of crustacean.

They are a type of phytoplankton.

Why don't continental plates subduct into the mantle? They are more dense than the asthenosphere They are more dense than the lithosphere They are less dense than the asthenosphere They are less dense than the lithosphere

They are less dense than the asthenosphere

Why do oceanic plates subduct? They are more dense than the asthenosphere They are more dense than the lithosphere They are less dense than the asthenosphere They are less dense than the lithosphere

They are more dense than the asthenosphere

Why do oceanic plates subduct? They are depressed and feel like going down. They are more dense than the asthenosphere they are floating on. They are more compressible than the asthenosphere they are floating on They are less dense than the asthenosphere they are floating on

They are more dense than the asthenosphere they are floating on.

How do satellites like GEOSAT measure the surface of the ocean with such accuracy? They average thousands of measurements to remove the effects of waves and tides. They take a single measurement to minimize the effects of waves and tides. Their onboard computers are sophisticated enough to identify and remove the effect of waves and tides. They don't, GEOSAT's accuracy is an exaggeration to suggest NASA isn't worthless.

They average thousands of measurements to remove the effects of waves and tides.

Why did the Vikings abandon their settlement in Iceland? Europeans invaded Scandinavia They didn't abandon Iceland The end of the Medieval Warn Period forced them to They found more profitable looting elsewhere

They didn't abandon Iceland

How have geologists generated a crustal age map of the entire ocean? [Choose all that apply] They haven't, the age map is an guess They have used the paleo-magnetic pattern of reversals recorded in the ocean crust They have drilled and dated most of the ocean crust They have drilled and dated a few selected parts of the ocean crust They have used satellite bathymetry to estimate the age of the ocean crust

They have used the paleo-magnetic pattern of reversals recorded in the ocean crust They have drilled and dated a few selected parts of the ocean crust

The continental shelf is: Thinned oceanic crust that is above sea level Thickened continental crust that is below sea level Thinned continental crust that is below sea level Thickened oceanic crust that is below sea level

Thinned continental crust that is below sea level

Volcanic arcs are found next to _________________. Mid-ocean ridges transform faults trenches continental rises fracture zones

Trenches

Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). Select the statement below that you feel is most true: An international law will be passed immediately stopping harvesting until the environmental impact is fully assessed. This would solve an important problem, lack of heavy minerals such as Copper and Zinc that are required for generating many of the needs of modern society. Scientific advances will not be very important in making new method possible, since manganese nodules are found everywhere in the oceans. They can be found without scientific work. This will pose no pollution danger to ecosystems, since nothing lives at the very deep depths in which manganese nodules are found. None of the above are true.

This would solve an important problem, lack of heavy minerals such as Copper and Zinc that are required for generating many of the needs of modern society.

What is generally considered the most successful scientific expedition in history?

Thomson and Murray's Challenger Expedition

The Ganges-Brahmaputra system is an example of what kind of delta? Wave-dominated delta Tide-dominated delta River-dominated delta Gilbert delta Bayhead delta

Tide-dominated delta

What are the types of plate boundaries? Asthenosphere Transform Convergent Divergent Lithosphere Slip

Transform Convergent Divergent

The two types of cyclonic storms? [select all that apply]: Tropical Cyclones Extratemperate Cyclones Extratropical Cyclones Intratropical Cyclones Polar Cyclones

Tropical Cyclones Extratropical Cyclones

Which of the following scientific inferences were needed to generate the hypothesis that tropical cyclones are influenced by ENSO conditions? [select all that apply]: Tropical cyclones require surface waters of 26°C or higher to maintain or grow in size and strength. El Niño conditions include increased surface water temperatures in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean Latent heat of condensation is one of the primary drivers of tropical cyclones Sensible heat of water is one of the highest of any chemical compound on Earth Tropical surface water temperatures have increased as a result of human induced global warming. El Niño conditions include decreased fisheries as a result of a strengthening of the the thermocline and pycnocline in the Northeast Pacific.

Tropical cyclones require surface waters of 26°C or higher to maintain or grow in size and strength. Latent heat of condensation is one of the primary drivers of tropical cyclones El Niño conditions include decreased fisheries as a result of a strengthening of the the thermocline and pycnocline in the Northeast Pacific.

Ooids form under these conditions: They are tiny eggs generated by fish Tropical deep marine settings with cold water Tropical shallow marine settings with warm, slightly basic seawater Polar shallow marine settings with deposition from melting icebergs They are not marine at all - only form in deserts.

Tropical shallow marine settings with warm, slightly basic seawater

Which of the following are layers of the atmosphere? [select all that apply] Troposphere Hydrosphere Mesosphere Lithosphere Stratosphere Biosphere

Troposphere Mesosphere Stratosphere

A population is a group of organisms of the same species. True False

True

Absolute dating of rocks did not occur until scientists understood the nature of radioactive decay and were able to measure the concentrations of both the parent and the daughter materials in a material - True or False

True

An active continental margin tends to have a very narrow continental shelf - true or false

True

An active margin experiences many earthquakes - true or false

True

Biotourism is an important nonextractive resource. True False

True

Chondrites are a primitive type of asteroid that helps us understand the composition of the nebula that the solar system formed from - True or False

True

Cold seeps are characterized by bacterial mats (chemosynthsizers) coating the sea floor. True False

True

Each greenhouse gas responds to some of the energy within the spectrum that Earth emits. True False

True

Eutrophication is a set of physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place when excessive nutrients are released into the water. The most visible manifestations of eutrophication are the red tides, yellow forms, and thick green slimes of vigorous plankton blooms. True False

True

Global warming is the response of Earth's climate system to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human contribution. True False

True

Greenhouse gases are gases that are excited by radiation that Earth is emitting. True False

True

Healthy coral reefs exhibit both construction and destruction - true or false

True

Healthy coral reefs exhibit both construction and destruction. True False

True

Human activities release about 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as much lead into the ocean as natural sources of these two metals. True False

True

Iceland is above a hot spot - True or False

True

Just considering the temperature of the Troposphere: In the absence of the greenhouse effect, life as we know it would not exist. True False

True

Kelp forests are the Earth's most uniform environment allowing this community to flourish. True False

True

Latitude can be found using a sextant and the north polar star - true or false

True

Marine sediments are important archives of paleoclimatic data- True or False

True

Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries - true or false

True

Nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental protcetion whitin their exclusive economic zones (EEZ). By agreement among the most powerful countries in the world, the EEZ extends 3700 kilometers (200 nautical miles) from a nation's shoreline. True or False

True

Oil and Natural gas are significant resources derived in part from marine sediments - true or false

True

On average, of the energy that strikes and excites greenhouse gases about half of it is re-transmitted back to Earth, heating up the planet. True False

True

Overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that the remaining breeding stock is insufficient to replenish the species. Many marine species are overfished. True or False

True

P-waves can travel through solids and liquids - True or False

True

Pollution influences entire habitats, especially the most complex and biologically sensitive shallow-water habitats, such as bays and estuaries. True False

True

Scientists use mathematical models of Earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. These predictions suggest that some island nations will be flooded in the next 50 years. True False

True

Sea levels have experienced nature changes in Earth's past - true or false

True

Some pollutants come from both natural and human-related sources. But humans are always involved. True False

True

Sometimes the best solution to cleaning up a spill of crude oil is to do nothing. True False

True

The Earth's early atmosphere contained high concentrations of water and carbon dioxide, with traces of methane and ammonia. It had no appreciable free oxygen - true or false

True

The aphotic pelagic oceanic (bathypelagic) zone supports a relatively low (compared to other parts of the ocean) population of life forms. True False

True

The greenhouse effect is a good thing. True False

True

The increasing depths of earthquakes in subduction zones is not a scientific fact. Determining those depths requires the application of many scientific hypotheses - True or false

True

The lower atmosphere, the Troposphere is identified by the fact that temperature decreases upwards, resulting in a fairly turbulent layer. True False

True

The ocean depths measured using an echo-sounder is an example of scientific data - true or false

True

Wave shock is the force of crashing waves. True False

True

When Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of Earth, the angle of the sunlight as it strikes the earth at Alexandria was scientific data.

