organic vs inorganic chemistry
most sugars usually end in
-ose
An amino acid consigns of a central carbon atom and
1 carboxyl group (COOH), 1 amino group(NH2), 1 hydrogen atom, and 1 aidan chain( R- which isn't different in each amino acid)
carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio
1:2:1
How many common amino acids are there?
20
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
4 main types of organic compounds
what allows water to travel from the ground to the leaves of a tree
Adhesion (uses capillary action)
the formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
An important inorganic compound is
H20
Where are proteins found?
Proteins are found throughout livings organisms. Proteins make up muscle, bones, hormones(insulin), antibodies(protect us against disease) and enzymes(allows chemical reactions).
Hydroxyl group
R-OH
what's does a RNA nucleotide look like?
Repeating units of RNA nucleotides. Only one chain of bases (doesn't need NOT form a double helix)
Water is known as the _________ _______ because many things can be dissolved in water
Universal Solvent
What is adhesive to many substances? (property of adhesion allows water to dissolve many substances)
Water
organic compound
a compound that contains the element carbon
what makes something inorganic?
a compound that doesn't contain carbon. exceptions: carbon dioxide environmental and calcium carbonate
polyunsaturated fats
a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double or triple bond
polypeptide (polymer)
a long chain of amino acid an that form as a result of dehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis
a process that bonds smaller molecules(monomers) together by removing H2O
disaccharide/ polysaccharide is broken down into simple sugars by
adding H2O
examples of purine
adenine and guanine
Why is water so important to living organisms?
all living organisms need water to survive and 65% of your body is water
What makes something organic?
always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen, and may contain nitrogen and oxygen
what are proteins made out of of?
amino acids(monomer)
the bond forms between the
amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
carbohydrate
an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
lipid
an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Hydrophobic
any substance that does not have an affinity for water or it is "repelled" by water *ex) oil/fats
hydrophilic
any substance that has an affinity or is "attracted" to a water molecule *ex)food coloring
all proteins are usually made up of
at least one polypeptide chain...Usually hundreds of polypeptide chains folded and coiled into specifics conformations
carbon atoms like to
bond with other carbon atoms and form chains *ex) C-C-C-C-C
nucleic acids are compounds that contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Polysaccharides used for structural molecules
cellulose(indigestible fiber in plants), chitin( hard shell on insects), Peptidoglycan(gives support to cell walls in bacteria)
fatty acid
chain of carbon atoms which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is also present
diets high in saturated fats tend to increase
cholesterol levels, increasing the risk for strokes and heart attacks
organic compounds are
complex and large
most organic compounds have
covalent bonds and form non-polar molecules
examples of pyrimidine
cytosine, thymine and uracil
2 amino acids can be bonded together by
dehydration synthesis
DNA and RNA work together to control the
development and activisties of ALL cells in a organism
the resulting molecule is a
dipeptide or a polypeptide
non-polar
equal distribution of charge in a molecule
saturated fat
fats that are formed from fatty acids that have single to single carbon bonds
examples of lipids
fats, oil, waxes
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. RNA isn't responsible for protein synthesis(making proteins)
Carbon has the ability to make _____ bonds
four
examples of monosachharides
glucose, fructose, galactose * all have the formula C6H12O6
pyrimidine
has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H+ from solution, which explains the term nitrogenous base)
proteins vary extensively
in structure, each protein having a unique 3D shape
DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid)
is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is the hereditary information passed from parents to offspring
proteins are very
large and complex
the process of dehydration synthesis forms
larger moleculers called macromolecules or polymers
purine
larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
How do you tell the difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid?
less oxygen atoms in lipids than in carbohydrates
lipids are_____________________in H2O because_____________
lipids are insoluble in H2O because they are non-polar (hydrophobic)
function of lipids
lipids are part of a cell structure and serve as reserve energy supply; insulation also acts like a protective coating
examples of unsaturated fats
liquid at room temperature, olive oil and cod liver oil
most organic compounds occur naturally only in
living organisms or their byproducts
what does DNA look like?
long chain of repeating units called nucleotides. Two chains twist together to form a double helix (twisted ladder formation)
polysacchride
many simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunits *they are polymers*
glycosidic bond
name of the bond that holds monosaccharides together when forming a disaccharide/ polysaccharide
mono means
one
polar molecule
one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end
unsaturated fat
one pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond/ triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat
complementary bases
only adenine and thymine pair up with one another. Only guanine and cytosine pair up without one another. Two bases that pair together. A is complementary to T and C is complementary to G.
sugar(from a plant) and oil (from a plant) are examples of
organic compounds
isomer
organic molecules that have the same chemical(molecular) formula but a different structural formula(arrangement of atoms)
what makes up a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base; adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
What makes up a RNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar (ribose), nitrogenous bases; adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine
unsaturated fats tend to be from
plants and fish
the two families of nitrogenous bases are
pyrimidines and purmines
carbon chains can form
rings and branches
fats from animals tend to be
saturated fats
saturated fat examples
solid at room temperature; butter and lard
A human has ten of thousands of different proteins, each with a
specific structure and function.(shape determines structure)
Energy storage polysaccharides
starch (plants store glucose as starch), Glycogen (animals store glycogen in the liver: insulin helps to convert glucose that we eat into glycogen to store in the liver for later use)
examples of sugar that do not end in -ose
starch, glycogen
Adhesion
the attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance
peptide bond
the bond between two amino acids
amino acid(monomer)
the buliding blocks of proteins
a molecule of fat is formed by
the dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
cohesion
the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance *it is cohesion that explains why a drop of water holds together*
disaccharide
the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
the reversal of dehydration synthesis. Therefore, it is the breaking up of macromolecues into smaller subunits by adding water
Monosaccharide
the simplest carbohydrate "simple sugar" * the building blocks of carbohydrates*
sugars are important because
they contain large amounts of energy. Nearly all living organisms use glucose for energy. Sugars can be used for cellular structural support in an organism
Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula but can be different molecules because
they have different structural formulas
poly means
three or more
di means
two
size and variety of these compounds are
unlimited
proteins
very large complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some contain sulfur and phosphorus as well.
water molecules attract to each other because
water molecules have a positive end and a negative end
polarity
when a molecule has an unequal distribution of charge