Organizational Behavior
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a spiritual organization?
Censorship of employee expression
_____ are responsible for initiating and managing change within an organization.
Change agents
A has ____ power over B if A can dismiss, suspend, or demote B, assuming that B values his or her job.
Coercive
According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the accommodative learning style?
Concrete experience, active experimentation, adaptive
As a rule of thumb, in the absence of information, what do many employees do?
Create and spread rumors
What is the trend in work space design?
Creating public spaces for employees to use for various purposes
Which is true about flat organization structures?
Customer problems can be solved quickly.
Which statement is TRUE about espoused values?
. They are what members say they are.
Herzberg's hygiene factors relate to:
. both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
Even the most prestigious of schools has experienced grade inflation. In 1970, the average GPA of students at Princeton was _____, while it was _____ in 2000.
2.99, 3.40
_____ evaluation provides performance feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee might have.
360-degree
Grapevine studies have shown that ____ percent of employees hear about matters first through rumors on the grapevine.
75
John Kotter's _____ for implementing change builds on Lewin's three-step model.
8-step plan
What is an organigraph?
A map that gives an overview of a company's functions and the way people organize themselves at work
All of the following are factors that are necessary in the communication process EXCEPT
A) trust
hierarchy of needs theory
Abraham Maslows hierarchy that assumes human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance
_____ is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience.
Affect
Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?
Agreeableness
All of the following accurately describe Alderfer's ERG theory EXCEPT
Alderfer reworked Herzberg's theory to align with empirical research
Leadership is the domain of which group of employees?
All employees
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
All managers are not leaders.
_____ has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries.
Anthropology
____ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization and build on these to improve performance.
Appreciative inquiry
_._____ leaders know who they are, know that they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly.
Authentic
Performance evaluation serves a number of purposes, including determining who gets merit increases and other rewards. This is an example of which of the following functions of performance evaluation?
Basis for reward allocations
All of the following are TRUE about both positive and negative reinforcement EXCEPT:
Both positive and negative reinforcement tend to weaken behavior and decrease it subsequent frequency.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a bureaucratic organizational structure?
Bureaucratic controls can suppress initiative and decision making at lower levels.
According to the Holmes and Rahe "Social Adjustment Rating Scale," which of the following is considered the most stressful event?
Death of a spouse
Which of the following is a frequently used research method for organizational behavior?
Interviews
Which one of the following is NOT a factor that influences perception?
Medium
_____ illustrates a process loss as a result of using teams.
Social loafing
_____ is the process that adapts employees to the organization's culture.
Socialization
Individual styles are likely to come into conflict during which stage of group development?
Storming
_____ theory states that people are born with certain characteristics that predispose them to being leaders.
Trait
Refreezing involves _____
making a new change permanent
The following are all conditions that favor social learning EXCEPT
need for power
long term orientation
people who focus on the future
A strong culture builds all of the following EXCEPT ____.
quality
The _____ initiates a message by encoding a thought.
sender
cross functional teams are
used most often for the purpose of product development
Which of the following is an accurate description of Emotional Intelligence (EI)?
A person's EI predicts performance better than IQ.
Which of the following best describes brainstorming?
A process for generating ideas.
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective communication?
Channel richness
_____ refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode.
Channel richness
Problem recognition, immersion, incubation, insight, and verification describe what organizational process?
Creative decision making
_____ exists when an individual perceives that the ratio of their inputs to outcomes is dissimilar to the ration of relevant others.
Equity tension
_____ is a field of study that examines the extent to which emotions, whether positive or negative, serve a purpose.
Evolutionary psychology
Which of the following was NOT specifically suggested by your author as a general category of employee skills?
Financial
____ groups are defined by the organization's structure.
Formal
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organizational culture?
Formalization
Which of the following is NOT a technique to enhance creativity?
Forming homogeneous work groups
Which of the following is NOT a way that culture is created?
Founders poll early employees to determine the appropriate cultural values.
Which organization structure is best suited to leveraging specialization?
Functional
Which of the following statements is true about group dynamics?
Groups go through predictable stages to become productive.
Which is NOT a weakness of group decision-making?
Groups offer increased diversity of views.