True

When scientists develop synthetic organic materials for use in industry and/or agriculture, they are trying to improve human economies and health, but there are often unintended dangerous pollution-related impacts from these materials. True False

True

true or false - rather than making a continuous loop in each hemisphere, air rising from the equatorial region moves poleward and is gradually deflected eastward; that is, it turns to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This eastward deflection is caused by the Coriolis effect

True

A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n): Gulf Stream Hadley Cell Ooid Fall Contour current Turbidity Current

Turbidity Current

Current projections suggest that hydrocarbon (oil, natural gas, coal) demand will go __________ in the next 20 years. Up Stay the same Go to zero Down

We can see into the deep past (13 billion years ago) by: Using any backyard telescope as well as the technically advanced telescopes indicated by other answers here Using telescopes in space (e.g., Hubble Space Telescope) Using telescopes mounted on remote mountains (e.g., the twin telescopes on Mauna Kea). Actually, if you know where to look you can see them with your naked eyes on a dark, moonless night.

Using telescopes in space (e.g., Hubble Space Telescope)

Mid-ocean and deep ocean currents are drive by thermohaline circulation rather than by wind friction. That is, this type of circulation is powered by: Variations due to degassing of the Earth's mantle. X Variations in water density Variations in water pH Variations due to galactic rotation

Variations in water density

Femtoplankton mostly consist of tiny (less than 0.2 micrometers in diameter) organisms like: Dinoflagellates Radiolarians Viruses Diatoms Cyanobacteria

Viruses

Which of the following are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? [select all that apply]: Volcanic outgassing of crustal and mantle CO2 Organisms generate it in the process of denitrification Aerobic respiration of plants Anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial burning of fossil fuels) Aerobic respiration of animals

Volcanic outgassing of crustal and mantle CO2 Aerobic respiration of plants Anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial burning of fossil fuels) Aerobic respiration of animals

Which of the following was discussed as a deep sea benthic community? Plankton community Whale-fall community Deep dysphtoic community Estuary community

Whale-fall community

You are performing a study to determine the impact of climate change on the rocky intertidal community. The hypothesis that you are testing is: Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of alga over invertebrates in the balanus layer Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of invertebrates over alga in the balanus layer It is easier to measure the temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in cold tide pools than in warm tide pools It is possible to count the number of balanus on a rock face with incredible accuracy

Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of alga over invertebrates in the balanus layer

You are performing a study to determine the impact of climate change on the rocky intertidal community. The hypothesis that you are testing is: Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of invertebrates over alga in the balanus layer. It is easier to measure the temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in cold tide pools than in warm tide pools. It is possible to count the number of balanus on a rock face with incredible accuracy. Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of alga over invertebrates in the balanus layer.

Warming water and increased carbon dioxide concentrations favors the growth of alga over invertebrates in the balanus layer.

DOC is _______________? Waste nitrogen gas dissolved in seawater. Organically precipitated calcium carbonate. Waste organic carbon dissolved in seawater. Inorganic carbon present as small grains settling through the water column. Inorganically precipitated calcium carbonate.

Waste organic carbon dissolved in seawater.

In the dynamic theory of the tides, which two forces/effects are considered that are not included in the equilibrium theory of the tides? Gravity and the Coriolis Effect Gravity and inertia. Wind and Capillary Force. Gravity and Water Depth Water Depth and the Coriolis Effect

Water Depth and the Coriolis Effect

Oxygen levels are slightly elevated in ________ as a result of the water derived from the surface at high latitudes . Cool deep water Water above the pycnocline Water above the thermocline Warm surface water

Water above the pycnocline

Which of the following are the three types of marine deltas? [Select all that apply] Wave-dominated Storm-dominated Tide-dominated Biological-dominated River-dominated

Wave-dominated Tide-dominated River-dominated

The Nile River Delta is an example of what kind of delta? River-dominated delta Wave-dominated delta Gilbert delta Tide-dominated delta Bayhead delta

Wave-dominated delta

When we compared atmospheric carbon dioxide in Hawaii with global temperature over the past several decades we found a correlation of about 0.9. If we do the same comparison in many many regions all around the globe and there is always a strong correlation then: We will be able to declare the scientific theory of Carbon Dioxide Causes Global Temperature Change. We will be able to declare the scientific theory of Global Temperature Change Causes Carbon Dioxide to Change. We will have supported the scientific theory of Global Warming. We will have proven the scientific theory of Global Warming. We will need to modify or change the scientific theory of Global Warming.

We will have supported the scientific theory of Global Warming.

Eddies are strongest in the vicinity of: Transverse Currents. Western Boundary Currents. Eastern Boundary Currents. El Niño events.

Western Boundary Currents.

How can you test the hypothesis that deep sea benthos are detrimentally impacted by pollution? You would have to collect data from the deep sea beneath the North Pacific gyre where the impact of pollution would be the greatest You would have to collect data from portions of the deep sea where pollution would be quite high and compare it to a similar environment where you would expect human pollution to be quite low. You would have to collect data from the deep Southern ocean where some locations have only been impacted a little bit by humans. You can't test it because there is no plastic debris in the deep benthic community.

You would have to collect data from portions of the deep sea where pollution would be quite high and compare it to a similar environment where you would expect human pollution to be quite low.

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their feeding relationships, described on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. ____ Photosynthetic autotroph not part of the microbial loop ____ Chemosynthetic autotroph ____ Photosynthetic autotroph, part of the microbial loop ____ Heterotroph

__1__ Photosynthetic autotroph not part of the microbial loop __4__ Chemosynthetic autotroph __2__ Photosynthetic autotroph, part of the microbial loop __3__ Heterotroph

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.) ____ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. ____ Increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets. ____ In-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts. 1. Enhanced fishing of near-surface nekton. 2. Disturbance of seafloor marine communities. 3. Ability to determine maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.

__1__ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. __2__ Increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets. __3__ In-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts.

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.) _____ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. _____ In-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts. _____ Increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets. 1. Enhanced fishing of near-surface nekton. 2. Disturbance of seafloor marine communities. 3. Ability to determine maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.

__1__ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. ___3__ In-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts. ___2__ Increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets.

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economical result on the right. ____ Understanding of the formation of metallic sulfides at divergent plate boundaries ____ Improved drilling techniques allowing horizontal drilling along precise geological formations. ____ Real-time on wind distributions over the ocean ____ Seismic Imaging of ancient and modern continental margins 1. Improved ability to find and mine natural resources from ancient pieces of ocean crust left on land during ocean-continent and contient-continent collisions 2. Improved ability to discover conventional oil and gas reservoirs 3. Ability to tap source rocks for oil and gas using the technique commonly known as "fracking" 4. Ability to determine good locations to tap the biggest natural resource of 'clean' (pollution free) energy

__1__ Understanding of the formation of metallic sulfides at divergent plate boundaries __3__ Improved drilling techniques allowing horizontal drilling along precise geological formations. __4__ Real-time on wind distributions over the ocean __2__ Seismic Imaging of ancient and modern continental margins

Place the following pollutants in order of increasing persistence (1 least persistent, 3= most persistent). _____ eutrophication _____ synthetic organics _____ crude oil spill

__1__ eutrophication __3__ synthetic organics __2__crude oil spill

Place the following substances in order of increasing acidity (least acid is #1): ____ lye ____ coffee ____ stomach acid ____ sea water ____ pure water

__1__ lye __4__ coffee __5__ stomach acid __2__ sea water __3__ pure water

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their taxonomic classifications on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. __4__ Bacteria __3__ Animalia __1__ Protista __2__ Archaea

__2__ Bacteria __3__ Animalia __1__ Protista __4__ Archaea

Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.) _____ Improved fishing technology resulting in fishing beyond the maximum sustainable yield. _____ Scientific maps of decreased pH in the surface waters of the oceans. _____ Turtle exclusion devices. _____ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. 1. Improved understanding of ocean primary productivity. 2. Reduction in fishery productivity and decreased economic viability of fisheries. 3. Ability to predict where decreased growth of reef-building coral will impact tourist and fishing industries. 4. Reduction in bycatch during tuna fishing operations.

