Oceanography Chapter 4
5) Abyssal clay contains ________. A) magnetite B) iron C) hematite D) calcite
iron
9) What is the rate of deposit for a coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit? A) 1 meter (3.3 feet) B) 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) C) 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) D) 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)
1 meter (3.3 feet)
10) What is the rate of deposit for an abyssal clay, pelagic deposit? A) 1 meter (3.3 feet) B) 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) C) 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) D) 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)
1 millimeter (0.04 inch)
8) How many years ago was the last ice age? A) 1,000 B) 5,000 C) 10,000 D) 15,000 E) 20,000
15,000
9) What is the average CCD depth below sea level? A) 5,000 feet B) 10,000 feet C) 15,000 feet D) 20,000 feet E) 25,000 feet
15,000 feet
8) In which year was manganese nodules discovered during the voyage of HMS challenger? A) 1850 B) 1863 C) 1872 D) 1880 E) 1894
1872
5) In what year was the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) initiated? A) 1965 B) 1966 C) 1967 D) 1968 E) 1969
1966
7) In which year were gas hydrates discovered? A) 1971 B) 1973 C) 1976 D) 1978 E) 1980
1976
8) In ________ the Deep Sea Drilling Project became the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). A) 1980 B) 1981 C) 1982 D) 1983 E) 1984
1983
6) Oolites are less than ________ millimeters in size. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
2
11) The new drill ship, Chikyu, can drill up to how many feet into the sea floor?A) 20,000 B) 21,000 C) 22,000 D) 23,000 E) 24,000
23,000
11) Siliceous ooze contains at least ________% of the hard remains of silica-secreting organisms. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40 E) 50
30
7) Phosphorus-bearing compounds occur as coatings on rocks and as nodules on the continental shelf and on banks at depths shallower than ________. A) 2000 feet B) 3300 feet C) 3600 feet D) 4000 feet E) 4300 feet
3300 feet
13) Approximately how much sediment is carried to the continental margins?A) 20 trillion pounds B) 40 trillion pounds C) 60 trillion pounds D) 80 trillion pounds
40 trillion pounds
7) How many major extinctions has the Earth experienced? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
5
9) Manganese nodules grow about ________ per million years. A) 1 millimeters B) 2 millimeters C) 5 millimeters D) 7 millimeters E) 10 millimeters
5 millimeters
38) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude 60 degrees east? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
50%-80% by weight
39) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 40 degrees south and a longitude 140 degrees east? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
50%-80% by weight
42) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees north and a longitude of 20 degrees west? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
50%-80% by weight
4) About how many years ago was the extinction of the dinosaurs? A) 60 million B) 62 million C) 66 million D) 70 million E) 72 million
66 million
9) Relic sediments cover about ________ of the world's continental shelves. A) 40% B) 50% C) 60% D) 70% E) 8%
70%
1) China supplies approximately ________ of the current world demand of rare-earth elements. A) 60% B) 70% C) 80% D) 90% E) 100%
80%
12) Which of the following is the most dominant sediment in the deepest ocean basin — the North Pacific? A) Abyssal clay B) Calcareous ooze C) Siliceous ooze D) Other (gravel, sand, silt, mud)
Abyssal clay
5) Which one of the following is not considered a "salt" or evaporate mineral?A) Halite B) Anhydrite C) Gypsum D) Dolomite
Dolomite
23) Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
Dredge
4) Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) Diatoms B) Foraminiferans C) Glauconite D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians
Foraminiferans
10) Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? A) Fossil Fuels B) Gas hydrates C) Living organisms D) Peat E) Soil
Gas hydrates
10) Which one of the following is the most common types of foraminifer ooze?A) Globigerina B) Coccolithophores C) Pteropod D) Ostracod
Globigerina
6) Which ship was involved with the initial Deep Sea Drilling Project? A) Challenger B) Comet C) Glomar Challenger D) Resolution E) Chikyu
Glomar Challenger
10) Which of the following is not an accessory metal present in manganese nodules? A) Copper B) Nickel C) Gold D) Cobalt
Gold
11) Which of the following is not present in metal sulfide deposits that are associated with hydrothermal vents? A) Silver B) Gold C) Copper D) Zinc E) Nickel
Gold
4) Abyssal clay is sometimes referred to as ________. A) black clay B) white clay C) green clay D) red clay E) brown clay
red clay
4) Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________. A) continental shelf waters B) estuaries C) hydrothermal vent areas D) regions of upwelling E) mid-ocean ridges
regions of upwelling
24) Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
Gravity corer
35) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude of 120 degrees west? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
Greater than 80% by weight
36) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
Greater than 80% by weight
41) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
Greater than 80% by weight
14) Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
1) Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
hydrogenous
15) Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
16) Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
10) Based on its 2013 name, what does IODP stand for? A) Integrated Ocean Drilling Program B) International Ocean Discovery Program C) Interstate Ocean Drilling Program D) Interstar Ocean Discovery Program
International Ocean Discovery Program
6) The K—T boundary contained an unusual clay layer with high proportions of which element? A) Mercury B) Gold C) Iridium D) Platinum E) Rhodium
Iridium
2) Manganese nodules are an example of ________. A) biogenous sediments B) cosmogenous sediments C) hydrogenous sediments D) terrigenous sediments E) volcagenic sediments
hydrogenous sediments
3) What does JOIDES stand for? A) Joint Oceanography Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling B) Joint Oceanology Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling C) Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling D) Joint Ocean Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling
Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling
2) High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) Clay-sized particles B) Cosmogenous sediments C) Large particles such as gravel D) Manganese nodules E) Silt-sized particles
Large particles such as gravel
37) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude of 160 degrees west? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
Less than 50% by weight
40) What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 60 degrees south and a longitude of 40 degrees east? A) Less than 50% by weight B) 50%-80% by weight C) Greater than 80% by weight
Less than 50% by weight
27) Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? A) Earth's climate change patterns B) Earthquake-generated heat from friction C) The mechanism that causes tsunamis D) The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor E) The properties of the deep crust
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
13) Where are the White Cliffs that contain chalk deposits located? A) United States B) Asia C) Australia D) England
England
18) Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? A) Evaporative salts B) Manganese nodules C) Phosphorite D) Sand and gravel E) Sediments rich in tin
Evaporative salts
14) Volcanic ash is considered to be which type of marine sediment? A) Lithogenous B) Biogenous C) Hydrogenous D) Cosmogenous
Lithogenous
16) Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
17) Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
18) Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
19) Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
20) Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
21) Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
6) Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? A) Low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures B) Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures C) Lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures D) Low pressure and warmer temperatures E) Low pressure and colder temperatures
Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
8) Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)? A) Coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit B) Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit C) Abyssal clay, pelagic deposit D) Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit
Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit
16) Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? A) Carbon dioxide B) Ethane C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Methane E) Propane
Methane
14) The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? A) Dinosaurs B) Fish and amphibians C) Land based plants D) Microscopic organisms E) Peat and coal
Microscopic organisms
26) How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study? A) Less than 500 B) 500 to 1000 C) 1000 to 1500 D) 1500 to 2000 E) More than 2000
More than 2000
20) What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments? A) Less than twenty percent B) Twenty to thirty percent C) Thirty to forty percent D) Forty to fifty percent E) More than fifty percent
More than fifty percent
4) Which institution is not associated with JOIDES? A) Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California B) University of Miami, Florida C) Columbia University in New York D) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts E) National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration
4) A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. A) carbonate dissolution B) deposit feeders C) fecal pellets D) precipitation E) wind
fecal pellets
10) ________ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands, whereas, ________ deposits are found in deep-ocean basins and are fine grained. A) Pelagic; neritic B) Neritic pelagic C) Beach; continental shelf D) Continental shelf; beach
Neritic pelagic
1) Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth? A) South Atlantic B) North Atlantic C) South Pacific D) North Pacific E) South Indian
North Atlantic
13) Neritic (nearshore) deposits cover about how much of the ocean floor? A) One-quarter B) Two-quarters C) Three-quarters D) Four-quarters
One-quarter
16) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Coccolithophores B) Diatoms C) Foraminiferans D) Oolites E) Radiolarians
Oolites
11) Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Petroleum D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
Petroleum
20) Which of the following sediments are produced in areas of high primary productivity? A) Abyssal clay B) Radiolarian C) Diatom D) Radiolarian & diatom E) Diatom & calcareous ooze
Radiolarian & diatom
18) Which of the following sediments are biogenous? A) Abyssal clay B) Radiolarian & diatom C) Radiolarian & calcareous ooze D) Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze E) Radiolarian, diatom, calcareous ooze, & continental
Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze
5) Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) Coccolithophores B) Corals C) Foraminiferans D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians
Radiolarians
12) Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Phosphorite D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
Rare-earth elements
13) China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Phosphorite D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
Rare-earth elements
3) Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. A) a glacier B) a river delta C) organisms D) a volcanic eruption E) the wind
a glacier
32) Discuss the sources of biogenous sediments.
Answer: Biogenous sediments are composed of the remains of live organisms. There are two types of biogenous sediments: calcareous and siliceous oozes. Calcareous deposits are most common in shallow, warm water. Organisms such as corals, mollusks, coccolithophorids, and foraminiferans contribute to the development of calcareous oozes, small calcium carbonate particles on the ocean floor. Siliceous oozes are associated with cooler waters and the remains of organisms with silica in their cell walls or tests such as diatoms and radiolarians.
16) Compare and contrast neritic and pelagic sediment deposits.
Answer: Both neritic and pelagic sediments can be biogenous or lithogenous in origin. Neritic lithogenous sediments tend to be coarse-grained and large particles in contrast to pelagic lithogenous sediments that are small particles such as abyssal clays. The majority of neritic sediments are lithogenous in origin, with biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous sediments present in very small proportion. In contrast, the majority of pelagic sediments are calcareous and siliceous oozes (biogenous sediments).
24) List the particle names and corresponding grain size, from smallest to largest, using the Wentworth scale of grain size.
Answer: Clay (1/4096 to 1/256 mm); Silt (1/256 to 1/16 mm); Sand (1/16 to 2 mm); Granule (2 to 4 mm); Pebble (4 to 64 mm); Cobble (64 to 256 mm); Boulder (above 256 mm)
30) Create a table detailing the four types of marine sediments and their source (parent) material.
Answer: Lithogenous sediments come from rivers, coastal erosion, landslides, glaciers, turbidity currents, wind-blown dust, and volcanic eruptions. Biogenous sediment comes from the shells of micro- and macro-organisms including coral reefs. Hydrogeneous sediment comes from the precipitation of minerals directly from sea water. Cosmogeneous sediment comes from space dust and meteorites.
17) Compare and contrast how neritic and pelagic sediment deposits are distributed.
Answer: Neritic deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands; these deposits are generally coarse grained. Alternatively, pelagic deposits are found in the deep-ocean basins and are typically fine grained. Lithogenous sediment dominates most neritic deposits. Lithogenous sediment is derived from rocks on nearby landmasses, consists of coarse-grained deposits, and accumulates rapidly on the continental shelf, slope, and rise. Examples of lithogenous neritic deposits include beach deposits, continental shelf deposits, turbidite deposits, and glacial deposits. Most pelagic deposits are comprised of fine-grained material that accumulates slowly on the deep-ocean floor.
31) How does the analysis of marine sediments provide information about the climate of the ancient Earth?
Answer: Sediments that accumulate over time on the sea floor comprise a nearly continuous, undisturbed record of Earth history unlike anything on land. Marine sediments record Earth's history ~ 200 million of year. Scientific analysis of marine sediments reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate, thus providing insight into today's climate changes.
34) Compare and contrast marine environments that favor the deposition of siliceous and calcareous oozes.
Answer: Siliceous oozes are found on the sea floor beneath cool surface waters in high latitudes. Calcareous oozes are found on the sea floor beneath warm surface waters in low latitudes.
33) How is the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) related to the worldwide distribution of calcareous oozes?
Answer: The destruction of calcium carbonate varies with depth. At the warmer surface and in the shallow parts of the ocean, seawater is generally saturated with calcium carbonate, so calcite does not dissolve. In the deep ocean, however, the colder water contains greater amounts of carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid and causes calcareous material to dissolve. The higher pressure at depth also helps speed the dissolution of calcium carbonate. The depth in the ocean at which the pressure is high enough, and the amount of carbon dioxide in deep-ocean waters is great enough, to begin dissolving calcium carbonate is called the lysocline. Below the lysocline, calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth (CCD) is reached. At the CCD and greater depths, sediment does not usually contain much calcite.
29) List and describe the four types of marine sediments.
Answer: The four types of marine sediments are: biogenous, hydrogenous, lithogenous, and cosmogenous sediments. Biogenous sediments are sediments comprised of the remains of living organisms and may be calcareous, made of the remains of organisms with calcium carbonate shells or test, or siliceous, made of the remains of organisms with silica in their cell walls or tests. Hydrogenous sediments are made from chemical precipitants that settle on the ocean bottom. Lithogenous sediments are derived from continental rock fragments. Cosmogenous sediments are sediments made of tektites, fragments of meteorites that were transported to ocean bottom.
12) Where can stromatolites be found? A) North America B) Asia C) Greenland D) Australia E) Europe
Australia
12) Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes?A) Lithogenous B) Biogenous C) Hydrogenous D) Cosmogenous
Biogenous
18) The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
19) Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
20) Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
21) Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
22) Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
7) Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 1 centimeter (0.4 inch)? A) Coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit B) Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit C) Abyssal clay, pelagic deposit D) Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit
Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit
31) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
7) According to the Wentworth scale, what is the particle name for a sediment that is above 256 millimeters in size? A) Boulder B) Cobble C) Pebble D) Sand E) Silt
Boulder
15) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Biogenous B) Calcareous C) Cosmogenous D) Hydrogenous E) Lithogenous
Calcareous
11) When looking at the world ocean totals combined, which is the most dominant sediment worldwide? A) Abyssal clay B) Calcareous ooze C) Siliceous ooze D) Other (gravel, sand, silt, mud)
Calcareous ooze
Picture of map 19) Which of the following sediments contain at least 30% of the hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms? A) Abyssal clay B) Radiolarian C) Calcareous ooze D) Radiolarian & diatom E) Diatom & calcareous ooze
Calcareous ooze
7) What does CCD stand for? A) Carbonate compensation depth B) Carbonate compensation distance C) Carbonate compensation direction
Carbonate compensation depth
6) According to the Wentworth scale, what is the particle name for a sediment that is 64 to 256 millimeters in size? A) Boulder B) Cobble C) Pebble D) Sand E) Silt
Cobble
15) Which one of the following is not considered a fundamental process of the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor? A) Destruction B) Dilution C) Construction D) Productivity
Construction
6) Where are the thickest marine sediments located? A) Deep ocean basin B) Continental shelf C) Continental rise D) Submarine canyon E) Abyssal plain
Continental shelf
8) Which of the following is not an environmental condition for calcareous oozes? A) Cool surface water temperature B) Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes C) Calcareous ooze dissolves below the CCD D) Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes along the mid-ocean ridges
Cool surface water temperature
3) Which of the following is not a trace mineral associated with Himalayan sea salt? A) Iron B) Potassium C) Calcium D) Magnesium E) Copper
Copper
13) Which type of marine sediments include space dust and meteors? A) Lithogenous B) Biogenous C) Hydrogenous D) Cosmogenous
Cosmogenous
10) Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
8) Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
9) Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
5) The extinction of the dinosaurs marks the boundary between which two periods? A) Cretaceous and Jurassic B) Jurassic and Triassic C) Cretaceous and Permian D) Cretaceous and Tertiary E) Jurassic and Cretaceous
Cretaceous and Tertiary
19) Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? A) Clathrate formation B) Deep-sea hotsprings C) Groundwater leaching D) Nodule and crust creation E) Sea floor methane seeps
Deep-sea hotsprings
1) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Beach sand B) Diatom ooze C) Glacial deposits D) Clays E) Volcanic particles
Diatom ooze
17) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Chalk B) Coccolithophores C) Diatoms D) Limestone E) Stromatolites
Diatoms
4) Which state has large phosphorite deposits and supplies about one-quarter of the world's phosphates? A) New York B) Alabama C) South Carolina D) Florida E) Georgia
Florida
17) Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? A) At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits. B) Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments. C) Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. D) Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. E) Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures.
Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.
25) Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
Rotary corer
9) Which type of sampling did the JOIDES Resolution conduct? A) Dredging B) Rotary drilling C) Gravity corer D) None of the answers
Rotary drilling
14) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Siliceous ooze B) Quartz sand C) Rock fragments D) Clay E) Volcanic ash
Siliceous ooze
15) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Glaciers B) Rivers C) Siliceous ooze D) Turbidity currents E) Volcanic ash
Siliceous ooze
5) Halite is used in the production of chemicals, which of the following is used for making soap products? A) Sodium hydroxide B) Sodium hypochlorite C) Sodium chlorate D) Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
6) The largest unexplored potential for metallic minerals in offshore sand deposits may exist along the west coast of ________. A) Asia B) Africa C) South America D) North America E) Australia
South America
27) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Evaporites B) Halites C) Manganese nodule D) Phosphates E) Stromatolites
Stromatolites
18) Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? A) Grain lithification B) Paleooceanography C) Porosity reduction D) Sediment compaction E) Suspension settling
Suspension settling
13) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Halite and other salts B) Manganese nodules C) Metal sulfides D) Phosphates E) Tektites
Tektites
15) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Thick sediment accumulations occur on the continental shelves and rises, especially near the mouths of major rivers BECAUSE these locations are close to major sources of lithogenous sediment. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
16) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediment accumulations are interesting to oceanographers BECAUSE they often contain microscopic fossils that provide clues to the past geographic distributions of marine organisms. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
22) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The majority of lithogenous deposits are composed primarily of quartz BECAUSE quartz is resistant to abrasion and can be transported long distances and deposited far from its source area. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct. but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
28) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
30) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
8) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mined BECAUSE they are valuable as fertilizers. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
15) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Future offshore petroleum exploration will continue in the deeper waters of the continental margins BECAUSE offshore petroleum exploration has inevitable oil spills caused by inadvertent leaks or blowouts during the drilling process. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
29) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Diatoms need strong sunlight and are found only within the upper, sunlit surface waters of the ocean BECAUSE they provide most of the silica in biogenous ooze. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
14) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
23) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
17) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
22) Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? A) Continental shelf B) Estuaries and lagoons C) Marine sediments on land D) The deep-ocean floor
The deep-ocean floor
19) Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? A) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. B) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. D) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
7) Which country initially financed the oceanographic research program? A) West Germany B) France C) Japan D) United States E) United Kingdom
United States
3) The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. A) abyssal plain far from a continent B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) crest of a mid-ocean ridge
abyssal plain far from a continent
3) Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) terrigenous E) volcanogenic
biogenous
2) Of the metals commonly found in manganese nodules, ________ is the only metal deemed "strategic" for the United States. A) copper B) nickel C) cobalt D) vanadium E) molybdenum
cobalt
23) Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. A) colder; higher B) colder; lower C) warmer; higher D) warmer; lower
colder; higher
1) Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
cosmogenous
25) The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
destruction
26) The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
dilution
12) Chemical reactions within seawater cause certain minerals to come out of solution, or precipitate, they change from the ________ state to the ________ state. A) dissolved; solid B) solid; dissolved C) solid; liquid D) liquid; solid E) liquid; gas
dissolved; solid
9) The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. A) coal B) ethanol C) gas hydrates D) rare-earth elements E) wind power
gas hydrates
2) In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. A) clay than in temperate waters B) coral debris than in tropical waters C) gravel than in tropical waters D) shell fragments than in temperate waters E) silt and sand than in tropical waters
gravel than in tropical waters
3) Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________. A) less than 30% biogenous material B) more than 30% biogenous material C) more than 30% hydrogenous material D) less than 30% neritic material E) more than 30% neritic material
less than 30% biogenous material
14) Rocks that are composed primarily of calcium carbonate are called ________. A) siltstone B) brecca C) limestone D) shale E) coal
limestone
2) Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
lithogenous
1) Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________. A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment B) biogenous sediment C) hydrogenous sediment D) cosmogenous sediment
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
2) Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris B) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris D) abyssal clays and evaporites E) biogenous oozes and evaporites
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris
1) Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. A) continental B) estuarine C) neritic D) oceanic E) pelagic
neritic
5) The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________. A) abyssal clay deposits B) manganese nodule deposits C) neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits D) neritic siliceous sediment deposits E) pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
28) The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. A) biogeochemistry B) climatology C) historical oceanography D) paleoceanography E) plate tectonics
paleoceanography
11) Sediment texture describes the ________ characteristics of a deposit. A) biological B) chemical C) physical
physical
24) The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
productivity
12) One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________. A) feldspar B) plagioclase C) gypsum D) quartz E) fluorite
quartz
2) By analyzing cores of sediment collected from the sea floor, scientists can infer past environmental conditions on all of the following except ________. A) surface temperature B) nutrient supply C) abundance of marine life D) atmospheric winds E) sealife populations
sealife populations
3) The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________. A) tektites B) oozes C) clays D) silt E) evaporites
tektites
21) The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________. A) angularity B) composition C) fabric D) provenance E) texture
texture