Organizational Behav. ch. 6-11

Which of the following is true of work teams?

A team consists of two or more people who work independently, with distinct goals and strategies. A team works over some time period to accomplish common goals related to some task-oriented purpose (correct answer) Groups are formed with a specific purpose in mind, while teams do not have a specific goal. The members of a team operate relatively independently of each other, and other members are not essential to their accomplishment of goals. Interactions among members within teams are more personal and informal than interactions between people in groups.

Which of the following is a job that does not lend itself to telecommuting?

An attorney who spends most of her time researching on the computer A copywriter for an advertising firm A car salesman who demonstrates the features of a new model of a car. (Correct answer) A telemarketer who uses the phone to contact clients A product support specialist who handles queries sent by customers

Which of the following is not a barrier in cross-cultural communication?

Barriers caused by physical distance (correct answer) Barriers caused by semantics Barriers caused by word connotations Barriers caused by tone differences Differences in tolerance for conflict and methods for resolving conflicts

________ argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

Behaviorism (Correct answer) The Pygmalion effect Self-fulfilling prophecy Cognitive dissonance Social-learning theory

Which of the following programs is associated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction?

Bonus Merit-Based Pay Piece Race Pay Employee recognition (Correct answer) Stock Options

________ is consistent with individualistic cultures.

Brainstorming Nominal group technique Social loafing (correct answer) Psychological contract Group cohesiveness

Which of the following statements is not true regarding brainstorming?

Brainstorming withholds criticism of ideas. Brainstorming overcomes the pressure for conformity. Brainstorming increases creativity In brainstorming, members freewheel as many alternatives to the problem in a given length of time. In brainstorming, members freewheel as many alternatives to the problem in a given length of time. (correct answer)

Promoter

Champions ideas after they're initiated

________ refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode.

Channel richness (correct answer) Channel bottleneck Communication capacity Communication Bottleneck Channel feedback

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Cognitive dissonance Environmental analysis Social verification Emotional labor Perception ( correct answer)

Because of an adversarial organizational culture at Bombast Inc., subordinates only tell their superiors what the superiors want to hear. What is the communication issue at Bombast Inc.?

Communication apprehension Filtering (correct answer) Selective programs Emotional block Information overload

Linker

Coordinates and integrates

Problem

Correct answer: A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.

Escalation of Commitment

Correct answer: An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information

Decisions

Correct answer: Choices from among two or more alternatives

Rational

Correct answer: Making consistent value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.

Overconfidence Bias

Correct answer: Overconfident about our abilities and abilities of others.

Availability bias

Correct answer: Tendency to base judgements on readily available information

Anchoring Bias

Correct answer: Tendency to fixate on initial information

Confirmation bias

Correct answer: Tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and discount information that contradicts past judgments.

Perception

Correct answer: The process by which we organize and interpret sensory impression

Randomness Error

Correct answer: The tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events

Hindsight Bias

Correct answer: The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event it is actually known that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.

Risk Aversion

Correct answer: The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher payoff.

The vice president of operations at Delta Manufacturing sent a memo to all operations personnel about the importance of increasing productivity and the effect of productivity on the company's bottom line. This is an example of a(n) ________ communication.

Downward (correct answer) lateral upward grapevine horizontal

Adviser

Encourages the search for more information

Which of the following theories proposes that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness?

Equity Reinforcement Expectancy (Correct answer) Social Learning Operant conditioning

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?

Espousal Enactive mastery Focused training Vicarious modeling Verbal persuasion (Correct answer)

Controller

Examines details and enforces rules

Employee recognition programs are often expensive. (T/F)

False

Maintainer

Fights external battles

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?

Fundamental attribution error (Correct answer) Halo effect Selective perception Overconfidence Randomness error

When a group first meets, which of the following occurs?

General-purpose is defined Assumptions on the direction are made The approach to the project is determined Both general purposes is defined and the approach to the project is determined. All of the general-purpose is defined, assumptions on the direction are made, and approach to the project is determined to occur ( correct answer)

Which of the following is a weakness of group decision-making?

Group decision making is time-consuming (correct answer) Groups lead to decreased acceptance of a solution Groups have nonconformity pressures. Groups tend to generate incomplete information Groups offer decreased diversity of views

Which one of the following characteristics is not necessarily true about groups?