__2__ Improved fishing technology resulting in fishing beyond the maximum sustainable yield. __3__ Scientific maps of decreased pH in the surface waters of the oceans. __4__ Turtle exclusion devices. __1__ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface.

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their feeding relationships, described on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. ____ Photosynthetic autotroph, part of the microbial loop ____ Photosynthetic autotroph not part of the microbial loop ____ Heterotroph ____ Chemosynthetic autotroph

__2__ Photosynthetic autotroph, part of the microbial loop __1__ Photosynthetic autotroph not part of the microbial loop __3__ Heterotroph __4__ Chemosynthetic autotroph

Arrange the layers of the Earth in order (least = 1 dense to most dense = 3) ____ Mantle ____ Crust ____ Core

__2__ Mantle __1__ Crust __3__ Core

Place the following greenhouse gases in order from lowest (1) global warming potential (GWP) to highest (4) GWP. Also shown is the approximate current concentrations of each gas. ____ Methane (CH4) ≈ 1700 parts per billion ____ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ≈ 400 parts per million ____ Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ≈ 320 parts per billion ____ Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ≈ 300 parts per trillion

__2__ Methane (CH4) ≈ 1700 parts per billion __1__ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ≈ 400 parts per million __3__ Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ≈ 320 parts per billion __4__ Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ≈ 300 parts per trillion

Place the following materials in order by their density from most dense (1) to least dense (6). ____ Peridotite ____ Granite ____ Basalt ____ Air ____ Iron ____ Water

__2__ Peridotite __4__ Granite __3__ Basalt __6__ Air __1__ Iron __5__ Water

Place the following substances in order of increasing density (1 is lowest, 4 is highest): ____ pure water ____ very cold, very salty seawater ____ average seawater ____ ice (solid water)

__2__ pure water __4__ very cold, very salty seawater __3__ average seawater __1__ ice (solid water)

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their location and behavior on the left [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. ___ Neritic, Benthic, Vascular ____ Neritic to Oceanic, Benthic ____ Neritic, Benthic, Non-vascular ____ Oceanic to Neritic, Pelagic, Planktic

__3__ Neritic, Benthic, Vascular __1__ Neritic to Oceanic, Benthic __2__ Neritic, Benthic, Non-vascular __4__ Oceanic to Neritic, Pelagic, Planktic

Select the appropriate letters (right) of the organisms in the figure based on their taxonomic classifications and trophic relations on the left. For H, focus on the organism that fills the photo, not the brown/golden dots. [in this case do not use an answer more than once]. ____ Plantae autotroph ____ Protist autotroph ____ Protist heterotroph ____ Animalia heterotroph

__3__ Plantae autotroph __2__ Protist autotroph __4__ Protist heterotroph __1__ Animalia heterotroph

Plankton are sampled using: conical, fine mesh nets filtering seawater through porcelain filters centrifuges all of the above none of the above

all

Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have the widest tolerance limits (1) to those which have the narrowest tolerance limits (4): ____ Anemone and sea star community of the rocky littoral zone ____ Uppermost rocky littoral zone community ____ Mussel and gooseneck barnacle community of the rocky littoral zone ____ Lower tide pool community within the rocky littoral zone

__3__ Anemone and sea star community of the rocky littoral zone __1__ Uppermost rocky littoral zone community __2__ Mussel and gooseneck barnacle community of the rocky littoral zone __4__ Lower tide pool community within the rocky littoral zone

Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have only narrow tolerance limits (1) to those which must have the widest tolerance limits (4): ____ Esturine community ____ Coral reef community ____ Deep benthic oceanic zone community ____ Rocky littoral community

__3__ Esturine community __2__ Coral reef community __1__ Deep benthic oceanic zone community __4__ Rocky littoral community

Arrange the layers of the Earth in order (surface = 1, to center = 5) ____ Mesosphere ____ Inner Core ____ Outer Core ____ Lithosphere ____ Asthenosphere

__3__ Mesosphere __5__ Inner Core __4__ Outer Core __1__ Lithosphere __2__ Asthenosphere

Place the following classes of plankton in order of size from smallest (1) to largest (5): ____ Microplankton ____ Macroplankton ____ Mesoplankton ____ Femtoplankton ____ Picoplankton

__3__ Microplankton __5__ Macroplankton __4__ Mesoplankton __1__ Femtoplankton __2__ Picoplankton

Match the resources on the right with the generalized descriptions on the left. ____ overexploited biological resource ____ underexploited biological resource ____ renewable physical resource ____ nonrenewable physical resource 1. oil 2. salt 3. cod 4. algin

__3__ overexploited biological resource __4__ underexploited biological resource __2__ renewable physical resource __1__ nonrenewable physical resource

Place the following sediment size classes in order of size from smallest particle (1) to largest particle (4): ____ Gravel ____ Sand ____ Silt ____ Clay

__4__ Gravel __3__ Sand __2__ Silt __1__ Clay

The latent heat of fusion is the heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added during thawing) that produces: a change in temperature but not a change of state. a change of state but not a change in temperature. a change of density and a change in temperature a change in temperature but not a change of state and density.

a change of state but not a change in temperature.

A climax community is defined as: A community that crashes after the organisms use up all of the nutrients in that habitat a community that is not stable the initial start up of a community of organisms a community that is stable and long-established

a community that is stable and long-established

Red tides are dangerous (harmful algal blooms) when the phytoplankton that generate them release __________. An enzyme that causes animals that come into contact with the red tide to dissolve. An enzyme that causes animals that come into contact with the red tide to glow. a neurotoxin that kills fish and may cause people to get sick as well. Millions of viruses that cause an infectious disease.

a neurotoxin that kills fish and may cause people to get sick as well.

The colored plots, labeled with Earth's greenhouse gases is a plot of (vertical axis versus horizontal axis): quantity vs. energy wavelength vs. absorption energy vs. quantity absorption vs. wavelength

absorption vs. wavelength

Many marine autotrophs use ________ to obtain energy from light that penetrates deeper into the photic zone than red light (used by chlorophyll). primary pigments reactionary pigments accessory pigments coloremes

accessory pigments

A(n) __________ releases a hydrogen ion into an aqueous solution. Base Alkaline Acid Salt All of above

acid

At the same time that scientists sample plankton, they also collect data on _________ to help them understand their samples. light intensity dissolved oxygen pH all of the above none of the above

all

Atoms: Are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. Are elements, which are substances composed of identical particles. Are characterized by the atomic number and atomic mass. React with other atoms to form molecules. All of the above.

all

Which one of the following is the/a source of the ocean's dissolved oxygen? Photosynthetic activity of plants Photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton The diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere All of the above

all

Sandy beaches tend to be lower in diversity than rocky intertidal settings. What factor(s) might explain this? Tides and the problem of exposure and desciccation Wave energy that moves particles around abrasive sand particles all of the above

all of the above

Spills of crude oil are generally larger in volume and more frequent than spills of refined oil. Most components of crude oil do not dissolve easily in water. In what way do spills of crude oil harm life in the ocean? Killing larvae preventing free dissuasion of gases decreasing the sunlight available for photosynthesis clogging adult organisms' feeding strategy all of the above

all of the above

The atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include: water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) all of these none of these

all of these

The impact of bottom trawling for benthic fish (e.g., orange roughy or shrimp) includes: extensive bycatch all of these habitat distruction resuspension of sediment none of these

all of these

The dashed green line in the figure represents the: depth at which the incoming waves begin to slow down depth at which the incoming waves begin to refract depth which is equal to 1/2 of the wavelength separation between deep-water and transitional water waves all of these are true

all of these are true

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a location where: Earth's tropical rain forests are located. Winds from the two Hadley cells converge. All of these Abundant rainfall occurs

all of those

___________ is a large body of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and therefore, density throughout. Air pausing over water or land will tend to take on the characteristics of the surface below. A jet stream An air mass An air circulation An atmosphere circulation cell

