Oceanography - Water and Seawater
Pure water (at normal atmospheric pressure) freezes at____________ degrees C (______F) . Ice
0 °C (32°F)
Ice melts at ______C (________F)
0°C(32°F)
The density of 1.0 gram of pure water is ________(include units). In contrast, cold sea water has a density of about 1.028.
1.000
In contrast, cold sea water has a density of about __________.
1.028
Sea water, because of its salt content (salinity), freezes at _____C (_______F) .
1.9°C (28.6°F)
By weight, what portion of sea water is dissolved salt: ________ %.This is the same as __________ (parts per thousand).
3.5% 35/1000
In the open ocean, average seawater salinity is ___________.
35 0/00
It takes _______ calories to raise the temperature of I gram of water 5º C.
5 calories
To change one gram of liquid water to one gram of water vapor takes ________calories. This is called the latent (or hidden) heat of Vaporization.
540
What is the average ph of the oceans?
8.1
To change one gram of ice to one gram of liquid water takes _______ calories.
80
21. What is the carbonate buffering system and why is it important?
Buffering keeps the ocean from becoming too acidic or too basic. It helps keep the ocean balanced.
List the most common gasses in the ocean as a whole, in order or abundance. Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen
Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen
List the six most common constituents of seawater
Chloride, Sodium,Sulfate,Magnesium,Calcium Potassium
The atoms in the water molecule are connected by ___________ bonds.
Covalent
20. Describe 2 methods of desalination.
Distillation - water boiled and condensed Reverse Osmosis - salt water forced through membrane into fresh water
In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well-developed thermocline.
False
The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances.
False
This change in energy is called the latent heat of ________.
Fusion
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O - Hydrogren 2 Oxygen
To change water from one state to another you must add or remove ________.
Heat
Water molecules become attached to one another forming ____________ bonds.
Hydrogen
Water can exist in three states:
Ice , Liquid, and Gas.
The chemical formula for salt is
Na+Cl-
The salinity of the oceans varies with latitude. What are the two major factors which add or remove water from the oceans and therefore affect salinity?
River run off/rain and evaporation in the coastal areas. Decreasing salinity - adding fresh water to ocean Runoff, melting icebergs, melting sea ice Precipitation
What is the definition of a calorie?
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C°
What accounts for all of the unique properties of water?
The water molecule's unique geometry causes it to have a resulting electrical polarity.
In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules (no hydrogen bonds).
True
Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (e.g., as water changes from a liquid to a solid).
True
This is called the latent (or hidden) heat of _______________.
Vaporization
The density of seawater increases with ________ in temperature and ________ in salinity.
a decrease; an increase
Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters highest?
about 25 degrees north or south of the equator
while an ion with a "-" charge is called an __________.
anion
Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur ___________.
at the ocean surface
The definition of residence time is :
average length of time a substance remains dissolved in seawater
The Baltic Sea has ____________ because of ______________.
brackish water; large amounts of runoff
An ion with a+ " charge is called a _______
cation
Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?
covalent bond
The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called ___________.
desalination
Which of the following increases the salinity of seawater?
evaporation of seawater
Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?
halocline
There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because _____________.
high-; the water column is uniformly cold and dense
Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?
hydrogen bond
The Red Sea has ____________ water because of large amounts of ______________.
hypersaline; evaporation
In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____________ and _____________, and the ____________ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.
protons; neutrons; electrons
A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a ___________.
pycnocline
The fact that ice is less dense than water, which causes ice to float, is due to ___________.
the molecular packing of bulky ice crystals
