Oceanography Chapter 15

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore? A) Sea anemone B) Sea cucumber C) Sea urchin D) Rock louse E) Rock weed

Rock weed

Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin? A) Salinity B) Conductivity C) Temperature D) Density E) Carbonic acid

Temperature

The giant brown bladder kelp the fastest-growing ________ in the world. A) algae B) mammal C) plant D) annelid E) meiofauna

algae

Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day. A) inches B) feet C) yards D) meters E) centimeters

feet

The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the ________ A) feather duster worm B) ghost crab C) clam D) lugworm E) fan worm

lugworm

Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year. A) 22° B) 26° C) 30° D) 18° E) 34°

18

The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. A) 1000 B) 2000 C) 3000 D) 4000 E) 5000 or more

1000

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species. A) 0.5%; 33% B) 1.0%; 50% C) 1.0%; 25% D) 1.0%; 33% E) 0.5%; 25%

0.5%; 25%

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. A) 700-900 B) 300-500 C) 500-700 D) 100-300 E) 1000 or more

100-300

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500 or more

200

Of the 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment, about how many live in or on the ocean floor? A) 165,000 B) 225,000 C) 185,000 D) 145,000 E) 205,000

225,000

Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius. A) 30° B) 26° C) 18° D) 34° E) 22°

30

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae. A) 90% B) 80% C) 60% D) 70% E) 50%

90

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons? A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

Acidification

Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities? A) Hypersaline seeps B) Cold water reefs C) Subduction zone seeps D) Hydrothermal vents E) Hydrocarbon seeps

Cold water reefs

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________ A) Archaea B) Zooxanthellae C) Eukarya D) Ediacaria E) Bacteria

Archaea

Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals? A) Indian and Pacific Oceans B) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans C) Indian Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean E) Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? A) Suspended sediment B) Fishing C) Scuba and snorkeling D) Boat collisions E) Boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

Boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling, and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct? A) Coral reefs contain about twice as much algal biomass as animal biomass. B) Fisheries associated with coral reefs supply more than one fourth of all fish from the sea. C) Coral reefs protect coasts from volcanoes, storm waves and tsunami. D) Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product. E) About 300 million people worldwide depend on healthy reef systems.

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities? A) Mussels B) Clams C) Corals D) White crabs E) Tubeworms

Corals

Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

Difficulty finding mates

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity? A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

From 20 meters to 50 meters

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 4% of the surface intensity? A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

From 50 meters to 150 meters

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 60% of the surface intensity? A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

From a few centimeters to a few meters

The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following? A) Gas bubble B) Yellow blotch C) Rapid wasting D) Black band E) White plague

Gas bubble

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Hermit crab B) Periwinkle C) Buckshot barnacle D) Limpet E) Chiton

Hermit crab

Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth? A) Low light B) Water temperatures below 18°C C) High sediment load in the water D) Low nutrient levels in the water E) High concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

High concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus? A) Homarus B) Panulirus C) Metanephrops D) Portunus E) Nephrops

Homarus

Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

Lack of space or attachment sites

Which of the following do not eat oysters? A) Snails B) Lobsters C) Crabs D) Sea stars E) Fishes

Lobsters

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers? A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers? A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers? A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields is thought to be driven by serpentinization? A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields releases methane and hydrogen into the surrounding water instead of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved metals from typical black smokers? A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Stinging cells B) Mimicry C) Regeneration D) Withdrawal into shell E) Inking

Mimicry

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? A) Mud flats B) rocky shores C) Mangrove swamps D) Kelp forests E) Coral reefs

Mud flats

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? A) Mud flats B) Sand beaches C) Pebble berms D) Salt marshes E) Boulder beaches

Mud flats

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? A) Sand beaches B) Pebble berms C) Mud flats D) Boulder beaches E) Salt marshes

Mud flats

A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts? A) Sea urchin B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Limpets E) Mussels

Mussels

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs? A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

Overfishing

Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans? A) Arctic B) Pacific C) Caribbean D) Atlantic E) Indian

Pacific

Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long? A) Nephrops norvegicus B) Panulirus interruptus C) Metanephrops japonicus D) Homarus americanus E) Panulirus argus

Panulirus argus

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

Predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

Predators

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Kelp forests B) Cold seeps C) Hydrothermal vents D) Rocky intertidal zone E) Coral reef

Rocky intertidal zone

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts? A) Sea stars B) Sea urchin C) Limpets D) Sea Anemones E) Snails

Sea Anemones

Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive? A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

Sea level rise

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell? A) Limpets B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Snails E) Sea urchin

Sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? A) Sea urchins B) Mollusks C) Otters D) Lobsters E) Sea stars

Sea urchins

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea? A) Acidification B) Photosynthesis C) Oxidation D) Serpentinization E) Sedimentation

Serpentinization

Which of the following environmental conditions is not necessary for coral growth? A) A hard substrate B) Wave or current action C) Salt water D) High turbidity E) Strong sunlight

Strong sunlight

Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

Strong wave activity

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following? A) The past positions of the continents B) Increased nutrients provided by upwelling C) The distance from Earth to the Sun D) The El Nino Southern Oscillation E) The mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect? A) The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor. B) Oxygen content at the deep-ocean floor is constant and relatively high. C) The physical environment is comparable to that at the surface. D) The physical environment is quite unstable and high variable. E) Below 1500 meters, light is present but in low concentrations.

The temperature rarely exceeds 0 degrees celcius at the deep-ocean floor

In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

abyssal plains and in deep trenches

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the ________ A) amount of toxic synthetic chemicals which stimulate excessive bacterial growth B) amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth C) water temperature that kills zooxanthellae D) water temperature that results in coral bleaching E) salinity of the water that results in coral bleaching

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are ________ A) periwinkle snails and kelp B) goose barnacles and mussels C) buckshot barnacles and limpets D) sea anemones and hermit crabs E) keyhole limpets and Irish moss

buckshot barnacles and limpets

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is ________ A) flattened body shape B) attachment to the substrate C) burrowing into the sediment D) sessile lifestyle E) swimming

burrowing into the sediment

Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions. A) sulfuric acid B) arsenic C) cadmium D) hydrogen sulfide E) carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters. A) density B) salinity C) chlorophyll D) temperature E) carbonic acid

chlorophyll

In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tube-worms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues. A) lobsters B) crabs C) corals D) clams E) mussels

clams

In the deep ocean, coarse sediments from nearby land sources are found on the ________ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

continental rise

The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________ A) foraminifera B) copepod C) dinoflagellate D) radiolarian E) ostracod

dinoflagellate

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are ________ A) protozoans B) foraminifera C) dinoflagellates D) golden algae E) bacteria

dinoflagellates

The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________ A) covering the coral with sediment B) depleting dissolved oxygen C) excreting waste on the coral D) eating the coral polyps E) releasing toxins that kill zooxanthellae

eating the coral polyps

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________ A) influx of freshwater B) elevated temperatures C) decreased sunlight D) high turbidity E) increased nutrients

elevated temperatures

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________ A) predator attacks B) high turbidity C) influx of freshwater D) depleted oxygen E) elevated temperatures

elevated temperatures

In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are ________ A) sea anemones and hermit crabs B) fiddler crabs and Littorina C) buckshot barnacles and rockweed D) periwinkle snails and kelp E) goose-necked barnacles and mussels

goose-necked barnacles and mussels

Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they ________ A) have planktonic larval forms B) are sessile C) cannot tolerate desiccation or drying out D) cannot tolerate temperature fluctuations E) cannot tolerate fluctuating salinity

have planktonic larval forms

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________ A) floods B) hurricanes C) sea stars D) humans E) tsunami

humans

The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by ________ A) green algae B) Zostera C) kelp D) Thalassia E) coralline algae

kelp

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the ________ A) composition of the sediment B) oxygen content of the sediment C) turbidity of the surface water D) length of its siphon E) wave frequency and water velocity

length of its siphon

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of ________ A) loss of zooxanthellae B) increased sediment loads C) crown-of-thorn sea stars D) fungal parasites E) increase in zooxanthellae concentrations

loss of zooxanthellae

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ________ A) meiofauna B) mesofauna C) microfauna D) epifauna E) subfauna

meiofauna

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an ________ A) mutualistic symbiosis B) facultative ectoparasitism C) facultative commensalism D) obligate commensalism E) obligate endoparasitism

mutualistic symbiosis

A common inhabitant of the supratidal zone on the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest is the ________ A) gooseneck barnacle B) mussel C) periwinkle snail D) kelp E) sea urchin

periwinkle snail

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to ________ A) primary productivity B) thermocline depth C) current patterns D) sediment variety E) wave energy

primary productivity

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by ________ A) mussels B) hermit crabs C) red and brown algae and surf grasses D) fiddler crabs E) limpets

red and brown algae and surf grasses

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers. A) sediment B) fishing C) sewage D) mining E) bioerosion

sewage

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is ________ A) food B) light C) predation D) nutrients E) space

space

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________ sand beach. A) steeply; fine B) gentle; fine C) gentle; coarse D) steeply; coarse

steeply; coarse

The three varieties of seeps on the seafloor include hypersaline, hydrocarbon, and ________ A) deep-sea trench seeps B) seamount seeps C) mid-ocean ridge seeps D) subduction zone seeps E) abyssal plain seeps

subduction zone seeps

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are ________ A) sulfur-oxidizing archaea B) Riftia tubeworms C) giant clams D) algae E) eyeless shrimp

sulfur-oxidizing archaea

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have. A) symbiotic zooxanthellae algae B) stinging tentacles C) bright coloration D) calcium carbonate skeletons E) large reef structures

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deepocean floor. A) twenty B) fifty C) million D) thousand E) hundred

thousand

Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass. A) half B) three times C) one fourth D) twice E) four times

three times

Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans. A) tropical B) subtropical C) polar D) subpolar E) temperate

tropical

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins. A) southern B) central C) western D) northern E) eastern

western

The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins. A) western B) central C) eastern D) northern E) southern

western