Oceanography Chapter 1,2,3
The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:
Harry Hess.
Which of the following is an example of a nematath?
Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain
58) Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 58) _____ A) James Cook B) Vasco da Gama C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Ferdinand Magellan E) Giovanni Caboto
James Cook
60) Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? 60) _____ A) Vasco da Gama B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Vasco Nunez de Balboa E) Juan Sebastian del Caño
Juan Sebastian del Cano
Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?
Kauai
A method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide
Multi-beam sonar
Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?
Multibeam sonar
13) The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ________. 13) _____ A) protoplanet B) solar system C) supernova D) nebula E) quasar
Nebula
What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?
A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.
What common item is used in this video to demonstrate a turbidity current? (Part A)
A large jar filled with water and sediment
In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?
A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.
What is a tablemount?
A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.
Why does the orange liquid rise when the lava lamp animation is plugged in?
Although both liquids expand when heated, the orange liquid expands more.
What is a seamount?
An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?
Andes Mountains
Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs?
Andes and Cascades
Most large ocean floor features owe their origins to ______.
Plate tectonic processes
61) Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? 61) _____ A) Contagious disease B) Scurvy C) Gunfire D) Shipwreck
Scurvy
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:
Seamounts
Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?
Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
16) Oceanic crust is primarily ________. 16) _____ A) granite B) clay minerals C) siltstone D) basalt E) carbonate sedimentary rocks
basalt
69) Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. 69) _____ A) basalt B) anorthosite C) peridotite D) granite E) tonalite
basalt
28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Theory B) Testing C) Observation D) Hypothesis E) Belief
belief
78) According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago. 78) _____ A) million B) thousand C) billion D) trillion
billion
83) Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago. 83) _____ A) trillion B) million C) billion D) thousand
billion
68) Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers 68) _____ A) five B) four C) three D) two
five
Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:
fringing reefs.
34) The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. 34) _____ A) chemical B) geological C) physical D) archaeological E) biological
geological
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.
lithosphere; asthenosphere
26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Eratosthenes B) Magellan C) Herodotus D) Pytheas E) Ptolemy
magellan
Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
mature
What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle?
mature
20) The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called ________. 20) _____ A) natural selection B) adaptation C) descent with modification D) intelligent design E) evolution
natural selection
Where in a lava lamp would the density of both materials be equal?
near the middle of the lamp
Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?
mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______.
moving toward
36) Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. 36) _____ A) position; latitude B) size; shape C) shape; position D) depth; elevation
shape; position
80) Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ________ from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean. 80) _____ A) complex organic molecules B) primitive bacteria C) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) D) simple organic compounds
simple organic compounds
Continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the Wilson cycle?
suturing
The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
suturing
Part A- Features from turbidity currents
(Left to right) -turbidite deposits -graded bed -fine-grained particle (higher) -coarse-grained particles (lower) -type of sediment that settled last during a turbidity (right top) -type of sediment that settles first during a turbidity (right bottom)
Part A- The features of continental margins
(top to bottom) -Continental shelf -Shelf break -Continental slope -Continental rise -Passive continental margin
Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?
andesitic volcanoes
How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity?
every 100,000 to several million years
Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic?
- Nazca Plate - Pacific Plate
Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
- Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. - Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.
Which of the following statements about the Wilson cycle is/are correct?
- The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing. - The embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart. - The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider.
Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply.
- The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. - The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. - The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.
Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
- Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. - Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. - In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.
Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? (Part C)
- West coast of the United States -West coast of Chile
Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin?
-A continental rise -A wide continental shelf
In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the middle of tectonic plates? (Part C)
-B -D
What features are associated with a passive continental margin? (Part D)
-Flat coastal terrain -Continental rise
Part B- Comparing ocean floor depressions
-It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins -It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean -The feature was most likely cause by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent
Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true?
-Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor -Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail -Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor
Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor?
-Sending sound through water (sonar) -Direct visitation of the sea floor - Recording many depths using a long cable -Using satellites to measure the sea surface
The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ______.
