OCS US Military History 003-18

Abu Ghraib

POW abuse scandal where guards intentionally abused Iraqi detainees As with My Lai, this is a lower-level leadership failure It didn't even look like leadership was even present Hurt our chances at Legitimacy

Pork Chop Hill

the hill is NOT Key Terrain, but the new U.S. policy is not to cede one inch of ground. Thus, there is a bloody fight and we keep the hill

center of gravity

the hub of all power and movement upon which everything depend; the key to victory

friction

the intangible force that makes the apparent easy task difficult i.e. the fog of war

Combined Arms

uses various arms & forces in concert to provide synergy & mutual support in disrupting confusing, and overwhelming the enemy via mismatches and good timing. - much thought, effort, training, effective communications, cooperation/coordination, leadership, and appropriated organization must happen for it to work well

POW exchange issues

"brainwashing," giving back anti-communists to the Chinese and North Koreans, POW's have greater impact in war

Normandy Fighting

Rising terrain, much more difficult; Germans place mines and obstacles which make the landings tough Omaha is the linchpin which will connect the American and Canadian landings The planners DID anticipate Omaha's terrain problems, but several things still went wrong First, Allied bombers missed most of the German defenses b/c they dropped them too far inland for fear of friendly fire Second, landing craft were deployed too far out at sea. Many foundered, were swamped, or caused soldiers to disembark while seasick Finally, the tides forced some craft to miss their landing points, and the U.S. were forced to fight without armor support However, each landing is ultimately successful. Junior officer leadership was outstanding at Omaha Beach. Even some lieutenants made outstanding efforts. They did NOT have Unity of Command, but they DID have Unity of Effort. They rallied troops under great stress and ultimately prevailed. o The breakout from Normandy took months. One reason is hedgerows: massive earthen barriers that the Germans fortified o U.S. and Allies used a combined-arms effort to overcome them

Anaconda Plan

The brainchild of Winfield Scott, this plan was meant to use external lines to strangle the South into submission. The idea was to blockade the South and seize control of the Mississippi River

war

a violent conflict between organized groups with unknown resolve, each seeking to impose its will on each other

economy of force

adequate force for secondary efforts to enable such principles as mass, maneuver, surprise, and security for the main effort

Air Interdiction

air campaign never reaches into China, so it never really stops the flow of Chinese LOC's going into Korea, which is the main goal. Doesn't do enough to cause an end to the war on our terms

mass

concentrate efforts of combat power at he decisive place and time

War Aim/Levels

desired end state - strategic: all efforts ('the war') to meet war aim - Operational: in theater forces ('the campaign') - Tactical: field units ('the battle')

objective

direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and obtained objective

restraint

limit collateral damage & prevent unnecessary force

perseverance

maintain commitment to achieve tactical, operational, and strategic end state

Counterinsurgency (COIN)

military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and social/civic action taken by a government to defeat insurgency

OEF Surge

more troops than before, but less than the Iraq Surge

security

never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage

combined arms

synchronized & simultaneous application of the elements of combat power to achieve a greater effect that if the elements were used separately

Linebacker Air Campaigns

(April - Oct 1972): aim was to cut off the NVA invasion. Much more successful because Nixon was able to lift many of the restrictions that were in place for Rolling Thunder • NVA was the main opponent (remember conventional attack) • Ultimately, the NVA offensive is stalled due to CAS and Linebacker (Dec. 1972): the "Christmas bombing" campaign was controversial but it led to the North Vietnamese wanting peace

trinity

(Clausewitz): rational aims & policy emotions/hatreds chance & the impact of combat

Battle of Bunker Hill

- British: o aims: take hill/peninsula to humiliate and crush rebellion o initial British assaults were costly failures o Principles used: - maneuver (misused): other maneuver options existed, didn't have help from Navy, penetration attack against a well-defended position - Surprise (misused): broad daylight, instead of concealed by the dark - Offensive (used): maintained the offensive until the Patriots ran out of ammo even while receiving high casualties including many officers - Enemy (misused): misunderstood the 'People's War' nature of the rebellion attack sustain, thought the Patriots would run at the sight of the British Army and was surprised when the attack didn't go as planned - Tactical victory for the British, huge morale boost for the Patriots

Maryland Campaign/ Antietam

- Campaign includes Battle of Antietam - fought between Gen. McClellan's Union army of the Potomac and Gen. Lee's Army of Northern VA - Fought in Sharpsburg, Maryland - Lee determined to take offensive and invade North in order to take D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia and cut federal LOCs with states to the West - attempted to bring Maryland to the Confederacy - McClellan intercepts Lee's orders but indecisiveness led to no initiative taken - Lee retreats to Sharpsburg then turns to fight - Outnumbered, Lee's use of interior lines and boldness defeat uncoordinated and delayed attacks until Stonewall could head off final assault - Bloodiest day in American history - Lee's army badly worn but still intact - Battle ended in tactical draw but confederate retreat gave President Lincoln 'victory' he needed to issue Emancipation Proclamation on Sept 22, 1862

Principles Of War

- Mass - Surprise - Maneuver - Security - Economy of Force - Objective - Simplicity - Offensive - Unity of Command - Restraint - Perseverance - Legitimacy

Ticket Punching & Body Counts

- officers doing quick combat-command rotations in order to climb the career ladder and maybe get some medals; bad for cohesion/morale, as well as poor ethics -U.S. needed a method to measure victory in the absence of a clear front like WW1; commanders would emphasize (or inflate) enemy casualties in order to convince politicians/people that we were successful; also would promote inordinate competition and pressure to produce higher numbers Obviously did not help our intel situation

maneuver

- penetration: an attack on the enemy's front

1776 Battles of Trenton/ 1777 Battle of Princeton

-METT-TC: o Mission: needs a victory o Enemy: Washington assess and unsuspecting German mercenaries o Troops: 2400 men veterans he knows o Timing: Christmas night in poor weather o Victory will helps rebellion morale and support Principles: o Maneuver: 2-axis pincer attack o Surprise o Offensive METT-TC: o Enemy: overconfident Cornwallis underestimates Washington's competency o Terrain: navigates a flank march through a seemingly impassable swamp made passable by hard freeze o Troops: 1000 short-time regulars, 4000 untrained militia o Timing: Flanking maneuver needs to be fast before Cornwallis figures out Principles: o Security: good discipline w/fast and quiet march for surprise attack o Maneuver: Washington maneuvers forces to gain advantage w/flank o Econ of Force: troops left behind to fool Cornwallis and flanking maneuver o small battles, low cost, big strategic impact, morale, perseverance, victories reinvigorated the American cause after NYC - trinity: emotions, hatred

1814 Battle of Lake Champlain

Battle on the lake was crucial because controlling the lake meant controlling LOC for Canada and New England Ultimately, the battle confirmed U.S. sovereignty (U.S. war aim)

Talihook Scandal

Las Vegas conference of fliers (including officers) includes some instances of sexual assault. The military tries to cover it up, and the Secretary of the Navy is forced to resign. This accelerates the push for inclusion of females into combat-oriented roles

KOCOA

Key terrain: gives the force holding it distinct advantage Observation (fields of fire): does the terrain confer advantages or disadvantages to detection and in directing fires? Cover & concealment: protection and stealth Obstacles: can be natural & artificial, creating an interaction btw the two can disrupt, fix, or block the enemy Avenues of approach: determining the likely path of advance, whether it's one's own or enemy's. also considers LOCs

Offensive-defensive

Lee sought to exploit opportunities given to him by Union commanders Lee always probed his opponents for hesitation, preoccupation, and indolence George McClellan is the poster child

Civil War Guerilla War

Lee's surrender undercut Guerilla legitimacy; acts drop off significantly o CSA didn't have much control over guerillas during the war; mostly banditry o most guerilla's undercut local support for Confederate was effort

The Fall 1950 'Run to the North'

MacArthur becomes overconfident and convinces Truman to change the war aim to unify the entire Korean peninsula MacArthur takes the Offensive north, not anticipating that the Chinese will enter the fight on the side of the North Koreans Terrain is brutally tough, weather is very cold Failed turning movement by MacArthur precipitates the Run Back to the South

METT-TC

Mission, Enemy, Terrain, Troops available, Time, Civilian considerations

Wanat

Mission: set up near the village Terrain: isolated, exposed valley surrounded by high mountains that can be used to fire upon your positions in the village Policy (Trinity): do good COIN Terrain liabilities vs. COIN policy: outpost is attacked, but they ultimately hold their positions amid a bloody firefight Tactically, we won the battle but eventually left

Line of Communication ('LOC')

Transit, Supplies, Reinforcements, Commo, etc.

1st and 2nd Seminole War Problems/ Solutions

o 1818 General Jackson invades Spanish FL with American and Creek troops - captures Spanish troops, executes British adventures - Jackson struggles with logistics; can't keep up with his aggressiveness; ends up winning the war o 1830 Indian Removals spark Seminole/ escaped-slave 'insurrection' o Indian problems: - ties to subsistence off the land + disunity + mixed warrior/ non-warrior pop = vulnerability - poor overall control + raiding culture = critical errors, (ie. Harney Massacre) o American problems/aims: - goal is Indian removal - indians fight a 'guerilla'-style war, but have little if any external support - terrain: few roads, lots of swamps, hot/disease in summer - ~ 5000 troops; enlistments vary; political support wavers o Solutions - divide & conquer (use of Indian scouts & combatant soldiers) - Appropriate tactics (smaller units equipped for jungle/swamp fighting) - bribed many to peacefully move out west - burning of their crops o Result: - was declared a success by Col Worth because most but not all relocated

Sioux War (Little Bighorn)

o 1876-1877 o Sioux - Plains Tribe o US finds gold in Sioux land through Dakota and Montana territories into Indian treaty lands o Gen. Custer tasked w/moving Sioux Indians back to federal reservations o Indians methodically destroy American troops o Custer took an aggressive approach; initiated attack w/o listening to Crow scout's warning o War was comprised of many battles including Custer's Last Stand at Little Big Horn o after initial defeat, the army prevails in the Sioux War via relentless pursuit, long campaigns, logistics, infantry, and winter fighting

Hardee's Tactics

o A new rifle musket firing a Minie ball could hit a target consistently at 300 yards, which enabled a far larger kill zone than in previous wars o Hardee's Tactics tried to account for changes in technology, but still didn't break away from large, regiment-sized units o Used skirmishers out front to disrupt the enemy's attacks o Used maneuver to flank in mass formations o Very difficult to march in column then deploy into lines communication issues, inflexibility, etc. o Tactics were useless against well-disciplined defenders in a strong defensive position, but commanders nonetheless stuck with Hardee's Tactics

1776 New York City Campaign

o After the Continental Army gets outmaneuvered and faces encirclement repeatedly Washington comes to a realization: - fight for the city and lose the army or save the army and lose the city so the rebellion can live on o British win tactically but didn't destroy Patriot CG (not ending the war b/c Continental Army still alive), Cornwallis continues to underestimate enemy o Patriot defeat, collapsing support - Washington needs a win now

Ridgeway & the Run Back to the North

o Aggressive commander who demands the same of his subordinates. He correctly assessed the Chinese strengths and weaknesses o Chinese weakness is that they are all on foot, so he gets his forces off the roads and into the hills to fight the Chinese o He demonstrates initiative, strong leadership, and presence o Ridgway has Unity of Command; he keeps morale high by using artillery and firepower Mass in Korea

Philippine War

o Aguinaldo and his rebels wanted independence and the U.S. wanted to retain the Philippines o Aguinaldo's clever strategy: draw the war out until the next American election of 1900 by conducting a guerilla war o U.S. initiated a COIN operation on the islands U.S. needed strong political will to see it through U.S. used local Filipinos did nice things for the people and they helped us in return However, there was still a significant amount of fighting o As the 1900 election neared, the incumbent McKinley wanted to stay in the war and increase troop numbers. His opponent, William Jennings Bryan, wanted to end the war ASAP o U.S. utilized COIN tactics such as mass amnesties in return for cease fires, aggressive patrolling, and using Filipino scouts o McKinley won the election displayed U.S. Perseverance and backed up the Legitimacy of the U.S. presence in the Philippines o Aguinaldo is captured by American forces, severely weakening the Filipino effort o Balangiga Massacre (1901) Enemy: C Company under CPT Connell does not assess the villagers on Samar well - makes men do forced labor which was insulting Civilian Considerations: did not have good civilian relations, and they eventually rose up and annihilated his company o In response to Balangiga, Jacob Smith ordered indiscriminate violence, which actually worked. However, Smith was eventually forced to retire o J. Franklin Bell continued a more balanced approach (protect the friends, hammer the enemies) which also worked

Falaise Gap

o Air bombardment created a hole near St. Lo and masses reserves swept into the French counrtyside o Germans tried to sever the breakdown near ----- town o allied maneuver forces stop Germans and try to encircle & trap them o allied move created a small gap b/c the forces did not encircle the Germans allowing them to retreat - some blame British for being too cautious on the north side of the gap - other blame Patton was not capable of closing it from the south b/c it would have stretched the LOC's & stretched his lines too thin o still a success - allied air forces mauled Germans as they escaped the gap

Newburg Affair

o Army officers were disgruntled about pay and pension obligations that Congress had not fulfilled o Washington gently dissuaded his officers (recall the spectacles speech) and reaffirmed civilian control over the U.S. military

Combined Arms in France

o Army troops used combined-arms to handle hedgerows o tanks, infantry, mortars, and self-propelled guns worked together to ease the effort o tanks would break holes in hedgerows as artillery laid suppressive fire o infantry/tank teams would then penetrate into the hedgerows o alternating field pentrations would outflank other hedgerow squares

The Constitution

o Article I Section 8: Congress may make laws and declare war ("provide for the common defense" affects military) Congress is tasked with organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia States appoint the officers and train the militia (separation of powers) o Lawmaking: Majority in both House and Senate + President's signature o Article II: President himself cannot formally declare war, but he can send troops into combat without express Congressional authorization o Congress has 3 "defenses" against the President's war authority: Elections Impeachment Power of the Purse o POTUS is Commander in Chief of federal troops; Reservists' authority is their state governor until pressed into federal service then POTUS is their Commander in Chief o Specified that only Congress may "provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress Insurrection, and repel Invasions.

Civil War Combined-Arms Challenges

o Communications o Command/Training/Experience o Weapons/Tactics o Organization o McClellan was a great trainer and organizer, but a horribly timid field commander

WW1 Infantry Tactical Evolution

o At the beginning of the war, class/trust issues prevented senior commanders from delegating decision-making authority to junior officers and NCO's o Up through the early 1900's there was no substantial evolution in infantry tactics: still roughly linear attacks with each line supporting the other o Each side builds massive trench networks complex Terrain o Q: Germans did not build many tanks during WWI effectively none o Concept question Blitzkrieg tactics are similar but different. They both use combined arms but they utilize different combined arms. o My key points: Germans learned from Russian tactical adjustments on the Eastern Front 4 key advances in weaponry • Hand grenades • Light machine guns • Small mortars • Flamethrowers The need to execute independent trench raids means that some excellent small unit officers and leaders develop Junior officers start to make independent tactical (combined arms) decisions instead of simply marching/attacking in a linear formation Germans/Hutier tactics utilize shock troops to penetrate weak points to bypass then surround strong points New weapons allow infantry to maneuver with speed and aggression, but it's not all about weapons junior officers must now take the initiative with a de-centralized command structure Leads into the U.S. concept of "Mission Command" o S1: Compare/Contrast Hutier Tactics and Blitzkrieg: (see next page) Main differences: Blitzkrieg can be an operational/strategic concept, while Hutier Tactics is only tactical and does not involve tanks (Germans effectively had none during WWI)

Battle of Kasserine Pass

o At the preparatory Battle of Sidi bou Zid, General Frendendall misuses Obstacles, Troops, and Terrain o Germans and Americans fight on the Tunisia/ Algeria border o Infantry does not support the armor and the U.S. is routed by experienced anti-tank units under Erwin Rommel o US did not maintain unity of command, and operation was not well-coordinated o US did not use key terrain (high ground), and this was a tactical victory for the Germans

Leyte Gulf

o Big US Naval victory but nearly a disaster o communication problems btw Hasley and Kinkaid - both served separate commanders Hasley served Nimitiz and Kinkaid - MacArthur - commo confused the pair as to who was supposed to protect the amphibious landing and who was intercepting any Japanese naval attacks - Japanese added to the confusion w/ 3-prong last ditch naval attack - Japanese navy almost snuck through a hole created by the commo error but were stopped by a heroic American defense that botched the Japanese surface attack o Japanese lost almost all of their carriers in the battle - resulted in the birth of Kamikaze pilots b/c they didn't have any naval forces and few pilots remaining

Battle of Stones River (+braggs's command climate)

o Bragg achieved surprise against the union, but was not able to exploit it o Bragg blames his subordinates publicly - poor command climate

1777 Philadelphia Campaign

o Brandywine: - Howe marches on to capture Philly, he fixes and flanks Washington again. - Like NYC Washington retreats to save his army - Howe successfully advances on to Philly o Ft. Mifflin: - crowds Howe's seaport LOC - Key Terrain b/c it spoils Howe's exploitation of victory in Philadelphia; blocks Royal Navy access; bought Americans some time

1780 Battle of Waxhaws (+British use of locals/ policy problems)

o British had the support of Tory and Cherokee allies in fighting the Continental and militia forces. o due to poor policy decision on the British reinvigorated the militia and caused the fence sitters to side with the Patriots - this included the lack of control and discipline of the Tories and Tarleton's troops o the killing of surrendering troops further angered the locals and fueled the rebellion o massacre = 'Tarleton's Quarter', POWs and Atrocities in War, Whither restraint and legitimacy

Buna/ Lae (LOCs, airpower)/ Hollandia

o Buna: - MacArthur underestimates his enemy - Forced to run head on attack due to poor terrain - Changes his strategy - thinks more about airpower and the need for airfields - MacArthur's lesson: "No more Buna's" he realizes the high costs of eradicating Japanese from difficult defensive positions in jungle terrain o Lae: - blockades Lae, stopping Japanese reinforcements from reaching airfield - Land bases bomber have the largest effect - use of airborne troop and amphibious operations - key terrain - lightly guarded airfields o Hollandia - MacArthur learns from the past: uses airborne, ground troops and air force - another lightly defended airfield

Italian Campaign Challenges

o Cassino - Monte Cassino (mountain) was key terrain following US invasion into Sicily - envelopment for Cassino was not possible (because of the hills) - US bombed Cassino because they didn't want Germans using it - aim was to cut the LOCs of German (chose Cassino over Anzio) - HG Lewis did not achieve his objective - does not cut LOCs o Salerno: - 5th Army LTG Clark ordered an assault landing at Salerno - Germans mounted strong counterattack to try and split the beachhead - Clark had quick reinforcements, additional paratroopers dropped in, and unrelenting naval gunfire stooped the counterattack (combined arms, airborne operations) - good communication helped calls for fire o Anzio - amphibious turning movement - ordered by Winston Churchill after mounting frustrations w/Cassino - allied generals had reservations but Churchill promised extra resources and got consent - landing site was flat coastline - wanted to cut German LOC to Gustav - Lucas (allies) moved very slow and cautiously off the beachhead - failed to force immediate German retreat from Gustav line - Still controversial - Lucas gets relieved a month after landing - Germans failed to destroy beachhead ( good combined arms to hold Anzio) - operation diverted Germans from the Gustav Line but not the result Churchill wanted

OEF Challenges

o Civil Affairs: local politics do NOT improve over time. Karzai turns out to be a problem o Afghan police do not sustain their initial success corruption widespread o Cultural Complexities: Afghanistan is a very complex place (tribes, religions, "crossroads of empires") tradition of resisting invaders (Alexander the Great, Mongols, Russians, U.S.) o Terrain is rough; Allied willpower starts to decline as NATO slowly pulls out o Rebel willpower remains strong, as they are playing the long game o Challenges: Sanctuaries: Pakistan, like Cambodia for Vietnam, is a sanctuary for rebels; their main enemy is India, and they know they will need good relations with Afghanistan in case they ever have to fall back across the mountains Rebels cannot be cut off and isolated Force Size: slowly builds

1778 Battle of Monmouth

o Clinton forced to abandon Philadelphia due to French/American alliance and new threat from French navy o Washington attacks British as they withdraw; initial failure (unclear command), but Americans regroup due to Washington's personal intervention. Training at Valley Forge pays off in tactical draw o This battle shows the tide is turning. Washington displays Unity of Command

South Cuba Campaign

o Disease: - bad hygiene in camps lead to more people dying in training than in battle - tropical diseases (malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever) o logistics: - no preparation from previous wars - poor logistics o tactics: - weak joint operations - poor combined arms - no clear tactical solutions or lessons learned o Q: Logistical problems were constant; horses didn't make it onshore so there were not many major cavalry operations o The Spanish fleet gets destroyed and a peace treaty is signed, ending the war.

French Port & Logistics

o Eisenhower realized that his LOC's were thin due to limited ports along the 300 mi LOC o Rather than thrust forward and risk a single-shot advance he opted to regroup until he got more ports and supple situation improved o man made ports - wiped out in storm

US Army Fire Support WW2/Italy

o Fire Support From the start of the war, the U.S. Army's fire support system is excellent. It was flexible (down to the company level), with the ability to mass fire quickly However, in Italy the Germans learned that to slow down American firepower you just target the American forward observers (FO's) In response, the U.S. trained EVERY soldier in the fundamentals of fire support o Close Air Support (CAS) Italy gave the U.S. an excellent training ground for CAS. Despite some friendly-fire incidents, we improved o Overall, this is a good use of the Troops factor

1781 Yorktown Campaign

o French navy defeats British relief effort and Cornwallis is forced to surrender. o British cabinet support for the war effort collapses (forces new war cabinet). o Joint forces worked well together cut off British escape o British suffer from poor unity of command

Crete

o German Airborne operation - high cost to the Germans, but still a successful operation o US take notice of the possibilities & start to invest more in Airborne o Will eventually use airborne forces at key battles

Meuse-Argonne

o Germans held a 14-mile salient for four years on the M-A lines; it was well-defended and the Germans would fight for it much tougher than St. Mihiel o Not many maneuver opportunities due to the amount of opposing forces and the Argonne forest in the way o Most Allied divisions are inexperienced many had their first fight here o Combined arms did a poor job: artillery failed to take out German anti-tank guns, tanks went forward unsupported, infantry were on their own o Logistical issues again reared their head: concentration of 600,000 men on destroyed roads made it nearly impossible to supply the troops o After M-A: portable, wireless talking radios made their entrance into warfare

Battle of the Bulge

o Germans surprise the Americans but bad German supply/logistics prevent full exploitation of their initial success o Bastogne is Key Terrain because it controls major roads through the woods and ravines, so Bastogne is defended vigorously. Since Bastogne held, the Germans were forced to use side roads and tracks, slowing their advance Obstacles o Germans relied on bad weather to ground American air power. However, when the weather improved, the Americans stopped the German advance cold when Patton's 3rd Army arrived

Post-Civil War Reconstruction

o Government uses the Army to enforce its policies, even though it has been drastically reduced. o Military governments established in the South (Security issues KKK); assisted in the curbing of extremist violence o By the mid-1870's there was little interest in the North about what was going on in the South. In the end, a political deal is struck in 1877 that pulls the Army out of the South. o Q: re Legitimacy, was Reconstruction a complete success? No.

1862 Battle of Shiloh

o Grant has poor Security and the Rebels Surprise him (victory disease after his success at Forts Henry and Donelson o Grant keeps his nerve and is able to reset his defenses with the help of interior lines; the Rebels cannot Mass due to the Terrain o Grant receives reinforcements and is able to successfully counterattack the next day o Because Grant was surprised and suffered huge casualties, he is placed "on notice" by his superiors but not quite fired or sent home

Forts Henry and Donelson

o Grant maneuvers aggressively around the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, NOT the Mississippi o Tactical and Operational success by giving the Union a key foothold in the heart of the South o Strategic victory because it could be a springboard for future operations

Lee and Grant in the 1864 Overland Campaign

o Grant takes overall command of Union forces and decides on a strategy of constant attack; his plan is to engage in total war and to break the Confederate will to fight o Grant tells Meade: "Lee's army is your objective point. Wherever Lee goes, you will go also." o Initially, Grant does not get what he wants, but instead of retreating like McClellan he continues his offensive at heavy costs Lee loses the initiative and is unable to perform his preferred Offense-Defense methods o At Cold Harbor, the Union attempted a penetration that resulted in a bloody stalemate. Again, Grant simply picks up and continues to fight his way south o Grant decides to swing to the south of Richmond and besiege Petersburg. Although he hasn't crushed Lee yet, he continually wears down his forces by attrition Q: The Overland Campaign is an excellent example of Grant's use of "Policy" in the Trinity o At Petersburg, the Union attempted to dig a massive tunnel (The Crater) underneath the Confederate lines and blow it up. The Union achieved Surprise when the bomb blew up, but they did not achieve Mass or Exploitation, or Troops/Timing.