Group members are interdependent Groups have two or more members Groups are determined by the organization chart (correct Answer) Groups interact Groups have particular objectives

Which of the following is a strength of group decision-making?

Groups generate more complete information and knowledge (correct answer) Groups offer clear accountability for decisions There are conformity pressures in groups Group decisions facilitate ambiguous responsibility Group decisions are not very time consuming

Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively?

Groupthink Collective efficacy Social loafing (correct answer) Groupshift Clustering

You need to hire an analyst for an important project team. It is essential that the new employee work well on the already established team in order to meet the project's challenging deadlines. The most talented candidate doesn't have any team experience and when asked in the interview about his team experience, he replied, "I prefer to work alone. I'm much more efficient alone." What should you do?

Hire him and train him Hire him and hope that he learns Hire him and redesign the job Look for a different candidate (correct answer) Hire him and assign him a mentor

Creator

Initiates creative ideas

________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success.

Job Enrichment Employee involvement (Correct answer) Organizational reengineering Corporate restructuring Job sharing

Intonation, body movement, and facial expressions are all part of ________ communication.

Lateral nonverbal (correct answer) verbal downward upward

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Leadership Management Selective perception Emotional labor Motivation (Correct answer)

Assessor

Offers an insightful analysis of options

________ suggests that the way elements in a job are organized can influence employee effort.

Organizational Design Workflow Job Enrichment Job design (Correct answer) Job Enlargement

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?

Our perception of reality is independent of our personality. The context of the situation in which the perception is made has little effect on our perception of reality. Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. (Correct answer) Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently. In this situation, factors that operate to shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in the ________.

Perceivers (Correct answer) Target Timing Context Situation

Which of the following is not an example of an organizational constraint that influences decision-making?

Performance evaluation General mental ability (Correct answer) Reward systems Formal regulation Historical precedents

Which of these teams can only make recommendations?

Problem-solving (correct answer) Virtual Self-managed Cross-functional Both problem-solving & virtual

Producer

Provides direction and follow-through

________ refers to the adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.

Psychological contract Conformity (correct answer) Social contract Discipline Organizational citizenship

________ directly challenges the assumption that the productivity of the group as a whole should at least equal the sum of the productivity of the individuals in it, no matter what the group size.

Self-concordance Emotional contagion Social loafing (correct answer) Negative offset Emotional Labor

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is at the bottom of the hierarchy?

Social Safety Esteem Self-actualization Physiological (Correct answer)

________ are the way others believe you should act in a given situation.

Social Identities Citizenship behaviors Role Expectations (correct answer) Psychological contracts Group Status

________ theory explains our tendency to personally invest in the accomplishment of a group.

Social Identity ( correct answer) Cognitive dissonance Expectancy Equity Path-goal

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?

Stereotyping Consistency (Correct answer) Anchoring Rationality Intuition

________ involves translating the organization's overall objectives into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization

Strategic Planning Management by objective (Correct answer) Representative participation Management buy-out Management by exception

________ results in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.

Synergy (correct answer) Positive affect Emotional labor Cognitive dissonance Emotional dissonance

Which type of conflict can lead to better team decisions?

Task conflict (correct answer) Efficacy conflict Relationship conflict Resource conflict Goal conflict

Which of the following statements is true regarding a reward system that attempts to create good team players?

The reward system should encourage competitive efforts. Rewards given to individuals should be based on peer evaluation. The reward system should ignore individual contributions. Performance-based rewards could include a bonus based on the achievement of team goals. (Correct answer) The reward system should discourage cooperative efforts.

The Walt Disney Company is world-renowned for its destination resorts and theme parks. The company prides itself on providing the highest quality experiences for visitors to the parks and trains its employees as "cast members" who are all part of the show. Which group of employees is most likely to be considered the "ingroup" at the theme park?

Those portraying famous Disney characters (correct answer) Those operating the rides Those repairing the rides Those cleaning the rides Those taking tickets

Functionally, groups and teams are often used to refer to the same thing. (T/F)

True

In group decision making, brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity that dampen creativity (T/F)

True

Teams can quickly assemble, deploy, refocus, and disband. (T/F)

True

When compliance with one role requirement makes it difficult to comply with another, the result is role conflict. (T/F)

True

When we deliver a message, we also impart an unspoken message. (T/F)

True

Work Groups interact primarily to share information and make decisions to help each group member perform within his or her area of responsibility (T/F)

True

Work Teams are a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is great than the sum of the individual inputs. (T/F)

True

Your ________ can be as important as the ________ of your communication.

attitude; delivery delivery; content( correct answer) content; style timeliness; attitude

Research has shown that having a positive experience working within a team can also influence one's ________.

attitudes toward diversity abilities job satisfaction views on management personal decision making (correct answer)

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.

cost-benefit ratio efficiency-effectiveness trade-off quantity-quality trade-off outcome-input ratio (Correct answer) quality of outcome

The Accurate Watch Company employs a full-time quality control team that meets face to face every day and hand-checks every manufactured watch and clock. The team is most likely to be a ________ team.

cross-functional virtual self-managed problem-solving (correct answer) task

Job ________ refers to the investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

description posting engagement (Correct answer) enhancement enrichment

Mary calls her employee, Jose, from her cell phone to let him know that today's meeting has been moved to one o'clock. Because Mary's call kept breaking up, Jose was unable to understand what Mary was saying. This is an example of ________.

dissonance noise (correct answer) divergence convergence ambivalence

According to the two-factor theory, when ________ factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied.

esteem achievement hygiene (Correct answer) self-actualization intrinsic

An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job is called ________.

flextime job sharing (Correct answer) job rotation telecommuting job enrichment

The competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to pay in its industry is called ________ equity

internal external (Correct answer) organizational societal compensatory

Whenever you need to gauge the receiver's receptivity, the better choice is ________ communication.

memo letter oral (correct answer) non-verbal e-mail

A pure ________ plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what they produce.

merit-based piece-rate (Correct answer) bonus employee stock options profit-sharing

You have observed that the group tends to come to a consensus very quickly and there appears to be an illusion of unanimity. You conclude that they may be suffering from ________.

negative affect group shift cognitive dissonance groupthink (correct answer) positivity offset

Differences in skills, abilities or other characteristics needed for the job are called ________ diversity.

organizational social functional (correct answer) occupational corporate

The two major forms of employee involvement are participative management and ________.

organizational restructuring job sharing representative participation (Correct answer) job rotation job enlargement

Role perception indicates ________.

others' belief regarding how you should act in a given situation the skills required for performing the job the social norms that are to be followed while performing the role our view of how we're supposed to act in a given situation (correct answer) acceptable standards of behavior shared by nongroup members

Individuals do not conform to the pressures of all groups to which they belong. When they do conform, it is most likely to their ________ groups.

peer social reference (correct answer) work hierarchical

Role ________ indicates the way others believe you should act in a given context.

perception identity expectation (correct answer) criterion style

The policy of Sam's calculus instructor is that when he decides to give one student the chance for extra credit work, he opens up the same opportunity to all his students. Sam's instructor's behavior is an attempt at ________.

procedural justice (Correct answer) distributive justice punitive justice interpersonal justice intrinsic justice

Before communication can take place, it needs a ________.

purpose (correct answer) channel receiver filter decoder

The worth of the job to the organization that is usually established through a technical process called job evaluation refers to ________.

societal equity pay equity internal equity (Correct answer) external equity compensatory equity

Tammy, Lisa, Bartolo, Shonda, and Roberto all work in different departments at Brinks Software. After work, Tammy, Lisa, and Shonda all enjoy going to the Lux Lounge for Happy Hour. Tammy, Lisa, and Shonda constitute a(n) ________ group.

task formal informal (correct answer) performance action

Aisha submitted a formal complaint to OSHA about unsafe work conditions in her company's warehouse. Aisha is a ________.

utilitarian thinker judge creative thinker whistle-blower (Correct answer) humanitarian

The three criteria for making ethical decisions are ________.

utilitarianism, creativity, and rights historical precedents, rights, and utilitarianism rewards, regulations, and time orientation utilitarianism, rights, and justice (Correct answer) historical precedents, reward, and justice