-Subduction zones are associated faults -Volcanic arcs and active continental margins -Very deep ocean water depths -Narrow or no continental shelves -The Pacific Ring of Fire
______ are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by ______, which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope.
-Submarine canyons -turbidity currents
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the depth and height of Earth's surface as shown on the hypsographic curve? (Part A)
-The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land -More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom on the deepest trench -The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%
Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true?
-The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation -The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface areas that is covered by ocean waters -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep
What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves?
-Trench formation at convergent boundaries -Major climate changes, such as ice ages -Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time -Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge?
-Volcanoes -Hydrothermal vents -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -A central rift valley
Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms ______ on continents, or ______ in the ocean.
-continental volcanic arcs -volcanic island arcs
3) The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) B) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) C) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) D) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) E) 840 meters (2,756 feet)
3,682 meters (12080 feet)
The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.
4,000 - 5,000 m below sea level
23) Earth is about ________. 23) _____ A) 6,000 years old B) 40 billion years old C) 4.6 billion years old D) 400,000 years old E) 4.6 million years old
4.6 billion years old
When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?
450 million years ago
A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?
5,550 meters
When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?
50 million years ago
49) Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 49) _____ A) 4,000,000 B) 50,000 C) 500,000 D) 5,000
50,000
The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately _____.
A tenth of a degree
Part E
A: Rift valley of a mid-ocean ridge E: Lithosphere D: Transform fault C: Asthenosphere B: Fracture zone
Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply.
ALL but composition of meteors from outer space
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:
Abyssal hills or seaknolls
Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:
Abyssal plains
If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be:
Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska
Part B- Ocean basin size and continental margins
Active Continental Margins: -Continental margin D -Continental margin E Passive Continental Margins: -Continental margin A -Continental margin B -Continental margin C Shrinking Ocean Basin: -Pacific Ocean Basin Expanding Ocean Basin: -Atlantin Ocean Basin
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Azores, Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Canary Islands, Galapagos Islands)
Aleutian Islands
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:
Alfred Wegener.
Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
All but: Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole.
What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?
All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.
What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?
All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:
Deep-sea trenches
1) The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ________. A) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans B) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans C) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans D) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans E) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans
Refer to the figure above. Where would you expect to find a rift valley? (Part B)
B
Part D
B: Black smoker C: Metal sulfide deposits A: Magma (heat source)
What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?
Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerged volcano.
Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?
Basalt
Measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography
Bathymetry
The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called______.
Bathymetry
62) Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. 62) _____ A) trillion B) billion C) million D) thousand
Billion
55) Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland?55) _____ A) Leif Eriksson B) Erik Thorvaldson C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Bjarni Herjolfsson E) Thor Heyerdahl
Bjarni Herjolfsson
The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:
Charles Darwin.
54) Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland? 54) _____ A) Leif ErikssonB) Bjarni Herjolfsson C) Thor Heyerdahl D) Erik Thorvaldson
Erik Thorvaldson
Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?
Broad continental shelves
Part A
C: Ocean basin A: Mid-ocean ridge B: Continental margin
Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ______.
Centimeters
9) The European "Age of Discovery" began with ________. 9) _____ A) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean B) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands C) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" D) Viking voyages to North America E) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"
17) Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? 17) _____ A) Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. B) Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. C) Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. D) Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities. E) Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?
Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading
Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?
Deep-sea trenches
Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?
Continental slope
Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer.
Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.
Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins? (Part E)
Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope
Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate?
Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time.
In the figure above, darker blue areas indicate deep water, and lighter blue areas indicate shallow water. Land is shown in shades of brown and green. Which area in the figure is on a continental margin? (Part A)
D
In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the abyssal plains? (Part D)
D
Part C
D: Submarine canyons B: Deep-sea fans A: Graded bedding C: Turbidity current
Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?
Declining
The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
Declining
Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?
Divergent
Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings?
Divergent plate boundary
Part B
E: Oceanic crust G:Shelf break C: Continental crust A: Continental shelf D: Continental slope F: Continental rise B: Abyssal plain
What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?
Earth would increase in volume.
Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate?
Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals.
Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate?
Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.
Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?
East Africa
50) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? 50) _____ A) Hawaiian Islands B) Easter Island C) Marquesas D) New Zealand E) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa
Easter Island
Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?
Echo sounder
53) Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? 53) _____ A) Christopher Columbus B) Claudius Ptolemy C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Erik Thorvaldson
Eratosthenes
7) The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________. A) Seneca B) Pytheas C) Herodotus D) Eratosthenes E) Ptolemy
Eratosthenes
59) Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 59) _____ A) James Cook B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Prince Henry the Navigator E) Vasco da Gama
Ferdinand Magellan
10) The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. 10) _____ A) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands B) Viking voyages to North America C) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe D) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" E) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean
Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
51) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first? 51) _____ A) Easter Island B) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa C) New Zealand D) Marquesas E) Hawaiian Islands
Fiji, tonga, and Samoa
What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?
Fracture zone
Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?
Fracture zone
Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts?
Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll
The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?
Graded Bedding
What is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called? (Part E)
Graded bedding
Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called_______.
Guyots
Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?
High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.
When the subcontinent of India drifted northward and collided with Asia, what landform was created?
Himalaya Mountains
11) A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an ________. 11) _____ A) hypothesis B) observation C) guess D) law E) theory
Hypothesis
Cumulatie plot of the frequency of depth or elevation
Hypsographic curve
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
In the same direction as the plates are spreading
Where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts?
In tropical latitudes
The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a _______.
Island arc
To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes? (Part E)
Mars
24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Indian B) Arctic C) Atlantic D) Mediterranean E) Pacific
Mediterranean
Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?
Mesosauras
(Part C) Oceanic crust spreads at _________, creating new crust and slowly enlarging the ocean basin.
Mid-ocean ridges
Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land? (Part B)
Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust
New lithosphere is produced in association with:
Oceanic ridges
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:
Oceanic trenches
2) The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the ________. A) Pacific Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Atlantic Ocean D) Southern Ocean E) Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?
Pacific Ocean
Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?
Paleomagnetic reversals
study of magnetism over geologic time
Paleomagnetism
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Panamerica
supercontinent 250 million years ago
Pangea
ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean
Panthalassia
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:
Perpendicular to the ridge axis
52) The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. 52) _____ A) Phoenicians B) Chinese C) Greeks D) Polynesians
Pheonicians
5) The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________. A) Vikings B) Phoenicians C) New Zealanders D) Greeks E) Polynesians
Phoenicians
Uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
Precision-depth recorder (PDR)
63) Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? 63) _____ A) Protoearth had early primitive life forms. B) Protoearth had one large ocean. C) Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous. D) Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth.
Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous
27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) John Cabot B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco de Gama D) Christopher Columbus E) Ptolemy
Ptolemy
6) The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________. A) Ptolemy B) Herodotus C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Seneca
Pytheas
depression along a ridge axis
Rift Valley
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Rift valley
Subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean give rise to volcanoes. This area surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the_______.
Ring of Fire
In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.
Sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific
Used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor
Seismic reflection profile
The reason the deposit on the bottom forms the way it does is a result of __________. (Part D)
Settling velocity
Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?
Shape of continental margins
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
Shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?
Side-scan Sonar
What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?
Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
Sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)
The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?
Sounding
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Spreading Center
Seafloor Magnetic Stripes
Spreading Center
Seafloor Spreading
Spreading Center
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Drummond Matthews, Alfred Wegener, Frederick Vine, Harry Hess, Stanley Miller)
Stanley Miller
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
77) According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________. 77) _____ A) plants B) bacteria C) shells D) reptiles
bacteria
Island Arc
Subduction Zone
Trench
Subduction Zone
sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate
Subduction Zone
What is turbidity? (Part B)
Suspended sediment
Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment of abyssal plains that deep-ocean floor?
Suspension settling
Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates?
Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust.
44) Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? 44) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
45) Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? 45) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
42) Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean? 42) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Southern Ocean C) The Atlantic Ocean D) The Pacific Ocean E) The Indian Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean
43) Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere? 43) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
The Indian Ocean
47) Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas? 47) _____ A) The Red Sea B) The Indian Ocean C) The Caspian Sea D) The Black Sea E) The Mediterranean Sea
The Indian Ocean
48) Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas? 48) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean
The Indian Ocean
40) Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? 40) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
41) Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace? 41) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Antarctic Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
46) Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? 46) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Southern Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Indian Ocean
The Southern Ocean
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
What would happen in the lava lamp if the orange liquid were denser at warmer temperatures than the blue/clear liquid shown in the animation?
The blue/clear liquid would rise toward the top when the lamp was turned on, whereas the orange liquid would sink.
Part C- Atolls
The coral reef once formed around an active volcano. The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top. The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top
What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?
The crust is part of the lithosphere.
What did the continents that formed during the break-up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like?
They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.
4) Which of the following is TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean? 4) _____ A) The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest. B) The deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan. C) The depth of this trench is estimated at 15,000 meters. D) The bottom of this trench has never been reached by a submersible. E) This trench is called the Philippine Trench.
The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest
What prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor?
The importance of submarine warfare during World War II
Which properties of a lava lamp are important to remember when modeling convection?
The lava lamp contains two liquids with different densities that do not mix and that expand at different rates when heated.
Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?
The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.
Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?
The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.
As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift?
The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.
Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer.
The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.
What would happen to the orange liquid in the lava lamp if heat did NOT conduct out of the top of the lava lamp?
The orange liquid would stay near the top of the lava lamp.
Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?
The shallowest slope below sea level
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because _____.
The shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor
12) Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________. 12) _____ A) hypotheses B) guesses C) laws D) theories E) observations
Theories
What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?
There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.
Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor?
There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.
What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer.
They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Trenches
What effect for turbidity currents have on the continental slope? (Part C)
Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons
Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris
57) Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean? 57) _____ A) Vasco da Gama B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Juan Sebastian del Caño D) Vasco Nunez de Balboa E) James Cook
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
56) Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route? 56) _____ A) Juan Sebastian del Caño B) Vasco da Gama C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Giovanni Caboto E) Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Vasco da Gama
8) Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________. 8) _____ A) Vikings of Scandinavia B) Portugal C) France D) Italy E) Spain
Vikings of Scandinavia
All true oceanic islands are ______ in origin.
Volcanic
Seamounts are abyssal hills are ______ in origin.
Volcanic
Warm water (From 30oc to 350oc) hydrothermal vents from:
White smokers
The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic-oceanic convergent
The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic-oceanic divergent
84) The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? 84) _____ A) Land plants B) Blue-green algae C) Dinosaurs D) Anaerobic bacteria
anaerobic bacteria
The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.
a continental-continental convergent
Approximately how long does it take for a complete Wilson cycle to occur?
a few hundred million years
What is a volcanic arc?
a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone
What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary?
a single volcano
What was Pangea?
a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago
22) Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the ________. 22) _____ A) ages of rocks B) formation method C) metamorphism D) origin of rocks E) chemical composition of rocks
age of rocks
14) The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. 14) _____ A) galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another B) Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity C) the moon is derived from a protoplanet D) the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" E) all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
37) Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? 37) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. B) The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. C) The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. D) The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. E) All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.
all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean
Where is the youngest ocean floor found?
along the crest of mid-ocean ridges
30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Asthenosphere B) Granite C) Basalt D) Oceanic crust E) Continental crust
asthenosphere
71) Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like. 71) _____ A) mesosphere B) asthenosphere C) inner core D) outer core
asthenosphere
Where are tectonic plates located?
at Earth's surface
Where do most earthquakes occur?
at plate boundaries
29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Atmosphere B) Mesosphere C) Core D) Asthenosphere E) Lithosphere
atmosphere
85) Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? 85) _____ A) Cambrian B) Ordovician C) Permian D) Jurassic E) Devonian
cambrian
21) One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ________. 21) _____ A) can form ozone and block some UV radiation B) was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere C) combines with iron in volcanic rocks D) reduces atmospheric temperature E) is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
18) Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included ________. 18) _____ A) ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor B) nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide C) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane D) hydrogen, helium, and oxygen
carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide, and methane
76) Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed. 76) _____ A) chemical composition B) physical state C) textural makeup D) color distribution
chemical composition
What is the appropriate term for the movement of the orange liquid in the lava lamp animation?