Solomon Islands Campaign

o Henderson Field - Key Terrain: key to air superiority - night op - radar employed, tech/ tactical/ terrain improvements o Japan loses LOCs, key islands, precious combat resources (pilots) o think airpower & defenses -> all about the airfield

1863 Battle & Campaign of Chancellorsville

o Hooker's initial plan was excellent: he maneuvered the bulk of his army around Lee's flank and put him in a difficult position o However, Hooker hesitates and opens the door for Lee. Displaying excellent Unity of Command, Lee divides his army, giving Stonewall Jackson a portion of his forces to envelope Hooker (Offense-Defense) o Despite the brilliant victory, Stonewall Jackson's death by friendly fire is a devastating blow for the Confederacy o Q: Evolution of night operations: Stony Point, Chancellorsville, General Wayne had to threaten his men with death; Stonewall Jackson killed by his own men; o Q: Communications, especially the telegraph, were not good during the Civil War

Manila

o Japanese forces fought to the last man o narrow streets and alleys, big concrete buildings, and several old Spanish forts which aided Japanese fanatical fighters o Japanese defenders also killed thousands of Filipinos during the battle o Japanese retreated to the mountains & fought there til the end of the war

Philippine Sea

o Japanese navy sent 9 carriers to thwart American advance in the Marianas o US 5th Fleet had good intelligence & is 15 carrier force (TF 58) awaited the Japanese Navy o Japanese initiated the battle with a series of mass carrier air strikes o TF 58's planes decimated Japanese plane formations o Aerial victory so lopsided it was nicknamed the Marianas Turkey Shoot o US Navy submarines also sunk 3 Japanese carriers

Battle of New Orleans

o Key Terrain b/c New Orleans is the mouth of the Mississippi o British try a western flanking march to Surprise the Americans, but failed. Next, they tried a frontal assault that turned into a massacre (bad Maneuver) o Chance: the fog lifted and exposed the British advance o Ultimately, the battle confirmed U.S. sovereignty o Jackson demonstrated great leadership

Modoc War

o Lava bed o tensions btw US and Modoc; forced to share reservation w/rival tribe o U.S. public opinion was against the war until the Modoc tribe murdered the US Army negotiators; public opinion drastically changed against the Modoc's, and then General Davis comes in. o Davis uses other Modoc's to persuade the Indians to surrender (Civilian Considerations).

Seven Days Battles (offensive, friction)

o Lee sensed McClellan's hesitation and sought to attack him as he crept up the James Peninsula toward Richmond o The Union wins tactical victories in every battle, but McClellan fails to follow up. Operationally/Strategically this is a huge success for the Confederates because McClellan falls back after every engagement o Q: Compare/Contrast Greene and McClellan's use of Caution at Guilford Courthouse and the Seven Days: Greene was reasonably cautious at Guilford and was successful, while McClellan was overly timid when he should've been more aggressive o McClellan's timidity plus Jackson's appearance to reinforce Lee force McClellan to end the campaign Richmond is saved, for now.

1863 Gettysburg Campaign & Battle

o Lee sought to relieve pressure on the South and perhaps garner a major victory that could capture Washington, D.C. and/or force the Union to sue for peace o Faulty communications between Lee and Jeb Stuart led to Lee marching blind into Pennsylvania with overstretched LOC's. o On Day 1, Lee pushes the Union troops out of the town but they fail to dislodge them from the high ground south of the town, Cemetery Ridge o On Day 2, Lee attempts to flank the Union positions to the south at the Peach Orchard and Little Round Top (key terrain) but fail (Chamberlain) o On Day 3, Lee attempts a frontal assault on the center of the Union line at Cemetery Ridge in Pickett's Charge. The frontal assault is totally exposed and the attack is a failure; the Confederates are forced to retreat across the Potomac. Penetration attempt that fails

Gilford Courthouse Campaign and Battle

o Lee with his light cavalry is buying time and providing security for Greene until he can get his defenses set. o Greene prepares his 1500 Continental and 3000 militia forces to face 1900 British troops o Greene pressed the attack and kept army moving o the terrain doesn't allow for a double envelopment and Greene doesn't need to o tactical victory for the British but a strategic loss

My Lai

o Lt. Calley given OCS slot because he had briefly attended military school as a teenager. Ranked 120/156 in his OCS class o Leadership failure at multiple levels, but mostly the Lieutenant level. It was a deliberate, methodical killing of civilians

MacArthur Bio; Fate in Korea

o MacArthur wanted to take the fight to China now that they were in the war, and he and Truman began to fall out o MacArthur publically disagreed with Truman on military policy o More than a simple disagreement, this was disobeying a direct order. Truman ends up firing MacArthur for this ethical violation reaffirms civilian control over the military

Inchon Landing

o MacArthur's plan is to launch an amphibious turning movement at the western Korean port o Surprise, Maneuver, Offensive, Security, timing o MacArthur accepted considerable risks (tide, weather, enemy forces, etc.) but the invasion was a complete success o MacArthur "beats Chance" virtually eliminates it, says professor

Operation Rolling Thunder

o Massive air campaign against North Vietnam that failed to compel the North Vietnamese to stop their military efforts in South Vietnam o Mass and Objective: failure; we did not have a clear objective/goal or enough firepower massed to compel them to stop anything o Center of Gravity: the air campaign did not hurt North Vietnam in a significant way; no real industry to cripple in the North; morale not seriously broken; North Vietnam got their supplies from China/Russia/South Vietnam anyway; logistics not really affected o Q: Which featured a poor assessment of the Enemy: a) British @ King's Mountain; b) Soviets in the Berlin Airlift; c) MacArthur in the Run to the North; d) U.S. in Operation Rolling Thunder All of the above o Guard Role in Vietnam: Very few Guardsmen were activated for the war; Guard not expanded; indeed, a sure-fire way to dodge the draft was to join the Guard

Battle of Cowpens

o Morgan using surprise and maneuver, put his militia out in front and had them fire two volleys and then fall back causing the British to charge into his regulars o caught the British in a double envelopment o Tarleton retreats after British suffer heavy casualties, leading to an American victory o METT-TC: - Mission: to stop British push north but also further deplete British forces - Enemy: partial infantry, cav, knew the style they would fight - Terrain: used the gentle slope to their advantage to conceal the soldiers so that they could surprise the enemy and conduct a double envelopment - Troops: routes Tarleton's forces - Timing: Patriot's were set earlier and had more time to prepare o KOCOA: - Concealment: used the hill to conceal the main force of the attack

1780 Battle of King's Mountain

o Mostly American vs. American (Tories on the British side) o "Turning point" battle which crushed Tory support for the British in the South o METT-TC: British set up poor defense exposed position on top of a hill (Terrain) made their position a turkey shoot for the Continentals o Different tactics than a conventional battle like Monmouth used locals to fight locals o Tarleton's brutal COIN tactics torpedoed any hope of Tory support among the civilian population. Tories actually switched sides and began fighting for Americans

Nez Perce War

o Mountain tribe o Nez Perce tribe ran effective dismounted operations; feints & envelopments o US too timid at times; too aggressive at others; but had an ally in Crow tribes o US prevails and sends tribe to reservations

Early 1900s Defense Acts

o National Guard: removed restrictions on terms of service (greater than 3 months now) and also allowed Guard units to be called into federal service to be sent overseas o Federal Reserve force gets its foot in the door: Medical Reserve Corps, ROTC, etc

OIF COIN Challenges

o OIF Phase IV Reconstruction Iraq is a majority-Shia country, but Saddam's regime was Sunni. The removal of Saddam raked up tensions that had been brewing for decades Language issues and cultural unawareness; a poor initial occupation plan = policy errors Bremer's policy that any former Saddam party (Ba'ath) member couldn't get a government job was disastrous everyone who knew anything about governance was in Saddam's regime, so there is now widespread incompetence COIN tactics were behind the times, and the U.S. was slow to embrace newer ideas like getting out of FOB's and interacting with the people

1863 Battles of Chickamauga/ Chattanooga (Missionary Ridge)

o Once again, Bragg's army is fractious and dysfunctional due to bad command relationships. o Rosencrans feints north of Chattanooga then swings south toward the Tennessee River o Railroads play a major role: Lee sends part of his army by rail with Longstreet to Tennessee to help in the Chickamauga campaign o At Chickamauga, George Thomas, "The Rock of Chickamauga," helped save the Union army via strong interior lines The key point here is that Bragg's bad command relationships came to a head and crippled him in the midst of the battle. By Day 2, they had the opportunity to crush the Union forces, but due to dissention and poor communications it didn't come off Q: Rosencrans had unity of command, but he violated Simplicity and Maneuver when a hole in his line was created bad Security Q: Compare dire situations: Washington at Monmouth, Thomas at Chickamauga, • Both had strong Unity of Command, both took the initiative, didn't win big victories, Washington had poor plans but Thomas' plans weren't bad (review notes) Again, the railroad plays a big part in the campaign. Union sends 25,000 reinforcements south to Tennessee to help break the siege o Missionary Ridge (1863) Grant's plan for a double envelopment on a strongly held Confederate hill turns into a penetration, and a victory

Task Force Smith

o Part of the 24th IN working in peace operations o US troops were not prepared to fight the KPA (Korean People's Army) - conventional o KPA had tanks from Soviets, but US troops did not have a lot of manpower or equipment o was overrun by Korean division w/30 tanks sustaining 50% casualties

Patton in Sicily

o Patton's 7th Army was the first U.S. independent command in the European theater, and he wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to outshine the British and Montgomery o Taking advantage of loosely worded orders, Patton moved aggressively north and west across the island with Surprise, Offensive, and Maneuver o Capture of Palermo shortened his LOC's toward Messina, but still couldn't prevent the Germans from escaping to Italy despite high U.S. losses o Omar Bradley felt that Patton unnecessarily wasted U.S. lives o Patton was dogged by the "slapping incident," where he slapped and cursed two soldiers who were apparently suffering from battle fatigue

St. Mihlel

o Pershing demanded a separate army in a separate sector (rejecting amalgamation into other Allied units) o This was relatively open Terrain that the Germans did not intend to defend heavily anyway. Regardless, it was an American victory in Pershing's first independent operation o Tanks had no radios inside them, so yet again communication was an issue

Blackstock's Farm

o Rash British attempt to overtake and overwhelm guerilla militia o Patriot militia leader GEN Thomas Sumter v. British LT COL Tarleton o ~ 1000 Patriot militia v. ~ British Legion o Sumter gets good local intell on how Tarleton's force is set up o Tarleton is too aggressive and his cavalry and mounted infantry leave his infantry, artillery, and baggage trains behind o Sumter uses skirmishers to provoke a dismounted attack, Tarleton's dismounts drive the skirmishers back to a concealed Patriot rifle position, Tarleton sends mounted forces to save dismounted forces at a high cost. o British cease attack and Patriots slip away in the night

Big 5 Weapons/ AirLand Battle

o Reaction to Vietnam and previous Army doctrine o If we fight Russia in Europe, you have to have the capability to hit their reinforcements in their rear rear, close, and deep battle o AirLand was similar to Blitzkrieg concepts, and tactical airpower was a component of both doctrines technology = airpower o Both Blitzkrieg and Airpower emphasized Maneuver, and relied upon leader initiative to take command decisions

Apache War

o SE Arizona and SW New Mexico desert fighting. Apaches were die-hards that would not accept living on a reservation o General Crook does well in the Apache Wars: he uses small, rugged units with loyal Apaches at the core of his forces (makes it an Apache-Apache struggle) o Q: Use METT-TC to compare the 4 Indian Wars: Indians did NOT all fight the same way; Sioux: great plains, Modoc's: lava beds, Nez Perce: Rockies, Apaches: Southwest desert; In the Nez Perce and Modoc the U.S. was not well prepared

Battle of Buena Vista

o Santa Anna tries to surprise Taylor after a long forced march o Terrain, Artillery, and Unity of Command Taylor uses mountainous Terrain to negate Santa Anna's attempt at an envelopment with his cavalry Taylor utilizes his mobile artillery well to even the numerical odds, and he displays poise and confidence under pressure Unity of Command

1864 Atlanta Campaign & March to the Sea

o Sherman has an army group at his disposal and is out to destroy the heart of the South and take Atlanta and Savannah o Sherman performs a series of turning movements over and over again due to his overwhelming advantage in men and materiel. o Jefferson Davis replaces Joe Johnston with Hood, whose reputation for brazenness speaks to the South's desperation o Like Grant, Sherman is a Union commander who is unafraid to commit his entire forces and accept large numbers of casualties o Ultimately, Atlanta falls and gives Lincoln the political victory he needs to win the 1864 election and see the war to its conclusion. At the fall of Atlanta, the South is assured defeat. o After Atlanta, Sherman embarks on his "March to the Sea." He lived off the land with no LOC, which enabled them to move quickly. They destroyed everything else. o Q: Re the Lieber Code, describe Sheridan, Sherman, and Wilson's actions... o Q: Which supports the Anaconda Plan directly? Vicksburg (Y); Savannah (Y), Mobile (Y), Atlanta (N)

Mission Command

o Six principles - build cohesive teams through mutual trust - create shared understanding - provide a clear commander's intent - exercise disciplined initiative - use mission orders (ends v. micro-management) - accept prudent risk

1813 Battle of Lake Erie and Thames

o Tecumseh cannot unify tribes - US AIMS/Strategies - Take Canada -Defeat Indian threat - End Royal Navy harassment on the high seas - Confirm sovereignty o Logistics for this war: atrocious o Key terrain: LOC for old northwest o weak British/ Indian defense & American surprise tactic: the British/ Indian force is outnumbers and somewhat demoralized due to the rapid retreat. The American mounted gunmen aren't really cavalry and the British assume they'll dismount to fight o The US wins and secures the Detroit Front theater

OIF Surge

o Temporary increase in troop strength before we leave for good. U.S. domestic pressure to leave remains in place o Sons of Iraq is essentially a local militia that we pay to fight the insurgents. Initially, there is a notable decrease in violence but it does NOT stop completely

Patton and M-4 tanks in France

o The American _____ Sherman tank is perfect for quick exploitation of maneuver in concert with tactical airpower, even if it was no match for German Panther tanks in one-on-one operations o offensive o Patton was successful and aggressive - Superiors did not reign him in, allowed him to continue taking the initiative o Patton used combined-arms and coordinated numerous turning movements to push Germans back

'Blitzkrieg Concept'

o The German general staff realized that multi-front, long wars were not the best strategy. They wanted short, combined-arms strikes that would knock out their opponents quickly "lightning war" o Similar concept to infiltration tactics of WW1: Utilized mission-oriented initiative as opposed to obedience to a rigid plan from higher Emphasized maneuver and tempo as opposed to pounding away Surround hard spots instead of hitting them directly o However, different from WW1 in the following ways: Utilized air superiority and airborne operations Utilized tanks and the full force of combined arms tanks were the salient to break through weak points and surround strong points Greatly improved communications Blitzkrieg could be tactical, but it was more of an operational concept. Hutier was strictly tactical

Jackson's 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign

o This campaign is a textbook example of Maneuver, Offensive, and Surprise. Jackson is intimately familiar with the Terrain and Area of Operations, the Shenandoah Valley o Jackson is able to separate and defeat three separate Union armies in detail poor Unity of Command on the part of the Union. Jackson's victories prevent the three Union armies from reinforcing McClellan on the Peninsular Campaign o Union command's use of the telegraph cripples their ability to react and seize the initiative

Vietnam COIN Challenges

o This is not simply an insurgency with only guerillas; North Vietnam was a hybrid enemy w/ 2 major components: Viet Cong - mostly local communists fighting a guerilla war NVA (North Vietnamese Army) - mostly conventional force o South Vietnam was a newly created country and was inherently unstable o COIN Problems Ho Chi Minh trail: vast network of supply that allowed the communists to continually sustain their effort. Went through Cambodia so we didn't try to interdict it very aggressively Language and Cultural Issues: not every native Vietnamese likes the American advisors, so intel was difficult to come by Tactical Focus: American advisors focused too much on the conventional side of the struggle Legitimacy: even good COIN efforts would draw the ire of the local government Green Berets would see success that would still backfire o Even though LBJ proclaims that he wants to stay out of Vietnam, he will not accept a communist Vietnam and is dishonest with the American people o War Aim & Strategy (1964-68) Bombing Enclaves Search & Destroy COIN? essentially they leave that to the South Vietnamese locals

1864 Early/Sheridan in the Shenandoah

o To once again try and relieve pressure on the South, Lee sends Jubal Early on a raid toward Washington. o Lee senses weak Union morale, and is trying to drag the misery out so that Lincoln can be defeated in the November elections. o Grant gives full command to Sheridan, who repulses Early and then devastates the Shenandoah Valley Sheridan was experienced and so were his troops. Sheridan uses combined arms (infantry, cavalry, and artillery) to good effect. o At the Battle of Cedar Creek, Early had initial success with a nighttime surprise attack. However, the Rebels were short on supplies and had to divert attention to secure food. While the Rebels are eating, Sheridan counterattacks and routs them. o Q: Both commanders and troops were experienced; Early encountered friction; Sheridan used his cavalry well and rallied his troops at Cedar Creek.

US Sub Campaign v. Japan

o US Navy built long-range submarines prior to the end of the war and improved them throughout o President Roosevelt envisioned using subs against Japanese commerce early in the war o Early focus was on screening, recon, and commando support ops for the fleet

Monterrey Campaign

o Use of Maneuver and Terrain: Taylor maneuvers around the city to avoid impregnable defenses such as high walls and a river Urban house-to-house fighting carries the day Taylor agrees to an armistice that President Polk voids; unhappy with Taylor, President Polk assigns the bulk of Taylor's forces to Winfield Scott. Santa Anna realizes that Taylor's army is smaller, so he decides to attack Taylor at...

Mexico City Campain

o Vera Cruz First amphibious invasion in U.S. history The plan was to land at Vera Cruz and move over rough Terrain to Mexico City essentially the same route as Cortez and the conquistadors. Dealt with brutal terrain, guerillas, and poor LOC's Well-planned operation, good logistics, and the Mexican resistance was not aggressive. Scott overcame friction here much better than the British at Charleston in 1776 o Cerro Gordo Santa Anna sends another force to stop Scott at Cerro Gordo Americans used mountainous Terrain for cover/concealment of artillery and successfully enveloped the Mexican forces, sent them fleeing to Mexico City o Contreras Santa Anna sets up stronger defenses at badlands terrain of Contreras; Robert E. Lee finds a way to flank through lava beds o Chapultepec Americans assault a castle fortification on the western anchor with a penetration attack that carried the day. o COIN Once in Mexico City, Scott did a nice job using local forces. He was also disciplined with his supplies, his plans and depots, and he worked well with the locals Scott also dealt adroitly with former insurgents and potential guerillas

Valley Forge

o suffering caused by poor distribution of supplies/food/clothing o 2500 die, not a lack of supply but poor logistics Von Stueben comes in from Prussia and reforms training - teaches 'Americanized' version of European drill/tactics & use of bayonet - becomes Washington's inspector general for training regulars

1863 Vicksburg Campaign

o Vicksburg is key terrain due to its strategic location on the Mississippi. The last section on the river that the South truly owns o The Mississippi is a huge part of the original Anaconda Plan o Vicksburg sits on high bluffs above a horseshoe bend in the river, a perfect defensive position o Grant initially was bogged down in the swamps north of Vicksburg. In spring, he marches through the drying bogs to reach the Union Navy, which picked up Grant to transport him south and east to Jackson. Grant then turns west and eventually forces the town's surrender on July 4. o Grant received logistical support from the Navy to execute a brilliant turning movement successful use of joint operations o Q: Compare to Yorktown Campaign: In both cases, the Army/Navy worked well together; at Yorktown, the French navy's critical contribution was the denial of supply and escape; at Vicksburg, the navy enabled supply and transport o Vicksburg campaign completes the Mississippi portion of the Anaconda Plan, but not the completion of the entire plan

1779 Battle of Stony Point

o Washington assign 'Mad Anthony' Wayne to lead regulars on a three-prong nighttime assault (diversionary element, and 2 to flank both sides) o Wayne ordered his men to conduct the assault w/o loaded muskets o Wayne was victorious, shocked the British and proved the trained Patriots could conduct complex attacks o Principles: security (discipline), economy of force, surprise, maneuver, mass, and offensive

Insurgency

o an organized, protracted politico-military struggle designed to weaken the control and legitimacy of an established government, occupying power, or other political authority while increasing insurgent control

'Artillery Conquers, Infantry Occupies'

o artillery tech outpaces infrastructure around it o IDF problem: - need forward observer to time and direct IDF; but there is no way to communicate from the front

Exterior Lines

o converge upon the enemy from outside bases o can create a multi-axis threat o longer lines b/t friendly forces = coordination/logistics challenges o pros: converge on the enemy, creates a multi-axis threat o cons: lines of communication/logistics are long, requires unity of command

Operation Market- Garden

o did not achieve the objective b/c Rhine River Bridge was not captured - was the most important to capture o achieved surprise o not a simple plan o high cost op

Interior Lines

o diverging lines from central base o shorter lines b/t friendly forces = easier coordination/supply o pros: lines of communication/logistics are short, more effective, easier to win a battle/campaign o cons: requires coordination, facing outside, multiple converging threats

St. Clair's Expedition/ 1792 Militia Acts/ Wayne's Expedition

o fails due to poor training and discipline o authorized the president to call out the militia for insurrections, disorder, invasions, etc. o enrollment of "every able-bodied white male citizen" between 18 - 45 o organization into individual state units o fell short in may ways - militiamen provided own 'arms, munitions, and other accouterments' - no federal standard of training and no standard arms - no federal means of enforcement - no provision for deployment outside the US - limited active service ( 3 months/ yr max) o more regulars than volunteers -> improved training and troops o combined arms - infantry, cavalry, artillery o was successful

Union African-American Soldiers

o first time African Americans served formally in the US Army o mostly segregated units with white officers (54th Mass)

Arracourt

o good example of combined-arms tactics o American armor divisions had 3 subordinate combat commands which the division commander could feed units & weapons as need to enhance tactical flexibility o COL Bruce Clack provoked a counterattack from German Panther tanks o American commanders took initiative and aggressively used combined-arms - tanks, self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers and airplanes - used rolling farm land as cover and concealment - maneuvered to hit Panthers from weaker sides and rear sections - Artillery and CAS struck Panthers in other directions o Armor doctrine envisioned rapid movement in open country and discouraged slugfest in urban or close terrain

Tarawa

o hotly contested due to airfield o terrain: - unknown reefs; naval guns w/flat trajectory - should have used other islands o commo: - didn't use Marines to direct fire - bad ship to shore commo o US success at a high cost

1777 Saratoga Campaign

o interior v. exterior lines: British exterior line campaign that fails - unity of command o Burgoyne/ Howe disconnect o Strategic impact: French decide to join American cause, boosts Patriot morale, snuffs a serious threat to NY & NE

Guerilla Warfare

o military or paramilitary unconventional combat operations - ambushes, subversion, raids, robberies, assassinations,sabotage, spying, and rescue - conducted against enemy control by irregular, indigenous forces or an army's special forces -> (often associated with insurgency because insurgent rebels often lack the force to fight government power directly)

Bragg's 1862 Kentucky Campaign (+Perryville)

o part of the offensive-defensive strategy o Bragg thought that there would be more support for their cause in KY, heads north - friction - not well coordinated, weak LOC o Bragg bumped into northern forces in Perryville, Bragg was poor maneuvering and was forced back into the south

1780-81 Southern Guerilla War/ COIN

o perseverance, restraint, and legitimacy on both sides - Patriot: winning small fights, so as seen legitimate by populace in turn the populace provide Patriots with intel - British: troops and Tories were unrestrained, practiced bad polices - force imprisonment and taking supplies from the locals hurting their legitimacy - Tarleton lacks perseverance, burns both rebel and Tory barns

Pusan Perimeter

o southern deep water port and is both a CoG and key terrain o North Korea had exterior lines and had to move forces futher to mass attacks o UN Commander Walton Walker shifted forces quickly via interior lines to parry North Korean attacks o as MacArthur gets pushed further south, his LOCs get shorter and he maintains port, so he is able to resupply o North Koreans overstretched their LOCs, allowed US a bit of a break o allowed US good economy of force and helped MacArthur mass forces at Inchon

Andrew Jackson's 1813-1814 Creek War Campaign

o summer of 1813 Creeks too a warpath massacring over 500 men, women, and children, Jackson assembles troops & moves almost too quickly in to MI territory dangerous extending LOCs o Logistical challenge - maintain the initiative and keep driving - always on the attack - uses the regulars to threaten the militia and vice versa o leadership - objective is to end Red Stix resistance - offensive: always on the attack o Jackson is extremely aggressive and he's running through his supplies. However he gains support from the governor, gets logistics sorted out, and plans maneuver o defeats the creeks

Campaign/ Battle of Midway

o timing was crucial; Japan getting conflicting info on US position o Japanese Naval Commander hesitated in arming planes; left them exposed on the desk of a carrier o objective - American pilots continue to search for Japanese carriers, despite fuel restrictions o timing and chance - led to US planes getting a free shot at the exposed Japanese planes o Tactical, Operational, & Strategic victory for the US

Wilson's Raid/ Lieber Code

o well organized, experienced, and flexible force. Overcame most of the Army's Combined Arms Challenges o Destructive Raids aimed at centers of industry and civilians o used mounted forces o General Order 100; results of POW camps o precursor to formal international laws of war o Forbade wanton destruction of enemy property and mistreatment of civilians/POW o Article 15 (military necessity) justified Sherman and Wilson

Sumter and Marion

o worked north & center SC and lead his troops with great charisma that nearly got him captured twice and too aggressive for a guerrila leader o work in east SC achieved charisma through results, he using the woods, swamps, and bayous to his advantage - he didn't make his men sign enlistments but trusted them to come back

unity of command

requires one responsible commander

offensive

seize, retain, and exploit the initiative