an air mass

The shape of Earth is best described as: eliptical a sphere an integral tetragon flat an oblate spheroid

an oblate spheroid

Of the following marine habitats, which is most devoid of life? disphotic pelagic oceanic zone euphotic pelagic oceanic zone deep ocean benthic zone aphotic pelagic (bathypelagic) zone

aphotic pelagic (bathypelagic) zone

The climate is particularly dry: at the Polar Front in the eye of a tornado at the Horse Latitudes in the Doldrums

at the Horse Latitudes

In the diagram the elongate sandy area to the southwest of letter E is a(n): barrier island inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

barrier island

The plot above shows detailed pH vs. CO2 (blue) and average annual pH vs. CO2 (fat red) from marine samples near Hawaii. The data points plotted are: based only on scientific data based on a combination of scientific data and scientific hypotheses not based on any kind of science, someone made up this data to prove a point based only on scientific hypotheses

based on a combination of scientific data and scientific hypotheses

The diagram shows a map view of a coastline (land is bottom & left part of diagram, loose sediment is stippled pattern) with waves approaching the shore (blue lines are successive wave crests). (Click here for a larger version of the figure on a new window.) In the diagram the sandy area south of letter C is a(n): beach inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

bay mouth bar

The diagram shows a map view of a coastline (land is bottom & left part of diagram, loose sediment is stippled pattern) with waves approaching the shore (blue lines are successive wave crests). (Click here for a larger version of the figure on a new window.) In the diagram the sandy area indicated by A is a(n): beach inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

beach

The level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain end up with substantial concentrations of these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of ___________ is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain. biological oxygen demand biological control biomagnification biological product

biomagnification

The level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain end up with substantial concentrations of these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of ___________ is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain. biological control biological product biological oxygen demand biomagnification

biomagnification

Some coral reef communities have experienced episodes of coral _____________ (expelling of symbiotic zooxanthellae). This action may be linked to global warming. Other coral reefs are damaged by being "harvested" for building materials or fished beyond recovery. cleaning whitening bleaching washing

bleaching

Intensities being equal, which color of light penetrates deepest into seawater? red yellow blue violet

blue

This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below. (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1"). The motion between plates 2 & 3 is __________________. Convergence Divergence Transform unknown, not enough information both Convergence and Transform both Divergence and Transform

both Divergence and Transform

Heat energy at Earth's surface is is transported by: both oceanic and atmospheric circulation. animals atmospheric circulation. oceanic currents.

both oceanic and atmospheric circulation.

Heat capacity is measured in what units? degrees per litre kilowatts calories per unit mass per °C degrees Farhenheit or Celsius

calories per unit mass per °C

The shelter and high productivity of a kelp forest can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals. For example, sea urchins in a kelp bed can ingest _______ that leak from algae, they also gnaw on the stipes and hold fast with their "teeth". Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by breaking the kelp from their holdfasts. carbon monoxide carbon disulfide carbohydrates carbon dioxide

carbohydrates

What process maintains the average pH of seawater (7.8 to 8.3) at a roughly constant level?: water evaporation. storm circulation. granite dissolution. chemical buffering.

chemical buffering.

For seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of __________ in order to produce carbohydrates. photosynthesis active transport osmosis chemosynthesis

chemosynthesis

For seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of _____________ in order to produce carbohydrates osmosis active transport chemosynthesis photosynthesis

chemosynthesis

The greenhouse gas that responds to a very narrow range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is: water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) methane oxygen

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

The greenhouse gas that was not present in Earth's atmosphere 100 years ago is: water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) methane oxygen

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What is the pigment used in photosynthesis? carbon dioxide glucose water chlorophyll sunlight

chlorophyll

What is the pigment used in photosynthesis? chlorophyll sunlight water glucose carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

_______ is the major pigment used in photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, protists and plants? water sunlight chlorophyll glucose carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. We would not know of the human-generated, huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide if scientists had not: collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale. developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources. developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments.

collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores.

The pH scale measures the: Question options: concentration of carbonate (CO3-2) in solution. concentration of hydroxyl (OH-) in solution. concentration of uranyl (UO2+2) in solution. concentration of hydrogen (H+) in solution.

concentration of hydrogen (H+) in solution.

Traditionally, (e.g., on the Meteor), plankton were sampled using: conical, fine mesh nets teeny tiny fishing rods centrifuges all of the above none of the above

conical, fine mesh nets

What are some of the names of ocean features? [Choose all that apply]. Abyssal Slopes Abyssal Plains Continental Shelves Continental Rises Abyssal Rises Continental Plains Abyssal Shelves Continental Slopes

continental shelves continental rises continental slopes abyssal plains

A single closed-flow circuit of rising warm material and falling cool material, driven by the density differences of the material itself, is a __________. convection current thermal equilibrium thermocline thermojunction

convection current

You are performing a study to determine the impact of climate change on the rocky intertidal community. You decide to collect data by: counting the number of balanus (barnacles) on one particular rock outcrop once a month for 10 years. taking the temperature of the tide pools at low tide once a month for 10 years measuring the carbon dioxide in the water of tide pools at low tide pools at low tide once a moth for 10 years counting the number of individuals of each species within a square meter of rock in the balanus (barnacle) zone once a month for 10 years

counting the number of individuals of each species within a square meter of rock in the balanus (barnacle) zone once a month for 10 years

You are performing a study to determine the impact of climate change on the rocky intertidal community. You decide to collect data by: taking the temperature of the tide pools at low tide once a month for 10 years. counting the number of balanus (barnacles) on one particular rock outcrop once a month for 10 years. counting the number of individuals of each species within a square meter of rock in the balanus (barnacle) zone once a month for 10 years. measuring the carbon dioxide in the water of tide pools at low tide once a month for 10 years.

counting the number of individuals of each species within a square meter of rock in the balanus (barnacle) zone once a month for 10 years.

A study of the impact of dredging manganese nodules on biologic communities might include collecting the following data: counting the number of organisms on the manganese nodules extracted determining the size distribution of sediment grains in the plume of sediment generated by dredging counting the number of organisms in the plume of sediment generated by dredging testing the tolerance ranges of individuals harvested along with the manganese nodules

counting the number of organisms in the plume of sediment generated by dredging

A container of pure water vapor (gas) contains the following bonds: [select all that apply] familial covalent oxygen hydrogen ionic

covalent

Which of the following are important types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together, that is, they are the bonds that form molecules [select all that apply]? tensional bonds adhesiive bonds covalent bonds ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds ionic bonds

Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map! --- The RV JOIDES Resolution drills through the sediments to the basement at locations a, c, d and e. Place these sites in order of the oldest to youngest surface sediments (e.g., t > g > p is t is older than g which is older than p) : d > c > a > e d > e > c > a a > c > d > e Actually the age at the seafloor is the same at all of these sites. c > d > e > a

d > e > c > a

Group velocity is: a) The speed at which individual waves travel in a wave train. b) The speed at which the wave train travels c) Half the speed of the individual waves in a wave train d) Both b. and c. e) Both a and b

d) Both b. and c.

Seawater's density decreases with: increasing salinity, increasing pressure, and decreasing temperature. increasing salinity, pressure, and temperature. decreasing salinity, pressure, and temperature. decreasing salinity, decreasing pressure, and increasing temperature.

decreasing salinity, decreasing pressure, and increasing temperature.

Oceanographers name currents and large bodies of water according to their relative vertical position in the water column. Which of the following is the water mass that resides below 1,500 m (5000 ft) to a depth of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft)? Intermediate water bottom water central water deep water

deep water

Old ocean plates float ________ than younger ocean plates. deeper shallower bumpier

deeper

The dashed green line (from a to c to b) in the figure represents the: depth which is equal to 1/2 of the wavelength depth that is equal to the Etvös Depth depth which is equal to the wavelength depth which is equal to 1/2 of the wave height depth which is equal to the wave height

depth which is equal to 1/2 of the wavelength

The separation of pure water from seawater is called: portable water desalination allocation differentiation

desalination

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if scientists had not: developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments. developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources. collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale.

developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments.

