organic vs inorganic chemistry

most sugars usually end in

-ose

An amino acid consigns of a central carbon atom and

1 carboxyl group (COOH), 1 amino group(NH2), 1 hydrogen atom, and 1 aidan chain( R- which isn't different in each amino acid)

carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio

1:2:1

How many common amino acids are there?

20

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

4 main types of organic compounds

what allows water to travel from the ground to the leaves of a tree

Adhesion (uses capillary action)

the formula for glucose is

C6H12O6

An important inorganic compound is

H20

Where are proteins found?

Proteins are found throughout livings organisms. Proteins make up muscle, bones, hormones(insulin), antibodies(protect us against disease) and enzymes(allows chemical reactions).

Hydroxyl group

R-OH

what's does a RNA nucleotide look like?

Repeating units of RNA nucleotides. Only one chain of bases (doesn't need NOT form a double helix)

Water is known as the _________ _______ because many things can be dissolved in water

Universal Solvent

What is adhesive to many substances? (property of adhesion allows water to dissolve many substances)

Water

organic compound

a compound that contains the element carbon

what makes something inorganic?

a compound that doesn't contain carbon. exceptions: carbon dioxide environmental and calcium carbonate

polyunsaturated fats

a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double or triple bond

polypeptide (polymer)

a long chain of amino acid an that form as a result of dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

a process that bonds smaller molecules(monomers) together by removing H2O

disaccharide/ polysaccharide is broken down into simple sugars by

adding H2O

examples of purine

adenine and guanine

Why is water so important to living organisms?

all living organisms need water to survive and 65% of your body is water

What makes something organic?

always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen, and may contain nitrogen and oxygen

what are proteins made out of of?

amino acids(monomer)

the bond forms between the

amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

carbohydrate

an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

lipid

an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Hydrophobic

any substance that does not have an affinity for water or it is "repelled" by water *ex) oil/fats

hydrophilic

any substance that has an affinity or is "attracted" to a water molecule *ex)food coloring

all proteins are usually made up of

at least one polypeptide chain...Usually hundreds of polypeptide chains folded and coiled into specifics conformations

carbon atoms like to

bond with other carbon atoms and form chains *ex) C-C-C-C-C

nucleic acids are compounds that contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Polysaccharides used for structural molecules

cellulose(indigestible fiber in plants), chitin( hard shell on insects), Peptidoglycan(gives support to cell walls in bacteria)

fatty acid

chain of carbon atoms which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is also present

diets high in saturated fats tend to increase

cholesterol levels, increasing the risk for strokes and heart attacks

organic compounds are

complex and large

most organic compounds have

covalent bonds and form non-polar molecules

examples of pyrimidine

cytosine, thymine and uracil

2 amino acids can be bonded together by

dehydration synthesis

DNA and RNA work together to control the

development and activisties of ALL cells in a organism

the resulting molecule is a

dipeptide or a polypeptide

non-polar

equal distribution of charge in a molecule

saturated fat

fats that are formed from fatty acids that have single to single carbon bonds

examples of lipids

fats, oil, waxes

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. RNA isn't responsible for protein synthesis(making proteins)

Carbon has the ability to make _____ bonds

four

examples of monosachharides

glucose, fructose, galactose * all have the formula C6H12O6

pyrimidine

has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H+ from solution, which explains the term nitrogenous base)

proteins vary extensively

in structure, each protein having a unique 3D shape

DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid)

is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is the hereditary information passed from parents to offspring

proteins are very

large and complex

the process of dehydration synthesis forms

larger moleculers called macromolecules or polymers

purine

larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

How do you tell the difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid?

less oxygen atoms in lipids than in carbohydrates

lipids are_____________________in H2O because_____________

lipids are insoluble in H2O because they are non-polar (hydrophobic)

function of lipids

lipids are part of a cell structure and serve as reserve energy supply; insulation also acts like a protective coating

examples of unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature, olive oil and cod liver oil

most organic compounds occur naturally only in

living organisms or their byproducts

what does DNA look like?

long chain of repeating units called nucleotides. Two chains twist together to form a double helix (twisted ladder formation)

polysacchride

many simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunits *they are polymers*

glycosidic bond

name of the bond that holds monosaccharides together when forming a disaccharide/ polysaccharide

mono means

one

polar molecule

one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end

unsaturated fat

one pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond/ triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat

complementary bases

only adenine and thymine pair up with one another. Only guanine and cytosine pair up without one another. Two bases that pair together. A is complementary to T and C is complementary to G.

sugar(from a plant) and oil (from a plant) are examples of

organic compounds

isomer

organic molecules that have the same chemical(molecular) formula but a different structural formula(arrangement of atoms)

what makes up a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base; adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

What makes up a RNA nucleotide?

phosphate group, sugar (ribose), nitrogenous bases; adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

unsaturated fats tend to be from

plants and fish

the two families of nitrogenous bases are

pyrimidines and purmines

carbon chains can form

rings and branches

fats from animals tend to be

saturated fats

saturated fat examples

solid at room temperature; butter and lard

A human has ten of thousands of different proteins, each with a

specific structure and function.(shape determines structure)

Energy storage polysaccharides

starch (plants store glucose as starch), Glycogen (animals store glycogen in the liver: insulin helps to convert glucose that we eat into glycogen to store in the liver for later use)

examples of sugar that do not end in -ose

starch, glycogen

Adhesion

the attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance

peptide bond

the bond between two amino acids

amino acid(monomer)

the buliding blocks of proteins

a molecule of fat is formed by

the dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

cohesion

the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance *it is cohesion that explains why a drop of water holds together*

disaccharide

the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

the reversal of dehydration synthesis. Therefore, it is the breaking up of macromolecues into smaller subunits by adding water

Monosaccharide

the simplest carbohydrate "simple sugar" * the building blocks of carbohydrates*

sugars are important because

they contain large amounts of energy. Nearly all living organisms use glucose for energy. Sugars can be used for cellular structural support in an organism

Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula but can be different molecules because

they have different structural formulas

poly means

three or more

di means

two

size and variety of these compounds are

unlimited

proteins

very large complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some contain sulfur and phosphorus as well.

water molecules attract to each other because

water molecules have a positive end and a negative end

polarity

when a molecule has an unequal distribution of charge