Online World History First Semester Final Exam Review Guide

Frederick II

"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

Louis XIV

"the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles; engaged in efforts to increase his power by taking attacking Huguenots and engaging in wars to acquire more territory and power

Karl Marx

-wanted government run by the workers of industries, had a following (Marxist), saw communism as the end result of an essential historical process

Benefits of the railroad in England

1. Allowed cheap transport of materials and products 2. Created many new jobs for people 3. It increased England's agricultural and fishing industries 4. It made travel much easier

Steps in the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question 2. State your Hypothesis 3. Identify and Control Variables 4. Conduct Experiment to test Hypothesis 5. Collect, Record, and Interpret your Data 6. State your Conclusion 7. Do repeated trials

Napoleon's peacetime accomplishments

1. Set up efficient tax collection 2. Established banking system 3. Tried to end political corruption 4. Set up public schools for males. Upon graduating got government jobs on merit 5. Improved country debt by selling Louisiana purchase to Thomas Jefferson for 15 million.

Order of civil conflicts in England

1.King Charles in 1637 tried to force the Presbyterian Scotts to accept the Anglican prayer book. 2. He wanted both of his kingdoms to follow one religion 3. Scotts rebelled 4.Charles needed army 5.Parliament passed laws to limit royal power 6.Charles tried to arrest members of parliament 7.Civil War broke out

Stamp Act

A British law that taxed printed goods: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. in the American colonies

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer. French scientist who linked germs to disease and developed a pasteurization process to kill germs.

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.

The Wealth of Nations

A book published by Adam Smith in 1776. Insisted that individual self-interest, even greed, was compatible with society's best interests. Claimed an "invisible hand" of supply and demand naturally brought both interests in line.

Spinning mule

A machine powered by water that could spin many threads at one time.

Renaissance Man

A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.

Entrepreneur

A person who risks time and money to start and manage a business

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically and created a more reliable food source.

Founding of the Jesuits

A turning point in history of Christianity which resulted from an attempt by the Catholic church to revitalize and reshape their emphasis on missions

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Democratic reform in Great Britain

Almost all adult males in Britain could vote. Parliament also made votes take place by secret ballot.

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

Prince Henry of Portugal

An early 15th-century explorer, Henry "the Navigator" sought to increase the power of Portugal by seeking trade routes to the East by way of Africa

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Utilitarianism

An ethical system stating that the greatest good for the greatest number should be the overriding concern of decision makers

Plebiscite

Ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue

First area to undergo industrialization

Britain

Australia as a colony

Britain began colonizing Australia in 1788 with convicted criminals. The prisons in England were severely overcrowded. To solve this problem, the British government established a penal colony in Australia. A penal colony was a place where convicts were sent to serve their sentences.

How did Britain keep industrial secrets from the United States

Britain forbid engineers, mechanics and toolmakers from leaving Britain

Queen Victoria

British Queen under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Dutch East India Company

Company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Acted as an independent government in the regions it claimed. Similar to the British East India Company.

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain the motion of the universe.

Succession of rulers after Henry VIII

Edward VI, Mary Elizabeth

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Florence, Italy

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

Third Estate

Group of the Estates-General that was made up of the peasants and commoners and made up about 97% of the population (80% of them being peasants)

Great Famine

In 1840's Ireland's potatoes were diseased or taken to England. In the famine that followed about a million people died from starvation and disease and 1.5 million fled to other countries. Meanwhile, the British forced the Irish to pay their rents. Many lost their land, and resentment against England grew even stronger

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Printing press

Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; It changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

The War of Austrian Succession

Involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg

First Russian ruler to use the title of czar

Ivan the Terrible

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia reduced torture and allowed free press, he allowed religious differences and welcomed victims of religious persecution, in the end, he desired a stronger monarchy and more power for himself.

Factors of production

Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Leadership in France after Napoleon

Louis XVIII until 1824 King Charles X Louis-Philippe 1848 people elected Louis Napoleon nephew of Napoleon president

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of 95 arguments against the practice of indulgences, written in 1517.It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany and is seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Collective bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Only country to allow women to vote before 1900

New Zealand

Maximilien Robespierre

Played a large part in the French Revolution with the reign of terror and the beheadings

First European country to import enslaved Africans

Portugal

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope

Definition of "Renaissance"

Rebirth The cultural rebirth that took place in Europe

Bastille Day

Rumors started (saying that foreign troops were coming to Paris to massacre French citizens) People began to gather weapons in order to defend the city against attack. A mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison. The mob overwhelmed the guard and seized control of the building, starting the French revolution.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. If you buy it- all sins relieved

Montesquieu influence on American government

Separation of powers also called checks and balances. Three branches of government

Patron

Someone who gives money or other support to a person or group, A supporter of the arts

Francisco Pizarro

Spaish Explorer who conquered the Incas and Peru

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Maria Theresa

The first woman to rule Hapsburg lands

Divine Right

The idea that monarchs are chosen by God to be his representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God

War of Spanish Succession

The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power.

Peter the Great

This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe

Thirty Years' War

This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe. (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.Ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Line of Demarcation

This was the line drawn by Pope Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America in Treaty of Tordesillas.

English Bill of Rights

Written to make clear the powers of England's monarchy. King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy listing drafted a list of things that they could not do like no taxing without permission from Parliament, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Encomienda

a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Reign of Terror

a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Captain Cook

famous English​ explorer who explored New Zealand, Australia, and New Guinea

Laissez-faire policy

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and business

Heliocentric theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Chartist Movement

the movement where members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including voting rights for all men

Battle of Trafalgar

the only major battle that Napoleon Bonaparte lost in his drive for a European empire; it was a naval defeat that was more important than any of Napoleon Bonaparte's land victories

Scorched-earth policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Water frame

used water power from running streams to drive spinning wheels and increased energy to run factories