Oceanography Final

the mose of symbiosis represented by the clown fish anemone relationship is:

mutualism

generally speaking, the intertidal area is:

rich in live, with considerable species diversity

which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships?

they are the most frequently observed life style of the earth's animals

animals

zooplankton

a marine animal placed in fresh water would be ____ in its environment

hypertonic

in the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate ______, which ________transfer efficiency

in opposite directions....increases

where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity?

in teh temperate zones

the best fishing grounds are located _______

in temperate waters over continental shelves

the inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was:

Carolus Linnaeus

the worlds commercial catch of fish is made up mostly of what particular group of fish?

mostly the baitfish like cod, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines

speciation (origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of:

mutation and or variation isolation selection "for" a trait successful reproduction

which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species?

salt marshes associated with estuaries

the classical definition of species depends ultimately on:

reproductive isolation from other species

all sea snakes are venomous

true

animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food

true

which of the following fishing practices is considered the least environmentally friendly

drift-netting

a marine fish must ______ seawater, and ______ salt from special glands in the gills

drink....export

which of these factors was not present in large quantities on earth's surface at the time of the origin of life here?

free atmospheric oxygen

the ozone layer is important becuase ______

it shield us and other organisms from ultraviolet radiation from the sun

organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competitors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a ____________curve

j-shape

a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a

limiting factor

the most successful phylum on earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of species is

phylum arthropoda

a phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on teh number 5, and have tube feet at some time in their development

phylum echinodermata

plant like organisms

phytoplankton

seals, sea lions, walruses

pinnipedia

drifting with the currents

plankton

most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ______ organisms

poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

the organisms that produce food are called:

primary producers

these whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales:

whales of suborder mysticeti

when a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it:

will eventually die

manatees, sea cows

sirenia

in photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in

carbohydrates

a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called

population

roughly ______ of energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh

10%

typical plankton productivity in the temperate zone is about _____ gC/m2/yr

120

Most biologists and geologists now think life began on earth about:

3.5 -4 billion years ago

the doubling time of the human population that is the length of time necessary for the number of humans to double is presently about _______

34 years

the exclusive economic zone EEZ stipulated by the 1982 draft convention extends ________

370 km 200 miles

marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about ____ million years ago

50

the present level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not been seen on earth for the past_____

650,000 years

though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically ____ meters in mid latitudes

70 meters (230 ft)

all other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater

False

an organisms metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20 C

False

the life that first formed on earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organizms such as we see around us today

False

the Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life influences the physical environment of earth, possibly by intentional control

True

a stable, long-established community is known as:

a climax community

the movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called

active transport

By using the word "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean:

all life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual

which if these is not characteristic of members of the phylum arthropoda?

an exoskeleton of protein

the synthetic organic pollutants that have been added to the ocean over the years ________

are all considered toxic, even lethal to marine organisms

manganese nodules can be found _______

as widespread back lumps that litter the deep seabed

cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater

diatom

the rarest pattern for organism distribution is:

even distribution

eitrophication is an example of a "good" pollutant. most organisms in a eutrophic area thrive and grow at a normal or accelerated rate with little to no harmful side effects

false

generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil

false

global warming by greenhouse gases is a new global phenomena, and would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, going up into the atmosphere

false

most sharks are dangerous to humans

false

plankton is a phylogenetic category

false

sandy beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand grains

false

seaweeds are a great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value

false

the biomass (living bulk) of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton

false

whaling has effectively ceased; the taking of whales for meat and profit is a thing of the past

false

worldwide, the commercial fishing consortia are, for the most part, very careful to conserve the worlds marine fishery resources, and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield

false

an organisms "address" within a community is its _________, while an organisms___________is its "occupation" within that habitat

habitat...niche

a population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation was a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. after a tie, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. this is a good illustration of:

natural selection

the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves

neritic

plastics cause significant biological damage in the ocean when______

nettings and lines strangle birds, turtles, and seals bags are swallowed by turtles and fish, clogging their digestive systems

the two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are:

nitrates and phosphates

"success" in biology means:

number of living offspring

peak petroleum discoveries in the world ______, while peaking petroleum production _____________

occured back in the 1960s; is presently occuring

the open ocean realm, away from land

oceanic

diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called:

osmosis

bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:

ostheichthyes

the most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is:

parasitism

which of the following statements is true of pollutant related bioamplification

particularly noted with synthetic organic substances and heavy metals

the open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general

pelagic

scientific names are

permanent universally applicable to the species in question usually descriptive in an unchanging language monitored to prevent duplication

which of the following marine life are expected to have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, and PCBs in their tissues?

seals, toothed whales, and polar bears

which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids?

sirenia

sea birds navigate by using

sun angle and the position of distant stars polarized light earth's magnetic field

which of these characteristics is not applicable to all cetacea?

teeth in powerful jaws

in order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of:

tender loving care

during the "oxygen revolution"

the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly

the largest whale is:

the blue whale

the zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than they use to stay alive is called:

the euphotic zone

which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient?

the fishes

the compensation depth for zooplankton is ________ that for phytoplankton

the question is meaningless

primary productivity occuring on land is now thought to be about ______ primary productivity in the ocean

the same as

the greatest amount of marine energy is theoretically available from _______

the thermal gradient

intertidal zones are an often obvious feature of the shore. which zones would experience the greatest numbers of individuals and species?

the zones farthest from dry land

all of these statements about marine turtles are true except:

their heads retract into their shells

which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea?

they are more dilute, harder to reach, and more difficult to recover

the only marine energy source being successfully exploited on large scale is/are:

tidal currents

sonar is used by

toothed whales, primarily

most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature

true

though desalination is a technically feasible method for obtaining fresh water from seawater, large commercial-scale desalinization in the USA is minimal, due to the high-energy costs

true

smallest drifting organisms

ultraplankton

marine birds eliminate salts by

using salt glands to extract salt from their blood

which of these statements is not true of estuaries?

very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there

brackish water is:

a mixture of fresh and saltwater

the "deep scattering layer" is:

a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight

species-specific means

a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host

food in the intertidal zone is:

abundant and accessible, and there are many animals to take advantage of it

when carbon diolxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more

acidic, its PH is lower

the more primitive of the two (evolved first)

dinoflagellate

ultraplankton consist mainly of

bacteria and viruses

refers to the bottom, in general

benthic

the depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averaged for a whole day is:

between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 ft)

"fixation" means

binding an atom into a larger molecule

kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group:

brown algae, the phaeophyta

what is produced in primary productivity?

carbohydrates

which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle?

carbonate rocks carbon dioxide shells and oooze dissolved organic carbon DOC

whales

cetacea

marine mammals

cetacea pinnipedia sirenia

primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect

chlorophyll concentration

the sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group:

chondrichthyes

the many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location form a ______________

community

what accounts for most of the total greatest value of world trade transported by sea?

crude oil

of the two plant like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth

diatom

the more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed

diatom

these sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation

diatom

two values, or shells, of glass like substance

diatom

HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these

dinoflagellate

flexible outer covering

dinoflagellate

propelled by twin whip like projections

dinoflagellate

some species are brightly bioluminescent

dinoflagellate

A good "working definition" for life might be : "A highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and transmit ______

energy

isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in:

environmental requirements geographic distribution seasonal or physiological aspects of sexual reproduction sexual structures

referring to #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of

environmental resistance

which of the following best states the evolutionary theory?

evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions

a natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of

evolutionary relationships

a stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities

false

all large (ie easily visible to the unaided eye) marine plants are marine algae

false

although the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed

false

deep abyssal seafloors probably contain even more oil and natural gas than the continental shelves. these zones have not been exploited only because of the difficulty in drilling in these areas

false

deep vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters down to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates

false

drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that commercial fishing techniques be more environmentally sensitive

false

the organisms that consume autotrophs are called:

heterotrophs

intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by:

hiding when wave comes gluing themselves to the rocks sliding into a small crack as the waves crashes around them running away

animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called:

homeotherms

perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is:

intertidal coarse black sand beaches

which of the following is NOT a highly toxic heavy metal?

iron

the wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be

long, thin, and pointed

which of these statements describes the smallest whales?

members of the odontocete group catch prey with their teeth may stun their prey with very loud sounds appear to be quite intelligent

part of the organisms life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community

meroplankton

fishes

none

the formation of crude oil will occur in an environment that provides __________

quiet basins for the accumulation of organic material little oxygen and the presence of anaerobic bacteria heat and pressure deep burial by sediments

the most dangerous threat to the marine environment, in the long run, is definitely ____________

rapid human population growth

the group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is:

red algae, the rhodophyta

mass extinctions are

relatively rare- perhaps 6 great extinctions have occured since the origin of life on earth- roughly every 250 million years or so

a single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by

reproductive isolation

the worst source of petroleum pollution in the marine environment is __________

runoff from land sources, particularly from coastal urban areas

second to petroleum and gas, the most profitable physical resource recovered form the ocean is:

sand and gravel

there are no true marine amphibians, mainly because

their skin is too permeable to water

in the terms of tonnage worldwide, marine fish farming is growing while wild caught fishing is constant

true

marine algae are non-vascular plants

true

more living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water column immeiately above it

true