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The resulting sea level rise would still be controversial if engineers had not: developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale. collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources. developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments.

developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale.

Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if engineers had not: developed satellites that measure the height of the ocean surface with great precision over a global scale. collected data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on remote islands and collected and analyzed data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last 300,000 years in ice cores. developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments. developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources.

developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources.

Halite (salt) forms after 90% of the seawater is evaporated - true or false

true

A disturbing force is a force that: returns the water surface to flatness after it has been disturbed, forming some sort of distortion. disturbs the surface of the water and generates waves. goes against scientific hypotheses and upsets the balance of scientific laws. disturbs the motion of wave trains, breaking them into shorter wavelength waves

disturbs the surface of the water and generates waves.

Mobile, Alabama in the Gulf of Mexico experiences what type of tides? mixed semi-diurnal diurnal semi-diurnal amphidromic

diurnal

_____________ refers to the study of relationships among organisms interacting with their environment, especially within and between organisms that compose communities. zoology ecology biology algology

ecology

An s-shaped population curve develops due to: predation environmental impedances overbreeding environmental resistance

environmental resistance

In nature, very few populations reproduce at their maximum possible rate because limiting factors in the environment slow the rate of population growth. The sum of the effects of those limiting factors in the environment is called: environmental resistance ecological obstruction ecological resistance environmental obstruction

environmental resistance

A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the removal of sediment. A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the accumulation of sediment. erosional, depositional tidal, constructional biological, erosional erosional, constructional

erosional, depositional

The following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity and low persistance: excess sediment heavy metals harmful algal blooms invasive species

excess sediment

53% of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper 500 meters of the water column - true or false

false

A heterotroph makes its own food. - true or false

false

About 20% of oil released to the ocean is from natural seeps of crude oil. True False

false

All Mid-Ocean Ridges spread at the same rate - true or false

false

Amphidromic points are characterized by extreme tidal ranges. true or false

false

Biodiversity is a measure of the number of individual organisms per unit area - true or false

false

Biogenous sediments are the dominant sediment type in terms of volume of sediment in the ocean basins - true or false

false

Carrying capacity is the total number of species in a habitat - true or false

false

Corals that form coral reefs have endosymbionts. These endosymbionts limit corals to the aphotic zone. true or false

false

Heat is a synonymous concept to temperature. - true or false

false

In a mutualist symbiotic relationship, only the symbiont benefits - true or false

false

In general, human attempts to stabilize beach erosion have been quite successful. true or false

false

Kelp forests are the Earth's most uniform environment allowing this community to flourish. - true or false

false

Krill are not a particularly important zooplankton species in the Antarctic ecosystem. - true or false

false

Mankind's need for electrical power can be generated from Tidal motion. All we need to do is to construct turbines to capture the energy. true or false

false

Nitrogen gas does not need to be fixed before most organisms can use it. - true or false

false

Storm Surges are a type of free wave. true or false

false

The Big Bang has been proven true by thousands of astrophysical experiments - true or false

false

The Deep Zone is characterized by increasing temperature as a function of depth - true or false

false

The Earth-Moon System's center of mass is at the Center of the Earth, and the Moon orbits this center of mass. true or false

false

The Geographic Equator and the Meteorological Equator are the same thing. true or false

false

The Gulf Stream is an example of transverse Current. true or false

false

The Kingdom is the highest level in our modern application of Linnean hierarchical taxonomy.n- true or false

false

The Lunar day is shorter than the solar day. true or false

false

The Sun is the dominant factor in influencing the Earth's tides due to its distance from the Earth. true or false

false

The entire volume of the ocean cycles through the mid-ocean ridge systems every 5 million years - true or false

false

The largest fetch on Earth is the North Pacific ocean in a storm. true or false

false

The littoral zone is a benthic zone that describes the sea bed from the continental slopes down to the greatest ocean depths. - true or false

false

The most highly evolved and the most common symbiotic relationship is mutualism - true or false

false

The ocean depths measured using satellites (like GEOSAT) are an example of scientific data. - true or false

false

The oldest continental crust is only about 200 million years old - True or False

false

The photic zone is the portion of the ocean in which light does not penetrate - true or false

false

The poles are characterized by a surplus of heat. true or false

false

The scientific method is used to find irrefutable, absolute truth in nature - true or flase

false

There is no real point to studying science, because scientists have already figured everything out - true or false

false

Thermohaline currents are driven entirely by the wind. true or false

false

Zooplankton are a type of primary producer that feeds the animals in the oceanic zoo - true or false

false

A pair of air circulation cells which exist between 30 N and 60 N latitude and 30 S and 60 S are known as Ferrel cells tropical cells polar cells Hadley cells

ferrel cells

The smallest plankton are sampled using: conical, fine mesh nets filtering seawater through porcelain filters teeny tiny fishing rods all of the above none of the above

filtering seawater through porcelain filters

The most valuable living marine resources are: fish, crustaceans, mollusks fish, nori, kelp fish, nori, drugs kelp, sponges, mollusks

fish, crustaceans, mollusks

Which of the following are factors that cause damage to human infrastructure as a result of tropical cyclones? [select all that apply]: tropical heat tsunami flooding rain storm surge wind

flooding rain storm surge wind

Due to the combined effect of wind friction, Coriolis Effect, Ekman Transport, land masses, and the pressure gradient (gravity), ocean currents tend to: sink downward toward the ocean bottom flow in nearly parallel straight lines flow along the periphery (outer edges) of ocean basins dissipate spiral in toward the ocean center

flow in nearly parallel straight lines

Extratropical Cyclones form: from three air masses from two air masses. at the ocean-continent boundary from one air mass. above eastern boundary currents

from two air masses.

Extratropical Cyclones form: from two air masses. above eastern boundary currents at the ocean-continent boundary from one air mass. from three air masses

from two air masses.

Primary productivity is measured with what units? m2/yr gC/m2 kgC/m3/yr gC/m2/yr gC/yr

gC/m2/yr

The atmosphere is composed of: gases, water vapor, and airborne particles Liquids like ammonia, water and some suspended particles Chlorine gas and some Iodinie Hydrogen and Helium None of the above

gases, water vapor, and airborne particles

In general the concentration of chlorophyll (measured by satellites) increases as you: [select all that are true] get closer to shorelines where runoff provides nutrients. get closer to downwelling zones, where warm, nutrient poor water is removed from the ocean surface waters. move toward the centers of gyres where the water is very clear so that sunlight penetrates quite deep. go further from shorelines where seawater is clearer. get closer to upwelling zones, where cold, nutrient rich water is brought to the ocean surface waters.

get closer to shorelines where runoff provides nutrients. move toward the centers of gyres where the water is very clear so that sunlight penetrates quite deep.

One of the unique organisms found at deep sea vents is: jumbo shrimp deep whales Giant tube worms emperor penguins colossal crabs

giant tube worms

One of the unique organisms found at deep sea vents is: jumbo shrimp deep whales giant tube worms emperor penguins colossal crabs

giant tube worms

As the wavelengths shorten (e.g., from c to d) the wave heights become: higher lower actually the wave height does not change

higher

A glass of pure water (liquid) contains the following bonds: [select all that apply] carbonic covalent oxygen hydrogen ionic

hydrogen covalent

Ammonia has a higher heat capacity than water. A glass of pure ammonia (liquid NH3) contains the following bonds: [select all that apply] covalent ionic carbonic oxygen hydrogen

hydrogen covalent

The height of the tides __________ with distance from an amphidromic point. remains the same increases there is no way to know decreases

increases

Addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere has resulted in _____ CO2 concentrations in the oceans and has ______ the pH of the oceans. lowered / lowered increased / raised lowered / raised increased / lowered

increased / lowered

When satellites are used to measure primary productivity of the surface oceans, the scientific data that they are gathering is: productivity in g/cm2/year chlorophyl content in g/cm3/year intensity of energy in the wavelength of green light intensity of energy in the wavelength of red light intensity of energy in the wavelength of infra red light

intensity of energy in the wavelength of green light

The following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity and high persistance: heavy metals harmful algal blooms invasive species excess sediment

invasive species

The Equilibrium theory assumes that the Earth: does not have any water at all. is completely covered by liquid mercury. is only partially covered by water. is completely covered by a uniform layer of water.

is completely covered by a uniform layer of water.

Inertia: is the force that attracts two objects together separated by some distance. is the resistance to mechanical flow. is the tendency for a moving object to continue moving in a straight line. is the resistance to electrical flow.

is the tendency for a moving object to continue moving in a straight line.

Sea otters and sea urchins are found in which community? Coral reefs mangrove swamps plankton community sandy beaches kelp forests

kelp forests

In comparison to other gases, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is _____________ that of the CO2 concentration in seawater. greater than less than identical to too small to be detected in

less than

The glass in a greenhouse is transparent to _________ but opaque to (does not transmit) __________. radiation / sound sound / radiation heat / light light / heat

light / heat

The __________ zone is the zone located between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide. offshore surf littoral benthic

littoral

The ________ of Argo floats at any moment in time is scientific data used to understand deep ocean currents. density vertical speed wind speed latitude location

location

At present, _________ is not being utilized as a natural resource even though it is more abundant than other extractive energy resources. ooids methane hydrate tar sands the tides oil and gas

methane hydrate

Hatteras island on the coast of North Carolina is an example of a barrier island. true or false

true

Evidence that ocean crust forms at mid ocean ridges was obtained by using a technology generated to detect submarines in world war II, the: sonar. radar. pulsar. magnetometer.

magnetometer.

__________ is/are a type of vascular plant found in tropical to subtropical estuaries that binds sediments with its roots. mangroves sea grass cyanobacteria kelp

mangroves

Models of Global Warming also predict sea level rise. The sea level rise is a result of: [select all that apply]. increased CO2 in the oceans melting of glaciers melting of the Arctic ice cap increased ocean temperature

melting of glaciers increased ocean temperature

At present, _________ is not being utilized as a natural resource even though it is more abundant than other extractive energy resources. ooids methane hydrate tar sands the tides oil and gas

methane hydrate

A __________ is a pattern of wind circulation that changes with the seasons. Areas subject to these seasonal winds (most pronounced in Asia and India) generally have wet summers and dry winters. Monsoon hurricane typhoon sea breeze

monsoon

A ________________ is a pattern of wind circulation that changes significantly with the seasons. Areas subject to these seasonal winds (most pronounced in Asia and India) generally have wet summers and dry winters. typhoon hurricane sea breeze monsoon

monsoon

In the oceanic pelagic realm there are both zooplankton and phytoplankton. In general the mass of zooplankton is _________ compared to the mass of phytoplankton and the numbers of zooplankton are _______ compared to phytoplankton. less / less more / less more / more less / more

more / less

Diffusion is the process by which materials ______________________. Precipitate out of seawater. Are incorporated into shells by organisms. Are vigorously mixed by a giant spoon. move randomly through a solution.

move randomly through a solution.

The relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish is one of: capitolism mutualism parasitism commensalism communism

mutualism

The relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish is one of: capitalism mutualism parasitism commensalism communism

mutualism

Which of the following are types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism photosynthesis competition parasitism grazing commensalism

mutualism parasitism commensalism

Which of the following are types of symbiotic relationships? {select all that apply}: mutualism photosynthesis competition parasitism grazing commensalism

mutualism parasitism commensalism

The symbiotic interaction between a type of dinoflagellate called zooxanthellae and coral polyps is a form of ____________. commensalism, in which the symbiont benefits and the host is unaffected mutualism, in which both creatures benefit from the relationship parasitism, in which the symbiont gains at the host's expense none of the above

mutualism, in which both creatures benefit from the relationship

One of the most common and successful animal parasites in the modern oceans is/are: fish shrimp nematodes sea cucumbers tube worms

nematodes

The lower atmosphere is a nearly homogeneous mixture of gases, the most plentiful is _______ at 78.1% followed by _______ at 20.9%. nitrogen, oxygen nitrogen, carbon dioxide oxygen, carbon dioxide oxygen, nitrogen

nitrogen, oxygen

The lower atmosphere is a nearly homogeneous mixture of gasses, the most plentiful is _________ at 78.1% followed by ___________ at 20.9 %. nitrogen, carbon dioxide oxygen, carbon dioxide oxygen, nitrogen nitrogen, oxygen

nitrogen, oxygen

The plot above shows the relationship between the number of days that cyclones are present in the Northeast Pacific Ocean plotted against the ENSO index for that year. Does this prove that ENSO impacts the strength of tropical cyclones? yes because both hurricane data sets show a positive relationship no because both correlation coefficients are quite low yes because both correlation coefficients are quite high yes because only through use of the scientific method can you prove anything absolutely true no because you can never prove anything absolutely true with the scientific method

no because you can never prove anything absolutely true with the scientific method

Which of the following is an important goal of science? Prove theories into facts Use observation to disprove religion Influence political agendas Use evidence to prove hypotheses correct None of the above

none

_________________ marine resources include transportation of people and commodities by sea and recreation. nonrenewable marine energy nonextractive physical

nonextractive

Macro algae are: [select all that apply]: nonvascular classified based on their color vascular classified based on their height and biomass. photosynthetic held in place with actual roots.

nonvascular classified based on their color photosynthetic

The only alternative source of energy that does not produce carbon dioxide and currently (in 2014) generates nearly 20% of our electricity is ________ energy. wind natural gas nuclear solar biofuel

nuclear

The marine pollutant that can best be described as highly toxic, highly persistent and very low quantity is: crude oil spill eutrophication nuclear waste harmful algal bloom

nuclear waste

The Coriolis Effect causes objects in the Northern Hemisphere to veer off course _______, while in the Southern Hemisphere objects veer off course _____________. to the left, to the right to the right, to the left to the west, to the east There is no deflection in either hemisphere to the east, to the west

o the right, to the left

Which of the following are examples of physical marine resources? [select all that apply]: oil and natural gas sand and gravel salts shrimp and lobsters algin manganese nodules

oil and natural gas sand and gravel salts manganese nodules

Global warming is decreasing the permanent sea ice in the Artic Ocean. This is good for _______ and bad for________. oil exploration / transportation and polar wildlife oil exploration and transportation / polar wildlife polar wildlife and oil exploration / transportation polar wildlife / oil exploration and transportation

oil exploration and transportation / polar wildlife

Evidence of global warming indicates about a 1°C average temperature rise since 1800. The temperature rise is greatest: in northwestern Europe and Greenland where the formation of warm, salty bottom water adds heat to the atmosphere on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes on the oceans and in Antarctica and Greenland where the ice sheets are melting in Antarctica and Greenland where the ice sheets are melting on the continents and in high southern hemisphere latitudes

on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes

Evidence of global warming indicates about a 1°C average temperature rise since 1800. The temperature rise is greatest: on the oceans and in Antarctica and Greenland where the ice sheets are melting on the continents and in high southern hemisphere latitudes in northwestern Europe and Greenland where the formation of warm, salty bottom water adds heat to the atmosphere on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes in Antarctica and Greenland where the ice sheets are melting

on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes

of the world ocean's 6 current circuits, how many are not peripheral geostrophic? none one two four all

one

Ionic bonds are bonds in which: one atom gains a proton and the other atom loses a proton. one ion with a deficit of electrons is attracted to ions with excess electrons. two atoms share electrons. two atoms share protons. neutrons are lost to make out of balance atoms that share the remaining neutrons

one ion with a deficit of electrons is attracted to ions with excess electrons.

In the diagram above, the boiling and freezing points of ______ are hypothetical. H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te and those predicted for H2O H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te but not those predicted for H2O only H2S, H2Se and H2Te only those predicted for symmetric H2O none of these

only those predicted for symmetric H2O

In which of these zones do environmental factors favor large numbers of organisms from a species? Niche zone zone of physiological stress optimal zone zone of intolerance regional habitat

optimal zone

A piston core sample taken of sediments directly beneath letter D would most likely be composed of: carbonate ooze silicate ooze turbidites pelagic "red" clay

pelagic "red" clay

The thin film of sun-lit water at the top of the ocean surface is called the ___________. pycnocline aphotic zone photic zone thermocline

photic zone

______________, fluids once widely used to cool and insulate electrical devices and to strengthen wood or concrete, may be responsible for behavior changes and declining fertility of some populations of seals and sea lions on islands of the California coast. heavy metals polynuclear diethers (PNDEs) None of these polysaccharide (PSCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

The attached picture shows a foraminifera consuming a copepod. The foraminifera also has diatoms (yellow dots) attached to its' spines. When the foraminifera eats the diatoms the foraminifera is acting as a: primary producer secondary consumer primary consumer top consumer

primary consumer

In general, the amount of carbon 'fixed' in a unit area per unit time; specifically, the number of grams of elemental carbon bound into organic material per square meter per year is known as: biosynthesis trophic generation primary productivity photosynthesis

primary productivity

In general, the amount of carbon 'fixed' in a unit area per unit time; specifically, the number of grams of elemental carbon bound into organic material per square meter per year is known as: primary productivity trophic generation biosynthesis photosynthesis

primary productivity

The attached picture shows a foraminifera consuming a copepod. This is an example of a(n): protist consuming a plantae protist consuming an protist protist consuming an animalia animalia consuming an animalia

protist consuming an animalia

The attached picture shows a foraminifera consuming a copepod. The foraminifera also has diatoms (yellow dots) attached to its' spines. When the foraminifera eats the diatoms we have an example of a(n): protist consuming an protist animalia consuming an animalia protist consuming an animalia protist consuming a plantae

protist consuming an protist

All of the surface currents occur in about 10% of the water in the world ocean. Most surface currents move water above the ___________, the zone of maximum density change per unit depth. shallocline freezing point sofar zone pycnocline

pycnocline

f a molecule is excited by energy of a specific wavelength, it next: waits for more energy to get more excited splits into smaller molecules splits into individual atoms re-transmits that energy and returns to normal transmits that energy and more, becoming chilled

re-transmits that energy and returns to normal

In reference to tides, the MLLW or Mean Lower Low Water serves as a(n): absolute minmum for local sea level theoretical minimum for local sea level reference tidal datum (zero point) minimum level where people are allowed to build houses

reference tidal datum (zero point)

Our textbook shows a map of surface seawater pH change between the 1770's and the 1990's. This map is provided as a support for the _________ that human-induced atmospheric changes have caused a change in the pH of the oceans. scientific hypothesis scientific theory scientific fact totally unsubstantiated political statement

scientific hypothesis

Increased greenhouse gases and global warming could be expected to cause: increased thickness of polar ice higher pH of the oceans sea-level rise all of the above none of the above

sea-level rise

The Gulf Stream is a(n): shallow ocean current that carries cold, dense water. atmoshpheric current that travels along the meterologic equator. atmospheric current that travels along the geographic equator deep ocean current that carries cold, dense water. shallow ocean current that carries warm, less dense water.

shallow ocean current that carries warm, less dense water.

The place where ocean meets land is called _______ and the term ________ refers to the larger zone affected by processes that occur at this boundary. fringing reef / barrier reef delta / delta front shore / coast coast / shore

shore / coast

Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map! --- If you drilled through the sediments directly beneath letter D and into the basalt crust, after drilling through the topmost sediment type you would find: just basalt crust Only one sediment type accumulated above the crust. silicate ooze above carbonate ooze carbonate ooze above red clay carbonate ooze above silicate ooze

silicate ooze above carbonate ooze

The __________, usually a liquid, is always the more abundant constituent; the ___________, often a dissolved salt or gas, is the less abundant. solvent, solute solute, solvent mixture, ion ion, mixture

solvent, solute

Which of the following is not a type of electromagnetic radiation? Infrared light Radio waves Visible light Ultraviolet light X-rays Sound

sound

A northeasterly wind blows toward the ______________. Northwest Southwest Southeast Northeast

southwest

In the diagram the sandy area indicated by B is a(n): beach inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

spit

Capillary waves have wavelengths less than 1.73 centimeters. What is the dominant restoring force on capillary waves? Swimming organisms Surface tension Gravity Other waves

surface tension

Maximum _______________ is the maximum amount of each type of fish, crustacean, or mollusk that can be caught without impairing future populations. possible yield sustainable yield marine yield fishing yield

sustainable yield

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are among the most abundant and dangerous examples of: synthetic organics heavy metals products of jet oil fertilizers

synthetic organics

The following type of marine pollution is characterized by biomagnification, so that the concentrations of the pollutant in individuals high on the trophic pyramid are much higher than concentrations in seawater. [Select all that apply]. synthetic organics introduced species heavy metals crude oil

synthetic organics heavy metals

The spectrum of energy that any body (e.g., the sun, Earth, a squirrel) emits is a function of it's: temperature size composition magnetic field gravity

temperature

which of the following is based on scientific inference (rather than non-science or directly on scientific data)

the age of the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years

The Dynamic Theory of the Tides is based on: the meteorologic theory of the tides combined with the impact of seasons on friction the dynamic theories of plate tectonics and continental drift many many data sets showing tidal heights around all of the inhabited shorelines satellite data showing the height of the sea surface the equilibrium theory of the tides, combined with friction and the Coriolis Effect

the equilibrium theory of the tides, combined with friction and the Coriolis Effect

When sediments are used to understand Earth history one type of scientific hypothesis that is used is: the species of diatoms present in a sample of evaporite the species of foraminifera present in a sample of carbonate ooze the evolution of the foraminifera present in the sample of carbonate ooze potassium - uranium dating of sedimentary basalts carbon dating of radiolaria shells

the evolution of the foraminifera present in the sample of carbonate ooze

The big industry that you would most expect to find lobbying the US Congress in favor of regulatons on greenhouse gases is: military aircraft industry the insurance industry coal industry petroelum companies

the insurance industry

population density is defined as: The relationship between environmental resistance and reproduction rate the number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume) The number of species per unit area (or volume) It is a synonym of biodiversity

the number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume)

A single-celled marine organism is placed in a solution with a salinity of 70‰, what will happen (Hint, what is the average salinity of the ocean?): the organism will shrink. The organism will expand. Nothing happens. The organism explodes.

the organism will shrink.

Two distinct water masses with _______ density, but ______ temperature and salinities will combine at a convergence to produce a new water mass of greater density. This mixing-and-sinking process is called caballing. low, high different, the same high, low the same, different

the same, different

When sediments are used to understand earth history one type of scientific data that is used is: the evolution of the diatoms present in the sample of carbonate ooze the species of foraminifera present in a sample of carbonate ooze carbon dating of radiolaria shells potassium - uranium dating of sedimentary basalts the species of diatoms present in a sample of evaporite

the species of foraminifera present in a sample of carbonate ooze

The dashed line (labeled C) is different from the colored curves. It represents: the spectrum of radiation that Earth receives from the sun. the spectrum of energy that the Earth receives from the sun and that it sends back up into space. the spectrum of radiation that Earth emits to space. the spectrum of energy that greenhouses emit.

the spectrum of radiation that Earth emits to space.

seasonal variation of climate on Earth is due to ___________. the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation the spin of Earth on its rotational axis The elliptical orbit of Earth around the sun all of the above

the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation

The plot above shows detailed pH vs. CO2 (blue) and average annual pH vs. CO2 (fat red) from marine samples near Hawaii. The correlation for the annual data set suggests that: there is a strong relationship between average annual CO2 and pH. there is no relationship between average annual CO2 and pH. there is a weak relationship between average annual CO2 and pH. changing CO2 is the reason that pH changes.

there is no relationship between average annual CO2 and pH.

