Oceanography - Chapter 1

Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India. True False

False

Oceanic crust is primarily: carbonate sedimentary rocks. siltstone. granite. clay minerals. basalt.

basalt

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Vikings led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland first determination of Earth's circumference first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Balboa first determination of Earth's circumference established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Eratosthenes established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude first determination of Earth's circumference first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

first determination of Earth's circumference

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: observation. law. theory. hypothesis. guess.

hypothesis

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. observation B. hypothesis C. belief D. theory E. testing

belief

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the: Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans. Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America. T/F

False

The European "Age of Discovery" ended with: Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World." Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands. Viking voyages to North America. Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean. Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. mantle composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system) contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

Ptolemy

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks. True False

True

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer. Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle. Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. None of the above is an observation.

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe? Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. Captain James Cook explored the Pacific, tried to reach the "Southern Land," and searched for the fabled "northwest passage." John Harrison solved the "longitude problem" by inventing an accurate timepiece (watch). Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world." The Vikings actively explored the North Atlantic Ocean and set up colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and North America (Vinland). Thor Heyerdahl sailed the balsa raft Kon Tiki to Polynesia to help establish a link of ancient peoples.

-Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. -Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."

About 2.2 billion years ago, a significant amount of oxygen appeared in the atmosphere. How does this relate to life on Earth during this time and after? Significant amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere contributed to the formation of ozone. This protected life from ultraviolet radiation. The abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere resulted in acid rain that made the oceans and continents inhospitable. Because of the increase in atmospheric oxygen, life was bound to the sea, where cyanobacteria existed, to be protected from harmful solar radiation. Photosynthesis became a successful way to convert energy from the sun, and oxygen was a significant by-product.

-Significant amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere contributed to the formation of ozone. This protected life from ultraviolet radiation. -Photosynthesis became a successful way to convert energy from the sun, and oxygen was a significant by-product.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles). The asthenosphere consists of part crust and part mantle. The asthenosphere is not considered part of the mantle. The asthenosphere and the crust are essentially the same thing. The asthenosphere is composed of liquid molten rock. The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

-The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles). -The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

Based on the concept of isostatic adjustment, which of the following would result in the uplift of Earth's surface? lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere lithosphere that was weighed down by glacial ice lithosphere that was made to be less dense lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building lithosphere that gets a large amount of additional mass added on top of it

-lithosphere that was made to be less dense -lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building -lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately: 3,682 meters (12,080 feet). 840 meters (2,756 feet). 11,022 meters (36,161 feet). 2,172 meters (7,126 feet). none of the above.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet).

Imagine you are an oceanographer using an echo sounder on a research vessel. Can you determine the water depth based on the amount of time it takes a sound pulse to travel to the ocean floor, reflect off the ocean bottom, and bounce back up to the recorder on the vessel? For this problem, the signal takes 6 seconds to strike the bottom and return to the recorder. Assume that the speed of sound waves in the water is 1500 meters per second. 1500 meters 4500 meters 9000 meters 250 meters

4500 meters

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

D. Indian

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was: Herodotus. Ptolemy. Eratosthenes. Seneca. Pytheas.

Eratosthenes.

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system? The solar system was formed by the expansion of a relatively small cloud of gas and space dust. The initial atmospheres of Earth and other planets close to the Sun were rich in ammonia and carbon dioxide. The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began. The Sun and the rest of the solar system were formed about one billion years ago. The moon is believed to have been a protoplanet that passed close to Earth and was captured by its gravitational field.

The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami? Haiti is not located near an ocean, whereas Chile is located near an ocean. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a convergent boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a transform plate boundary, which does. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does. The earthquake in Haiti was too small to have produced a tsunami. The Chilean earthquake was much larger and thus able to produce a tsunami.

The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified (layered) in relation to their densities? The highest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while lower density materials are located closer to Earth's Surface. The lowest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while higher density materials are located closer to Earth's surface. The highest density materials make up the ocean floor and the lowest density materials make up the mountains. The materials are homogenous (not stratified) throughout Earth's interior. The lowest density materials make up the ocean floor and the highest density materials make up the mountains.

The highest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while lower density materials are located closer to Earth's Surface.

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history. True False

True

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. lithosphere continental crust lower portion of the mantle that is rigid oceanic crust crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

The water in Earth's oceans came __________. from condensation of water vapor in Earth's initial atmosphere completely from volcanic outgassing mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets completely from comets colliding with Earth from the melting of polar icecaps that formed when protoplanet Earth first cooled

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called: natural selection. adaptation. descent with modification. evolution. intelligent design.

natural selection.

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a: solar system. nebula. protoplanet. quasar. supernova.

nebula

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

oxygen

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. asthenosphere oceanic crust plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer lower portion of the mantle that is rigid continental crust

plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere