Oppression, Exam 1
5 faces of oppression
EMPCV 1.exploitation 2. marginalize 3. powerlessness 4. cultural imperialism 5. violence
which of the following is not a requirement in order to have a real group difference
implicit diferences
compared to old racism, modern racism is?(3)
implicit, symbolic, political
kind of prejudice that social identity theory predicts
in-group love
The article "No Equal Justice" illustractses what about oppression in the justice system
it is nearly impossible to do anything about inequality through legal system
angela is constantly denied employment because she poses a physical disability. Which of the 5 faces of oppression does her situation represent?
marginalization
Which of the following accurately captures the difference between medical and social model of disability?
medical: disability something to be treated (essentialist) social: disability must be accommodated for by society (constructionist)
the components of stereotypes are...
1. contemptuous - low competence and low warmth 2. paternalistic - low competence and high warmth 3. envious - high competence and low warmth 4. admiration - high competence/high warmth - ingroup/dominant give examples of each
in structural discrimination, discrimination occurs...(3)
1. btwn institutions 2. in many/every area by society rather than individual people 3. meastatsizes to other organization
which following statements reflects relationship between employee wages relative to corporation profits
negative relationship corporation profits increase...employee wages decrease
which of the following statements best reflects the way in which disability is socially constructed ?
people are disabled by society's lack of accommodations rather their physical attributes
the point Frye's distinction of oppression from misery is to illustrate which of the following:
people can suffer (Be miserable) w/o being oppressed
________ and __________ are internal processes within the Social Identity theory model
social categorization->in-group v. outgrip social comparison --> positive distinctiveness
The value that employees contribute to an organization that they are not paid is called...?
surplus value: profit made by organization
what dilemma led to discover of modern racism
surveys that don't appear to equal the actual discrimination statistics
hypocrisy of meritocracy
system designed to benefit those who are operators of it
meritocracy
system of choosing people to reward based on their achievements, or proving yourself through merit.
compared to individual and interpersonal discrimination, institutional/organization discrimination is ...(2)
systemic + pervasive
The idea that tests are used to privilege certain class of people
testocracy
the idea that liability is socially constructed suggests what about disability?
that people aren't inherently disabled but that society privileges some disabilities/abilities over others
what do race, sex, homosexuality have in common
there are bio influences behind them AND people have essentialists perspectives
the idea of sexual orientation being similar in race and sex but dissimilar in ethnicity and gender in that it...
there is at least some bio basis to it (essentialist perspective)
Concept of racial ambivalence implies what about whites attitudes toward minorities?
they are divided and not necessarily negative...both positive and negative ideas exist
which of following does not match the social identity theory?
It is largely European in context It reflects a larger critique of the US. Europeans had a problem with US psychology being individualistic/rugged individualism. Human behavior is very communally and socially influenced. It distinguishes between necessary vs. sufficient causes What is absolutely necessary? Social Identities vs. Personal Identities When we identify ourselves we tend to say "unique" things (favorite color or skills vs. less unique traits like having eyes), but this requires us to compare ourselves to others. You need others to determine your identity. Personal IDs are just a space for social identities to exist.
example of redlining
bank denying people in minority communities not only accesses to home mortgage but also access to home repair lines
door opening ritual by Frye is what "ism"
benevolent sexism
which of the following best explains the typical difference between males and females?
"deceptive distinctions": differences between the two that are thought to be due to gender but are instead due to something else there is more variation w/in groups than between
the course instructor's critique of Frye's door opening illustration is...
-differnece between necessary and sufficient accusing someone of having TB when they were simply coughing reality: TB has many other symptoms in addition to coughing coughing does not = TB TB example = metaphor of prejudice Prejudice is sufficient cause but not necessary cause for door opening ritually... intention is not important...implications for this is prejudice, bias, et.
which of statements is correct concerning how essentialists and constructionist perspectives differ in fight against homophobia?
-essentialists: you can't discriminate because LGBTQ don't have choice - due to genetics, giving gays these rights won't lead non-gays to become queer -constructionsists: should not matter if it is genetic or nah... sexual preference is on a continuum...this fights homophobia by stating that in a non-stigma culture, there is a range of homosexuality so it is normal
which of following facts suggests that standardized tests are NOT good aptitude test? (2)
1. The scores do not correlate with any actual indicators of success 2. Only predicts how 2.7% of people will do in college
why did southern homestead act fail to aid newly emancipated slaves +++
1. allow all persons who are applied for land to swear they had noot taken up arms against Union/help enemy --> allow white applicants 2. most land = swampland; hard for people to make necessary homestead requirements...couldnt make money off land 3. blacks had to face extra burden: being faced w/ racial prejudice along with charging of illegal feels
In "How Jews became white", the GI bill was referred to as the greatest form of Affirmative Action because...
1. created to devo labor-force skills/to provide those who had them with a lifestyle that reflected their value to the economy 2. affirmative action because it was aimed at and disproportionately helped euro-origins GI's 3. disproportionately gave post-war opps to already educated white men over people of color/women 4. provide opps for jews to move up social ladder in housing,edu ect...allowed jews to be incorporated as "White"
rather than displaying outright hostility, modern racists display through
1. denial/minimizing resist policies benefitting minorities/women claim they don't like certain characteristics not the racial group itself (e.g. they don't like lazy people but that has nothing to do wth black people (it just happens that black people are lazy (according to his example)
purpose of bird cage analogy (3)
1. depicts systemic nature of oppression 2. shows all systems are independent parts- wires run across each other in different ways 3. myopic vision
which statement best reflects manifestation of oppression in health care
1. difficult for women/minorities to rise up; they get treated differently by health care providers 2. connects to all other forms oppression, e.g. housing, edu, employment, criminal justice 3. less grants given men, so less research being done on women...
the 3 main structures (institutions of upward mobility) within structural of discrimination are: (3)
1. edu 2. employment 3. housing
The purpose of the door opening ritual for Frye is to illustrate
1. lack of effort provided in helping and the illicit assumption of incompetence 2.sexism can be unconscious --> something that may be seen as a nice act (opening door) is actually expressing the idea that women are inferior
3 arguments that race is socially constructed
1. naming 2. dichotomizing 3. stigmatizing there is no consistent overlap traits are not exclusive traits = continuous ...no reliable scientific measure of race, so we make the groups for socially expedient reasons
Which of the following is not one of the 4 types of stereotypes suggested by stereotype content model
1. paternalistic 2. admiration 3. envious 4. contemptuous
paradox of meritocracy refers to..
1. pursuit of meritocracy triggers bias 2. those who think they are OBJECTIVE can actually exhibit the most bias in their eval. ex: when companies emphasize meritocratic ideas they are doing it to make their employees believe they are impartial which created conditios under with implict/explicit bias occur
which is NOT core believe of modern racism
1. racism is in past 2. blacks have gotten more than they deserve 3. lack of progress is result of lack of hard work 4. blacks are demanding too much too fast
social constructionism means what ? (3)
1. reality NOT separated from the way that a culture makes sense of it 2. group differences are created through social processes: create, determine importance, and assign meaning to these differences 3. no bio factors, only societal conventions
essentialism means what ?
1. reality exists independent of our perception of it 2. items in categories share essential qualities 3. these categories identify verifiable essential differences 4. mutually exclusivity - things that one category has that the other doesn't 5. entirely biologically determined (what causes group to be different)
what is redlining
1. refuse loan/insurance to someone because they live in area deemed to be poor financial risk 2. limiting areas of real estate to certain racial groups based on % of people already living in that area that meet the racial requirements
1991 & 1992 federal reserve studies on home loans illustrates what about discrimination in real estate?
1. reported widespread systematic pattern of institution in the nation's banking system 2. disproportionate mortgage denial rates for blacks have little if an relation to neighborhood or income 3. effect: study's result's portray an america where credit is a privilege of race and wealth, not a function of ability to pay back a loan
which of the following is representative of an essentialist view of homosexuality?
1. sexuality is entirely dependent on bio 2. one's sexual orientation is unchangeable "essence" (rather than socially constructed) 3. gays can't help being queer 4. we are born with sexual preference
which of the following is not a challenge to the notion that racial groups are real?
1. social constructionist views 2. "race" skin color is on a spectrum 3. no scientific way to classify people into groups 4. traits overlap/ 5. traits are not exclusive
what are the inputs into racial ambivalence attitudes
1. sympathy over empathy leads to pity 2. rugged invidivualism 3. egalitarian/humanitarian 4. protestant wirk Ethic
in terms of context, what is the main difference between racial ambivalence and modern symbolic racism approach
1. this time they did not set out to create model on racism 2. racial ambivalence: allowed for possibility that not all whites were racist to blacks 3. wanted to look at racial atitidutes of whites
Which of the following is not an antecedent of oppression?
3 P's - power, profit, pleasure
which of the following best reflects the ratio of CEO to average worker pay
CEO earns 331 x more
51. According to Social Identity theory, which of the following is a major input to the social identity process?
Existence of groups, group salience, distinctiveness, perceived threat to identity He says the causes of SIT are level of group identification, group membership, and social context; are these different from the inputs? I think that the causes are the same thing as the inputs, but I'm also not sure→ I think so too Group identification= group salience Group membership= existence of groups? Social context= perceived threat→ how you perceive a group depends on the situation you are in
according to Marylyn Fry, the concept of oppression can be illustrated by the word "press" which has 3 aspects:
MIR Mold Immobilize Reduce
jim scores high on benevolence sexism, means he is more likely to..
Not endorse violence but victim blame Score highly on hostile sexism, because BS and HS have been found to be correlated
where as disgust _______ ________, pit _______ _________
active = more likely to receive harmful treatment passive - more likely to receive facilitative treatment disgust (passive/facilitative) pity (active/harmful)
The fact that people magazine only seems to recognize the 50 most beautiful people those who have western Eurocentric features reflects which of the 5 faces of oppression
cultural imperialism
benevolent sexism form of ambivalence because...
deviate from 3 basic assumptions can lead to an opposite response (i.e. hostile sexism) It pretends to be kind and positive, but it really has extremely negative associations Double edged sword Views women as favorable but at the same time portrays the idea that women are inferior and need men's protection
difference between diagnostic and aptitude test
diagnostic-what u currently know aptitude- tests your future performance
neighborhood affluence gap
difference in income required by racial minorities to live in same neighborhood as whites with lower incomes
paul krugman, income inequality si a result of ..?
distribution of power
belief that groups are real
essentialism
where as essentialists ask ___________, social constructionists ask what?
essentialists: what causes group to be difference? what are the consequences of the group difference? social constructionists: what are the ORIGINS and CONSEQUENCES of the categorization system
which of the following was not identified as an "input" in social identity theory
existence of groups, group salience, distinctiveness, perceived threat to identity
what do ethnicity, gender, LGBTQ have in common
have some elements of being socially constructed and there are social constructivists arguments for them
The fact that Black Americans who are of middle to high SES (socioeconomic status) have a disproportionate number of health issues to both White Americans and Africans reflects what?
health is not necessarily directly related to access to health care
stereotypes that most hold about elderly
high warmth low competence
match the type of stereotype with the emotional outcome
high warmth and high competence = pride and envy high warmth and low competence = pity and disgust
if bill has ambivalent feelings about blacks, he is likely to eval. black candidates based on ...
perceived adherence to rugged imdivid. ...eval positively if they adhere If the candidate appears positive, then the response will be extremely positive, but if the candidate appears negative, then the response will be extremely negative Either very highly or very poorly (ambivalence amplification)
inputs causes of stereotypes
perceptions of status of the group perceptions of competitiveness of group
What is main criticism of modern racism appraoch
pigeon holing all white people to me racismt and men to be sexist just because people reject policies that benefit certain group does not mean racist
_________________ is a good example of ________________ in the word "press"
pressing a suit is a good example of molding glass ceiling is a good example of immobilizing
practice of real estate agent of only showing certain areas of housing to only certain racial groups is called?
redlining
which of following facts establishes an oppressive link between housing and edu
schools are funded by taxes of a community, therefore wealthier neighborhoods have better schools
according to stereotype content model, stereotypes are characterized by two dimensions
warmth competence
Black escalation effect
when a student has multiple infractions, negative racial stereotypes are more likely to kick in. Teachers are more likely to see the infractions of black students as fitting into a larger pattern of bad behavior.