convection
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?
convergent boundaries
15) The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________. 15) _____ A) initial collection of materials and their position in Earth B) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth C) gravitational force created by the rotating Earth D) presence of water at Earth's surface E) decrease in temperature downward toward the core
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth
Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor?
divergent
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:
divergent plate boundary.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
divergent, convergent, and transform
Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side by side at __________ boundaries.
divergent/convergent/transform
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.
edges at around 2,000 meters depth
70) Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________. 70) _____ A) anorthosite B) peridotite C) tonalite D) basalt E) granite
granite
Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________.
guyots
32) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____ A) Photosynthesis B) Autotrophs C) Heterotrophs D) Plants E) Chemosynthesis
heterotrophs
66) Earth is a layered sphere with the ________-density material found near the center of Earth and the ________- density material located near the surface. 66) _____ A) highest; highest B) lowest; lowest C) lowest; highest D) highest; lowest
highest; lowest
Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?
hot spots
75) A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. 75) _____ A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) carbon
hydrogen
Coral reefs ________.
include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:
increases in proportion to the distance.
25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Black B) Mediterranean C) Indian D) Adriatic E) Caspian
indian
65) What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites? 65) _____ A) It escaped into the vacuum of space. B) It was blown away by the solar wind. C) It is about 10% of the modern earth atmosphere. D) It condensed to form Earth's ocean.
it was blown away by the solar wind
33) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____ A) Jurassic B) Silurian C) Devonian D) Permian E) Ordovician
jurassic
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:
latitude.
72) Earth's initial atmosphere formed from ________. 72) _____ A) comet vaporization B) outgassing C) the Sun's solar wind D) leftover gases from the nebula
leftover gases from the nebula
Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________.
nemataths
Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?
ocean trenches and volcanoes
The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.
oceanic ridges
79) The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. 79) _____ A) meteorites B) oceans C) atmosphere D) mantle E) lithosphere
oceans
Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?
on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge
What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago?
one large continent surrounded by ocean
73) Most of Earth's water was derived from ________. 73) _____ A) outgassing B) the Sun's solar wind C) comet vaporization D) leftover gases from the nebula
outgassing
74) Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________. 74) _____ A) outgassing B) leftover gases from the nebula C) the Sun's solar wind D) comet vaporization
outgassing
31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Carbon dioxide B) Oxygen C) Ammonia D) Water vapor E) Methane
oxygen
The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:
paleogeography.
82) The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. 82) _____ A) heterotrophic B) streptococcus C) photosynthetic D) chemosynthetic
photosynthetic
35) The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. 35) _____ A) chemical B) physical C) archaeological D) geological E) biological
physical
Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:
plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.
Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time?
plate tectonics
When was the Precambrian eon?
prior to 600 million years ago
81) The very earliest forms of life probably ________. 81) _____ A) required an external food supply B) were similar to present-day anaerobic bacteria C) manufactured their own food supply by chemosynthesis D) manufactured their own food supply by photosynthesis
required an external food supply
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:
seamounts.
Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________.
the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"
38) Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? 38) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
the Pacific Ocean
39) Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet? 39) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean
the Pacific Ocean
What is meant by the term plate boundary?
the edge of a plate, where two plates meet each other
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.
64) How did the Moon form? 64) _____ A) The Moon was captured by the gravitational pull of the Earth. B) The Moon erupted from the Earth leaving a scar at the Pacific Ocean. C) The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. D) The Moon formed at the same time as the Earth due to simultaneous accretion.
the moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth
The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________.
the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level
67) Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers 67) _____ A) four B) five C) three D) two
three
Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?
transform
What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots?
volcanoes within tectonic plates
19) Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. 19) _____ A) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing B) water-bearing minerals found in meteorites C) comets from outer space D) release of liquid water from the core
water vapour released from volcanic outgassing
When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?
when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate
