Oceanography Final
the mose of symbiosis represented by the clown fish anemone relationship is:
mutualism
generally speaking, the intertidal area is:
rich in live, with considerable species diversity
which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships?
they are the most frequently observed life style of the earth's animals
animals
zooplankton
a marine animal placed in fresh water would be ____ in its environment
hypertonic
in the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate ______, which ________transfer efficiency
in opposite directions....increases
where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity?
in teh temperate zones
the best fishing grounds are located _______
in temperate waters over continental shelves
the inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was:
Carolus Linnaeus
the worlds commercial catch of fish is made up mostly of what particular group of fish?
mostly the baitfish like cod, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines
speciation (origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of:
mutation and or variation isolation selection "for" a trait successful reproduction
which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species?
salt marshes associated with estuaries
the classical definition of species depends ultimately on:
reproductive isolation from other species
all sea snakes are venomous
true
animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food
true
which of the following fishing practices is considered the least environmentally friendly
drift-netting
a marine fish must ______ seawater, and ______ salt from special glands in the gills
drink....export
which of these factors was not present in large quantities on earth's surface at the time of the origin of life here?
free atmospheric oxygen
the ozone layer is important becuase ______
it shield us and other organisms from ultraviolet radiation from the sun
organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competitors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a ____________curve
j-shape
a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a
limiting factor
the most successful phylum on earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of species is
phylum arthropoda
a phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on teh number 5, and have tube feet at some time in their development
phylum echinodermata
plant like organisms
phytoplankton
seals, sea lions, walruses
pinnipedia
drifting with the currents
plankton
most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ______ organisms
poikilothermic (multi-blooded)
the organisms that produce food are called:
primary producers
these whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales:
whales of suborder mysticeti
when a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it:
will eventually die
manatees, sea cows
sirenia
in photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in
carbohydrates
a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called
population
roughly ______ of energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh
10%
typical plankton productivity in the temperate zone is about _____ gC/m2/yr
120
Most biologists and geologists now think life began on earth about:
3.5 -4 billion years ago
the doubling time of the human population that is the length of time necessary for the number of humans to double is presently about _______
34 years
the exclusive economic zone EEZ stipulated by the 1982 draft convention extends ________
370 km 200 miles
marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about ____ million years ago
50
the present level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not been seen on earth for the past_____
650,000 years
though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically ____ meters in mid latitudes
70 meters (230 ft)
all other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater
False
an organisms metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20 C
False
the life that first formed on earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organizms such as we see around us today
False
the Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life influences the physical environment of earth, possibly by intentional control
True
a stable, long-established community is known as:
a climax community
the movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called
active transport
By using the word "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean:
all life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual
which if these is not characteristic of members of the phylum arthropoda?
an exoskeleton of protein
the synthetic organic pollutants that have been added to the ocean over the years ________
are all considered toxic, even lethal to marine organisms
manganese nodules can be found _______
as widespread back lumps that litter the deep seabed
cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater
diatom
the rarest pattern for organism distribution is:
even distribution
eitrophication is an example of a "good" pollutant. most organisms in a eutrophic area thrive and grow at a normal or accelerated rate with little to no harmful side effects
false
generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil
false
global warming by greenhouse gases is a new global phenomena, and would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, going up into the atmosphere
false
most sharks are dangerous to humans
false
plankton is a phylogenetic category
false
sandy beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand grains
false
seaweeds are a great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value
false
the biomass (living bulk) of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton
false
whaling has effectively ceased; the taking of whales for meat and profit is a thing of the past
false
worldwide, the commercial fishing consortia are, for the most part, very careful to conserve the worlds marine fishery resources, and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield
false
an organisms "address" within a community is its _________, while an organisms___________is its "occupation" within that habitat
habitat...niche
a population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation was a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. after a tie, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. this is a good illustration of:
natural selection
the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves
neritic
plastics cause significant biological damage in the ocean when______
nettings and lines strangle birds, turtles, and seals bags are swallowed by turtles and fish, clogging their digestive systems
the two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are:
nitrates and phosphates
"success" in biology means:
number of living offspring
peak petroleum discoveries in the world ______, while peaking petroleum production _____________
occured back in the 1960s; is presently occuring
the open ocean realm, away from land
oceanic
diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called:
osmosis
bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:
ostheichthyes
the most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is:
parasitism
which of the following statements is true of pollutant related bioamplification
particularly noted with synthetic organic substances and heavy metals
the open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general
pelagic
scientific names are
permanent universally applicable to the species in question usually descriptive in an unchanging language monitored to prevent duplication
which of the following marine life are expected to have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, and PCBs in their tissues?
seals, toothed whales, and polar bears
which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids?
sirenia
sea birds navigate by using
sun angle and the position of distant stars polarized light earth's magnetic field
which of these characteristics is not applicable to all cetacea?
teeth in powerful jaws
in order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of:
tender loving care
during the "oxygen revolution"
the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly
the largest whale is:
the blue whale
the zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than they use to stay alive is called:
the euphotic zone
which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient?
the fishes
the compensation depth for zooplankton is ________ that for phytoplankton
the question is meaningless
primary productivity occuring on land is now thought to be about ______ primary productivity in the ocean
the same as
the greatest amount of marine energy is theoretically available from _______
the thermal gradient
intertidal zones are an often obvious feature of the shore. which zones would experience the greatest numbers of individuals and species?
the zones farthest from dry land
all of these statements about marine turtles are true except:
their heads retract into their shells
which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea?
they are more dilute, harder to reach, and more difficult to recover
the only marine energy source being successfully exploited on large scale is/are:
tidal currents
sonar is used by
toothed whales, primarily
most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature
true
though desalination is a technically feasible method for obtaining fresh water from seawater, large commercial-scale desalinization in the USA is minimal, due to the high-energy costs
true
smallest drifting organisms
ultraplankton
marine birds eliminate salts by
using salt glands to extract salt from their blood
which of these statements is not true of estuaries?
very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there
brackish water is:
a mixture of fresh and saltwater
the "deep scattering layer" is:
a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight
species-specific means
a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host
food in the intertidal zone is:
abundant and accessible, and there are many animals to take advantage of it
when carbon diolxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more
acidic, its PH is lower
the more primitive of the two (evolved first)
dinoflagellate
ultraplankton consist mainly of
bacteria and viruses
refers to the bottom, in general
benthic
the depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averaged for a whole day is:
between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 ft)
"fixation" means
binding an atom into a larger molecule
kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group:
brown algae, the phaeophyta
what is produced in primary productivity?
carbohydrates
which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle?
carbonate rocks carbon dioxide shells and oooze dissolved organic carbon DOC
whales
cetacea
marine mammals
cetacea pinnipedia sirenia
primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect
chlorophyll concentration
the sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group:
chondrichthyes
the many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location form a ______________
community
what accounts for most of the total greatest value of world trade transported by sea?
crude oil
of the two plant like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth
diatom
the more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed
diatom
these sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation
diatom
two values, or shells, of glass like substance
diatom
HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these
dinoflagellate
flexible outer covering
dinoflagellate
propelled by twin whip like projections
dinoflagellate
some species are brightly bioluminescent
dinoflagellate
A good "working definition" for life might be : "A highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and transmit ______
energy
isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in:
environmental requirements geographic distribution seasonal or physiological aspects of sexual reproduction sexual structures
referring to #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of
environmental resistance
which of the following best states the evolutionary theory?
evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions
a natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of
evolutionary relationships
a stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities
false
all large (ie easily visible to the unaided eye) marine plants are marine algae
false
although the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed
false
deep abyssal seafloors probably contain even more oil and natural gas than the continental shelves. these zones have not been exploited only because of the difficulty in drilling in these areas
false
deep vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters down to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates
false
drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that commercial fishing techniques be more environmentally sensitive
false
the organisms that consume autotrophs are called:
heterotrophs
intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by:
hiding when wave comes gluing themselves to the rocks sliding into a small crack as the waves crashes around them running away
animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called:
homeotherms
perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is:
intertidal coarse black sand beaches
which of the following is NOT a highly toxic heavy metal?
iron
the wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be
long, thin, and pointed
which of these statements describes the smallest whales?
members of the odontocete group catch prey with their teeth may stun their prey with very loud sounds appear to be quite intelligent
part of the organisms life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community
meroplankton
fishes
none
the formation of crude oil will occur in an environment that provides __________
quiet basins for the accumulation of organic material little oxygen and the presence of anaerobic bacteria heat and pressure deep burial by sediments
the most dangerous threat to the marine environment, in the long run, is definitely ____________
rapid human population growth
the group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is:
red algae, the rhodophyta
mass extinctions are
relatively rare- perhaps 6 great extinctions have occured since the origin of life on earth- roughly every 250 million years or so
a single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by
reproductive isolation
the worst source of petroleum pollution in the marine environment is __________
runoff from land sources, particularly from coastal urban areas
second to petroleum and gas, the most profitable physical resource recovered form the ocean is:
sand and gravel
there are no true marine amphibians, mainly because
their skin is too permeable to water
in the terms of tonnage worldwide, marine fish farming is growing while wild caught fishing is constant
true
marine algae are non-vascular plants
true
more living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water column immeiately above it
true