The plot above shows detailed pH vs. CO2 (blue dots) and annual pH vs. CO2 (fat red dots) from marine samples near Hawaii. The low correlation for the detailed data set suggest that: there m no relationship between average annual CO2 and pH. there is no relationship between CO2 and pH. there may be a weak relationship between CO2 and pH. there is a weak relationship between average annual CO2 and pH.

there may be a weak relationship between CO2 and pH

The _____________ is defined as the zone in which the density change per unit change in depth is largest. mixed layer pycnocline halocline thermocline

thermocline

As we will learn in Chapter 7, oceanographers now measure salinity with a salinometer which measures the electrical conductivity of the water. Salinity is now defined by the ratio of this measurement to the conductivity of a standard sample with a known salinity at the same temperature. When oceanographers collect conductivity vs. depth data by lowering a salinometer on a wire: they are wasting their time. they get very different answers if they lower the salinometer in the same place many times on the same day. they are collecting scientific data. they are collecting data, but not scientific data.

they are collecting scientific data.

As we will learn in Chapter 7, oceanographers now measure salinity with a salinometer which measures the electrical conductivity of the water. Salinity is now defined by the ratio of this measurement to the conductivity of a standard sample with a known salinity at the same temperature. When oceanographers collect conductivity vs. depth data by lowering a salinometer on a wire: they are wasting their time. they get very different answers if they lower the salinometer in the same place many times on the same day. they are collecting data, but not scientific data. they are collecting scientific data.

they are collecting scientific data.

A _________ is a steep wave that moves rapidly upstream. It is generated by the action of the tide in a broad opening of a river mouth. Tidal bore. Tidal datum. Tidal Bulge. Tidal Range.

tidal bore

The Coriolis Effect causes objects in the Northern Hemisphere to veer off course _______, while in the Southern Hemisphere objects veer off course _____________. to the left, to the right to the west, to the east to the right, to the left There is no deflection in either hemisphere to the east, to the west

to the right, to the left

In the diagram the sandy area southeast of letter F is a(n): barrier island inlet bay mouth bar tombolo spit

tombolo

An airplane traveling due west from Washington D.C. to Los Angeles California is being deflected _______ by the Coriolis Effect. downwards into the Troposphere towards the north towards the south actually it is not affected at all. upwards into the Stratosphere

towards the north

Coral bleaching has been seen to occur when: humans decrease the surface pH by adding lye and other alkaline chemicals to the water tropical surface waters stay hotter than normal high temperatures tropical surface waters stay cooler than normal high temperatures humans increase the surface pH by adding lye and other alkaline chemicals to the water humans add chlorofluorocarbons (CCFs) to the ocean water

tropical surface waters stay hotter than normal high temperatures

A Sverdrup, symbolized by sv, is a measure of the volume of seawater flow in ocean currents. true or false

true

A phytoplankter makes its own food. - true or false

true

A verifiable observation or measurement - true or false

true

After an ENSO event, normal circulation sometimes returns with surprising vigor, producing strong currents, powerful upwelling, and chilly, stormy conditions along the South American coast. These contrasting colder than-normal events are given a contrasting name: La Niña - true or false

true

Almost all of oceanic lithosphere is recycled in subduction zones - true or false

true

An autotroph makes its own food. - true or false

true

An autotroph makes its own food. true or false

true

CFCs can be used as chemical tracers because they were first manufactured in the 1930s. true or false

true

Cold seeps are characterized by bacterial mats (chemosynthehsizers) coating the sea floor - true or false

true

Electrical Power can be generated from Tidal motion. true or false

true

Estuaries serve as nurseries for many pelagic species - true or false

true

Satellites like GEOSAT measure the height of the sea surface. IN addition to using this data to estimate the sea floor bathymetry this data supports the theory of geostrophic currents because there is a hill near the center (offset towards the west) in each of these gyres. - true or false

true

Satellites like GEOSAT measure the height of the sea surface. In addition to using this data to estimate the sea floor bathymetry this data supports the theory of geostrophic currents because there is a hill near the center (offset towards the west) in each of these gyres. true or false

true

Seiches are generally found in confined basins. true or false

true

Summer monsoons generate an astonishing amount of precipitation because these warm winds are very moist. true or false

true

The 9.3 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra in December of 2004 generated a tsunami that caused the most deaths in recorded history. true or false

true

The Meteorological Equator changes its position seasonally. true or false

true

The actual freezing and boiling point of pure water, if it was a symmetric molecule (plotted above at about -90°C and -70°C), can never be directly observed or measured. It is not a scientific fact. - true or false

true

The aphotic pelagic oceanic (bathypelagic) zone supports a relatively low (compared to other parts of the ocean) population of life forms - true or false

true

The ions of sodium and chloride in NaCl are held together by an electrostatic attraction that exists between ions that have opposite charge. - true or false

true

The meteorological equator is different than the geographic equator - true or false

true

The oceans actually exhibit topography - for example, sea water piles up in western portions of the gyres in the Northern Hemisphere. true or false

true

The reference level to which all tidal heights are ultimately compared is called the tidal datum. On coasts with mixed tides, the zero tide level is the average level of the lower of the two daily low tides (mean lower low water or MLLW). On coasts with diurnal and semidiurnal tides, the zero tide level is the average level of all low tides (mean low water or MLW). true or false

true

There are 3 ways plates can move relative to each other - true or false

true

There are isopods (small arthropods) that essentially replace the tongues of fish as an example of a parasitic relationship - true or false

true

True or False - The Earth is an oblate spheroid. Its polar radius is less than its equatorial radius

true

Two masses of water can have different temperature and salinity values and still have the same density.. true or false

true

Wave shock is the force of crashing waves - true or false

true

true or false - the northern hemisphere contains considerably less ocean surface than the southern hemisphere. Landmasses have lower specific heat than the ocean. Therefore, atmospheric circulation between the two hemispheres is centered about the meteorological equator, not the geographic equator

true

Seismic Sea Waves are a type of: tidal wave. capillary wave. wind wave. tsunami. seiche.

tsunami.

Earth's surface temperature is about 288°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: [select all that apply] ultraviolet visible sound infrared x-rays

ultraviolet infrared

This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below (in files saved as "Quiz 3 Diagram 1") The motion between plates 1 & 3 is __________________. Convergence Divergence Transform unknown, not enough information both Convergence and Transform both Divergence and Transform

unknown, not enough information

Although nutrients in surface water are sometimes depleted by the rapid growth of organisms, deep water is often rich in nutrients. When ___________ occurs, biological productivity increase. downwelling pycnocline thermocline upwelling

upwelling

although nutrients in surface waters are often depleted by the rapid growth of organisms, deep water is often rich in nutrients. When _________ occurs, deep water rise toward the surface, and, biological productivity increase. deep-dwelling downwelling reverse osmosis upwelling

upwelling

The sun's surface temperature is about 6000°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: [select all that apply] visible ultraviolet gamma-rays infrared sound

visible ultraviolet infrared

The Kuroshio Current (a western boundary current) is ______ while the corresponding eastern boundary current (California Current) is ________. warm and shallow / cool and deep cool and deep / warm and shallow cool and shallow / warm and deep warm and deep / cool and shallow

warm and deep / cool and shallow

During an El Niño year, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean waters are _______ than usual and as a result hurricanes tend to be ________ abundant than usual. warmer / less cooler / less cooler / more warmer / more

warmer / more

Shallow-water wave velocity is a function of_____________. wave period water depth wave height wavelength wave frequency

water depth

The greenhouse gas that responds to the widest range of wavelengths of energy that Earth emits is: water vapor carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) methane oxygen

water vapor

In context of marine ecology, the powerful force of crashing waves is called: wave reflection wave break wave shock surging breaker

wave shock

The state of the atmosphere at a specific time is referred to as the ___________; whereas, the long-term average of the state of the atmosphere in a specific region is called ___________. weather, climate monsoons, doldrums climate, weather doldrums, monsoons

weather, climate

Which of the following was discussed as a deep sea benthic community deep dysphotic community estuary community whale-fall community plankton community

Ocean Systems

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