_____ occurs when people associate two events, when there is no real connection.
Illusory correlation
_____ is the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them.
Impression management
Which of the following is correc
In negotiations, Brazilians are likely to use physical contact.
Which is NOT one of the three primary factors that differentiate virtual teams from face-to-face teams?
Increased social rapport
What is the relationship between size and group performance?
Increases in group size are inversely related to individual performance.
Which of the following accurately describes organizational change?
Individuals' ability to learn to deal with change is a major part of managing change.
_____ bargaining builds long-term relationships and facilitates working together in the future.
Integrative
Which of the following is true about job enrichment?
It increases employee responsibility.
Which of the following accurately describes social loafing?
It is also known as freeloading.
Which of the following is true about gender differences in leadership?
It is difficult to judge the truth about stereotypes of gender differences.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Vroom's expectancy theory?
It is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of physical ability?
Looks
Individuals who are high in the _____ dimension of personality manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.
Machiavellianism
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?
Maslow believed that humans were creative beings seeking self-actualization.
What is the relationship between stress and job performance?
Moderate stress correlates with high performance.
_____ is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, tranquility, and poise on the low end.
Negative affect
_____ commitment refers to an employee's obligation to remain with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.
Normative
____ training includes job rotation, apprenticeships, understudy assignments, and formal mentoring programs.
On-the-job
Which of the following statements is true about organizational behavior?
Organizational behavior is a study of individuals, groups, and structure.
Teams are most effective when staffed with people who are _____.
Organizational demographics
_____ is a paradigm that values human and organizational growth, collaborative processes, and a spirit of inquiry.
Organizational development
Determining the tasks to be done, who should do them, and who reports to whom is an example of which management function?
Organizing
Most studies confirm that the concept of _____ is central to understanding sexual harassment.
Power
Which of the following is NOT a substitute for leadership?
Professional orientation of employees
What behavioral science discipline has made the MOST significant contributions to understanding individual behavior?
Psychology
The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ____ relationship.
Rewards-personal goals
_____ describe how others believe you should act in a given situation.
Role expectations
_____ refers to the attitudes and behaviors that are consistent with a role
Role identity
_____, one of the dimensions of emotional intelligence, is awareness of one's feelings.
Self-awareness
_____ teams go farther than problem-solving teams in getting employees involved in work-related decisions and processes.
Self-managed
_____ is the learning concept of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired new behavior.
Shaping
What differentiates a team from a group?
Shared versus individual accountability
What triggers the fight or flight response?
Stress
In order to build teamwork, a manager should avoid which of the following?
Supervising the group closely
_____ uses high-interaction group activities to increase trust and openness among team members.
Team building
According to the Leadership Grid®, which is the best leadership style?
Team management
Which of the following does NOT explain the current popularity of teams?
Teams enable organizations to better utilize employee talents.
Which is NOT a common class of norms appearing in most work groups?
Termination
What is a dependent variable?
The factor that an experiment or hypothesis tries to explain or predict that is affected by some other factor
Which of the following statements accurately describes situational leadership?
There is no one best way to influence group members.
What do denial, stereotyping, and projection have in common?
They are all ways to deal with sensory information
Which of the following is NOT true of charismatic leaders?
They are focused on their personal needs.
According to LMX theory, which of the following is NOT true of those individual's who fall into the out-group?
They are trusted.
_____ is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.
Uncertainty avoidance
What is cognitive dissonance?
When attitudes or beliefs held by a person are contradictory
Which of the following is a difference between men's and women's communication styles?
Women prefer to communicate to build rapport, and men use communication to display knowledge and skill.
Which of the following is NOT true about stress?
Women respond more intensely to stress than men and have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke.
attitudes
a persons complexes of beliefs and feelings about specific ideas situations or other people
In organizational justice, distributive justice:
a. concerns the fairness of outcomes individuals receive.
Which of the following is an element of the informal organization?
a. values
Change and acquisition is:
a. when the newcomer begins to master the demands of the job.
organizational politics
activities carried out by people to acquire enhance and use power and other resources to obtain thier desired outcomes
stess
an individuals response to a strong stimulus
Institutionalization is the process through which _____.
an organization takes on a life of its own
social responsibility
an organizations obligation to protect and contribute to the social environment in which it functions
outcome
anything that results from performing a particular behavior
behavioral approach
approach to leadership that tries to identify behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from nonleaders uses rules of thumb suboptimizing and satisficing in making decisions
job specialization
as advocated by scientific management it can help improve efficiency but it can also promote monotony and boredom
behaviorial approach to decision making
assumes decision makers act with bounded rationality rather than with perfect rationality
5 A process of self-motivation and evaluations by a manager, peers, and possibly customers is known as?
b. 360 degree feedback
________ is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from in-group pressures.
b. Groupthink
The most simplistic name for two or more people having common interests or objectives is a ________.
b. group
6 In attribution theory, a non-performing employee's internal attribution might include:
b. lack of commitment.
On the Leadership Grid, a manager who has a medium concern for people and production is a(n):
b. organization man manager.
A dynamic follower is one who:
b. practices self-management.
Teams are very useful when:
b. the tasks are interrelated.
Silence as a response has:
b. value for the listener who needs to sort out thoughts.
Scientific management emphasized:
b. work simplification.
initiating structure behavior
behavior that involves clearly defining the leader subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them
job centered leader behavior
behavior that involves paying close attention to the work of subordinates explaining work procedures and demonstrating a strong interest in performance
continuous reinforcement
behavior that is rewarded every time it occurs
job centered and employee cenetred leader
behavior were presumed to be at opposite ends of a single dimension
Decision makers operate within the confines of _____ i.e., they construct simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
bounded rationality
Empowerment is a strategy focused on improving all of the following EXCEPT
bureaucracy
The ____ is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization.
bureaucracy
Which tactic is an American manager most likely to use when dealing with a tardy employee?
c. If you don't start reporting on time for work, I will have to cut your pay.
________ conflict occurs when a person experiences conflict among the multiple roles in his or her life.
c. Interrole
The "interpersonal glue" that helps work groups stay together is known as:
c. group cohesion.
Max Webber -
classical organization theory was concerned with structuring organizations effectively
Which of the following is the least effective method of influencing others?
coalition formation
The belief that "discrimination is wrong" is a value statement. Such an opinion is the _____ component of an attitude.
cognitive
Individuals with a positive _____ like themselves, see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment.
core self-evaluations
systems innovation
creates a new functionality by assembling parts in new ways
Which one of the following is NOT one of the five major elements in a managing culture?
d. How well leaders know their employees.
The correspondence between attitudes and behaviors doesn't depend on:
d. selective perception.
According to the Situational Leadership model, a ________ style is characterized by high task behavior and high relationship behavior.
d. selling
Power distance is:
d. the degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.
Labor-management negotiations over wages exemplifies _____ bargaining.
distributive
Work specialization is also referred to as ___
division of labor
People who exhibit _____ know their own emotions and are good at reading others' emotions may be more effective in their jobs
emotional intelligence
A(n) _____is a situation in which an employee must define right and wrong conduct.
ethical dilemma
decision criteria are used to
evaluate alternatives
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Bill is a thinking-type. When reviewing a vendor proposal with his boss, he will most likely
express his opinion
Nonverbal communication has the main purpose of
expressing the communicator's emotions behind the message
Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining an unwanted behavior is called _____.
extinction
When organized around the Big Five, _____ is the most important trait of effective leaders.
extraversion
group performance factors
factors that affect the success of the group in fulfilling its goals including composition size norms and cohesiveness
primary dimensions of diversity
factors that are either inborn or exert extraordinary influcene on early socialization age ethnicity gender physical abilities race and sexual orientation
hygiene factors
factors that are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security
motivation factors
factors that are intrinsic to the work itself and include achievement and recognition
Jake tells his boss only what he believes the boss wants to hear. He is engaging in _____.
filtering
Fiedler's contingency model assumes that an individual's leadership style is _____.
fixed
The three most popular types of _____ are modular plans, core-plus options, and flexible spending accounts.
flexible benefits
The 4I framework of a learning organization consists of intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and
institutionalization
The _____ view of conflict argues that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively.
interactionist
A slot machine is an example of _____ reinforcement.
intermittent
job enlargement
involves giving workers more tasks to perform
Escalation of commitment:
is simply hanging on to a poor decision.
organizing
is the process of designing jobs grouping jobs into units and establishing patterns of authority between job and units
planning
is the process of determining an organizations desired future position and the best means of getting there
decision making roles
key roles include the entrepreneur, the disturbance handler the resource allocator and the negotiator
interpersonal roles
key roles include the figurehead the leader and the liasion
suboptimizing
knowingly accepting less than the best possible outcome to avoid unintended negative effects on other aspects of the organization
Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture?
language proficiency
achievement oriented leadership
leader sets challenging goals - expects subordinates to perform at thier highest level
The main difference between a leader and a manager is that:
leaders are advocates for change, and managers for the status quo.
The ____ violates the unity-of-command concept.
matrix structure
The _____ is a structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization.
mechanistic model
A Theory X manager would assume employees would _____.
need to be controlled
Steve is unhappy with his job. He takes every possible vacation and sick day and sometimes shows up for work late. He is expressing his dissatisfaction with a _____ response.
neglect
overdetermination
occurs because numerous organizational systems are in place to ensure that employees and systems behave as expected to maintain stability
superleadership
occurs when a leader gradually and purposefully turns over power responsibility and control to a sel managing work group
social learning
occurs when people observe the behaviors of others recognize their consequences and alter their own behavior as a result
turnover
occurs when people quit their jobs
competition
occurs when the goals are incompatible and the interactions between groups are important to meeting goals
accomomodation among groups
occurs when the groups goals are compatible but interactions are not considered important to goal attainment
collaboration
occurs when the interaction between groups is very important to goal attainment and the goals are compatible
directive leadership
occurs when the leader lets subordinates know what is expected of them -gives specific guidance
scientific management
one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees are motiviated by money
The chief means of conveying messages is _____ communication.
oral
type b individuals
people who are less competitive less committed to work and have a weaker sense of urgency
positive affectivity
people who are upbeat and optimistic have an overall sence of well being and see things in a positvie light
process based perspectives on motivaiton
perspectives that focus on how people behave in thier efforts to satisfy thier needs
An example of _____ is when an employee receives a one-week suspension from work and is fined $200 for stealing company property.
punishment
A _____ is a group of employees and supervisors who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems and recommend solutions.
quality circle
In spite of the fact that short-term stock price changes are essentially random, a large proportion of investors believe that they can predict the direction that prices will move. This is an example of _____.
randomness error
Openly discussing the worst-case possibilities of a situation is a way a company can
reduce the negative consequences of rumors
indirect compensation - benefits
refers to nonwage or salary compensation such as paid time off and insurance coverage
command group
relatively permanent group
management functions
set forth by henri fayol they include planning organizing command coordination and control
When errors are detected in _____, the correction process relies on past routines and present policies.
single-loop learning
interpersonal skills
skills used to communicate with understand and motivate individuals and groups
conceptual skills
skills used to think in the abstract
diagnostic skills
skills used to understand cause and effect relationships and to recognize the optimal solutions to problems
Experts predict that the predominant style of organization in the future will be
skills-oriented
quality circles
small groups of employees from the same work area who meet regularly to discuss and recommend solutions to problems
Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?
social, esteem, and self-actualization needs
perquisites
special privileges awarded to selected members of an organization usually top managers
6 There are several things that can assist a large organization to decentralize, including:
specialization of products/market/technology.
Delphi Technique
technique developed by the Rand Corp - a method of systematically gathering the judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts
nominal group technique
technique in which group members follow a generate discussion vote cycle until they reach an appropriate decision
Culture is most likely to be a liability when _____.
the environment is dynamic
Being "in the zone" is also known as
the experience of flow
goal acceptance
the extent t which a person accepts a goal as his or her own
self esteem
the extent to which a person believes he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual
goal commitment
the extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching a goal
need for affiliation
the need for human companionship
conscientiousness
the number of goals on which a person focuses
surface value
the objective meaning or worth a reward has to an employee
empowerment
the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals make decisions and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority
participation
the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about thier own work
refreeing
the process of making new behaviors relatively permanent and resistant to further change
semantics
the study of language forms
performance behaviors
the total set of work related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display
delegation
the transfer to others of the authority to make decisions and use organizational resources
need based theories of motivation
theories that assume that need deficiencies cause behavior
reinforcement thoery
theory based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences
ERG theory
theory that describes existence relatedness and growth needs
expectancy theory
theory that suggests people are motivated by how much they want something and the liklihood they perceive of getting it
LPC theory of leadership
theory that suggests that a leaders effectiveness depends on the situation
divionalized form
this structure is typical of old very large organizations the organization is divided according to the different markets served
isolated dyad
two people who tend to work alone and to interact and communicate little with others
task groups
usually are established to solve a particular organizational problem
a team
usually refers to people or animals organized to work together
preparation
usually the first tage in the creative process includes education and formal training
Decisions made so as to provide the greatest good for the greatest number are based on _____.
utilitarianism
Which of the following is not a basic proposition of interactional psychology?
. A person is changed by situations, rather than changing situations.
According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the convergent learning style?
Abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, problem-solving
Information technology
All of the following disciplines have contributed to the foundations of the field of organizational behavior EXCEPT
What is an affinity group?
An employee-involvement group made up of professional-level workers
A manager trying to motivate an employee should
By observing leaders and socialization
Which of the following is true about conflict?
Conflict can be both positive and negative.
People with positive _____ believe in their inner worth and basic competence.
Core self-evaluations
During which phase of the negotiation process do the parties exchange their initial proposals or demands?
Definition of ground rules
Which of the following individual qualities is not required in ethical decision making?
Dependence on a supervisor to always tell you what is right.
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of trust?
Distance
According to the Myers-Briggs type Indicator, people who are classified as _____ are conceptualizers.
ENTPs
Which of the following is true concerning online leadership?
Effective on-line leaders need to develop the skill of deciphering the emotional components of messages.
_____ refers to an employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.
Emotional labor
_____ refers to an individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work she does.
Employee engagement
_____ is a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization's success.
Employee involvement
Which of the following is true about employee recognition?
Employees welcome praise as much as a paycheck.
Which of the following is true about stress?
Employees with external locus of control perceive situations to be more stressful than employees with internal locus of control.
Which of the following is NOT a key element in motivation?
Environment
_____ is an increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.
Escalation of commitment
_____ is an incentive plan where improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is allocated.
Gainsharing
Which of the following statements is true concerning change?
Global competition is the leading force driving change at work.
Which of the following describes people with a directive style of decision making?
Has a low tolerance for ambiguity and seeks rationality
Which of the following is true of heuristics?
Heuristics lead to biases in judgment.
_____ are more likely to engage in impression management, molding their image to fit the situation.
High self-monitors
Which of the following is the foundation of all organization cultures?
History of the company and its founders
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of an organization's structure?
Industry
_____ skills training includes learning how to be a better listener and how to be a more effective team player.
Interpersonal
Which of the following statements is true concerning the climate of trust?
Interpersonal trust among team members reduces the need to monitor each others behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction.
Each of the following is a question your text suggests to analyze ethical questions except:
Is the action legal?
personal approach to decision making
Janis Mann process called the conflict model
_____ may be implemented by combining tasks, forming natural work units, establishing client relationships, expanding jobs vertically, and opening feedback channels.
Job enrichment
____ (or cross-training) is the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another.
Job rotation
Who created the three-step model for change that includes unfreezing, movement, and refreezing?
Kurt Lewin
Which type of firm is likely to use a territorial departmentalization structure?
Large service firm
Which of the following ideas are associated with Fiedler's contingency theory?
Leaders are classified using an assessment tool called Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale.
____ research emphasizes style; whereas research on ____ focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.
Leadership; power
Which of the following is NOT an individual factor related to political behavior?
Level of trust
Who developed the situational leadership model?
Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard
personality and occupation are in agreement
Perception
_____ tests assess the applicant's ability in an authentic situation.
Performance simulation
What does the P stand for in the equation B = ƒ(P x E)?
Person
Which of the following is NOT an organizational constraint on decision-making?
Personality
Which of the following is considered an unethical political tactic to gain power in an organization?
Playing territorial games
______ occurs when people within organizations use whatever influence they can to taint the facts to support their goals and interests.
Politicking
What type of power will help a leader establish a power base?
Power as an expert
Which of the following is the most effective technique for preventing and reducing stress?
Power napping
_______ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.
Relationship
Which of the following is true about Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Relies on bottom-up, participative decision making in planning and execution
Which is NOT one of the steps in the rational decision making model?
Selecting the decision that satisfices
Which of the following is NOT a common form by which culture is transmitted to employees?
Selection
_____ is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Self-actualization
Which of the following is NOT identified that managers can create a more ethical culture?
Set aggressive performance goals.
_____ is an attribute of work teams which results in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.
Synergy
Which of the following generalizations about organizational structures and employee performance and satisfaction is MOST true?
There is no evidence that supports a relationship between span of control and employee performance.
Which of the following is true about virtual teams?
They benefit companies that are spread out in a wide geographic area.
According to your text, which is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate for women?
Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family.
The leader-participation model was developed by _____.
Vroom and Yetton
____ means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity.
Workforce diversity
_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.
_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.
machiavellianism
a behavior which causes people to behave to gain power and to control the behavior of others
What of the following best describe action research?
a change process based on the systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate
MBO - management by objectives
a collaborative goal setting process through which organizational goals cascade down throughout the organization
general adaption syndrome GAS
a cycle through which stress occurs alarm resistance and exhaustion
nonprogrammed deicision
a decision that recurs infrequently and for which there is no previously established decision rule
impression management
a direct and intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her own image in the eyes of others
channel noise
a disturbance in communication that is primarily a function of a medium
problem solving
a form of decision making in which the issue is unique and alternatives must be developed and evaluated without the aid of a programmed decision rule
hypervigilance
a frantic superficial pursuit of some satisficing strategy
The nominal group technique is
a group decision-making approach that generates creative alternatives independently
composition of a group
a group described in terms of the homogenity or hetergeneity of group members
organization
a group of people working together to attain common goals
friendship group
a group that is relatively permanent and informal and draws its benefits from the social relationships among its members
interest group
a group that is relatively temporary and informal and is organized around a common activity or interest of its members
Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following EXCEPT _____
a high degree of risk
radical innovation
a major breakthrough that changes or creates whole industries
delphi tenchnique
a method of systematically gathering judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts
workplace behavior
a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness
change agent
a person responsible for managing a change effort
aggreeableness
a person's ability to get along with others
psychological contract
a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to the organization and wht the organization will provide in return
organizational commitment
a persona identification with and attachment to an organization
effort to performance expectancy
a persons perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance
organizational downsizing
a popular trend aimed at reducing the size of corporate staff and middle management to reduce costs
linking role
a position for a person or group that serves to coordinate the activities of two or more organizational groups
command group
a relatevely permanent formal group with functional reporting relationships usually included in the organization chart
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience
positive reinforcement
a reward or other desireable consequence that a persona receives after exhibiting behavior
burnout
a sense of exhaustion that develops when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time
big five personality traits
a set of fundamental traits that are especially relevant to organizations
classical conditioning
a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus
norm
a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged
decision rule
a statement that tells a decision maker which alternative to choose based on the charcteristics of the decision situation
stressor
a strong stimulus that results in stress
centralization
a structural policy in which decision making authority is concentrated at the top of the organizational hierarchy
According to the text, the best approach for obtaining knowledge about human behavior is_____.
a systematic approach
rational decision making approach
a systematic step by step process for making decisions
structural change
a systemwide organization development involving a major restructuring of the organization or instituting programs such as quality of work life
conflict model
a very personal approach to decision making because it deals with the personal conflicts that people experience in particularly difficult decision situations
6 In order to create a conflict-positive organization, there are many interrelated steps to follow. They include which of the following?
a. Empower employees to feel confident and skillful.
Which of the following is one of the competencies that make up emotional intelligence?
a. empathy
5 Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Lewin's change model?
a. freezing
Which of the following is a level of cognitive moral development?
a. the premoral level
The manifest needs as identified by McClelland include
achievement, affiliation, and power.
The _____ communication network is best illustrated by an unstructured committee.
all-channel
contingency plans
alternative actions to take if the primary course of action is unexpectedly distupted or rendered inappropriate
trait approach
an approach that attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits that differentiated effective leaders from non leaders
human resource approach
an approach to motivation that assumes employees want and are able to make genuine contributions to the organization
human relations approach
an approach to motivation that suggests that favorable employee attitudes result in motivation to work hard
universal approach
an approach to organization design in which prescriptions or propositions are designed to work in any circumstance
contingency approach
an approach to organization design in which the desired outcomes for the organization can be achieved in several ways
classical organization theory
an early approach to management that focused on how organizations can be structured most effectively to meet thier goals
The following are true about making good business decisions EXCEPT
an estimated 20 percent of decisions made in organizations fail
gatekeeper
an individual who has a strategic position in the network that allows him or her to control information moving in either direction through a channel
cosmopolite
an individual who inks the organization to the external environment and may also be an opinion leader in the group
isolate
an individual who tends to work alone and to interact and communicate little with othes
performance to outcome expectancy
an individuals perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes
ethics
an individuals personal beliefs about what is right and wrong or good and bad
pluralistic organization
an organization that has diverse membership and takes steps to fully involve all people who differ from the dominant group
punishment
an unpleasant or aversive consequence that results from behavior
________ results from inaccurate definition of the expected job performance.
b. Invalidity
________ is the belief that one has the ability to do a job well.
b. Self-determination
Cognitive dissonance is caused by a conflict between:
b. attitudes and behavior.
The characteristics which appropriately impact the design of an organization's design processes are known as:
b. contextual variables.
The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____.
behavior modification
employee centered leader behavior
behavior occurs when the leader attempts to develop a cohesive work group and ensure that employees are basically satisfied with thier jobs
job centered leader
behavior occurs when the leader pays close attention to the work of subordinates
employee centered leader behavior
behavior that involves attempting to build effective work groups with high performance goals
consideration behavior
behavior that involves being concerned with subordinates feelings and respecting subordinates ideas
Which of the following statements about barriers to communication is TRUE?
c. They include gender differences and language.
The mechanics approach to job design emphasizes:
c. a lower chance of mental overload.
In studying motivational theories, we are learning that:
c. achievement is more of a motivator for Americans than for other nationalities.
It is the position of the authors, Nelson and Quick, that:
c. adapting, flexibility, and responsiveness are desirable hallmarks in change management.
The most visible and accessible level of culture is:
c. artifacts.
Type theory states that introverts:
c. have excellent social skills but prefer the internal world of ideas, thoughts, and concepts.
In comparing the organizational design needs of the small organization and the large organization, which of the following is a consideration for the small organization?
c. more centralization
Which of the following job core characteristics does NOT directly relate to meeting the needs of a critical psychological state?
c. rate of pay
Identify the five major barriers to social perception.
c. selective perception, stereotyping, first-impression error, projection and self-fulfilling prophecies
behavioral approaches to leadership
came from Michigan studies - the Ohio state studies and the leadership grid
If attitudes and behavior are inconsistent, individuals will most likely _____
change either their attitudes or behavior
Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to _____.
changes in an organization's structure
negative emotionality
characterized by moodiness and insecurity
Which is a major contributing factor to the transformational leader?
chharisma
According to the garbage can model of decision making, the four factors that need to connect to make a decision are problems, participants, solutions, and
choice opportunities
affinity group
collections of employees from the same level in the organization who meet on a regular basis to share information capture emerging opportunities and solve problems
product development teams
combinations of work teams and problem solving teams that create new designs for products or services that will satisfy customers needs
practical approach to decision making
combines the advantageous features of the rational and behavioral approaches
matrix design
combines two different designs to gain the benefits of each typically combined are product or project departmentalization scheme and a functional structure
The only way a person can influence someone else is to
communicate
self reactions
comparisons of alternatives with internatlized moral standards
performance management system PMS
comprises the processes and activities involved in performance appraisals
Hawthorne Studies
conducted between 1927 and 1932 led to some of the first discoveries of the importance of huma behavior in organizations
reinforcement
consequence of behavior
_____ is the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.
consideration
management teams
consist of manages from various areas they coordinate work teams
incremental innovation
continues the technical improvement and extends the applications of radical and systems innovations
unconflicted adherence
continuing with current activities if doing so does not entail serious risks
Stan is trying to implement a new organizational structure at his company. A group of key employees is resisting the change. In an attempt to "buy off" the leaders, Stan is giving them a key role in the change decision. He doesn't really value their opinion, but wants their endorsement. Stan is using the change strategy of _____.
cooptation
oganizational climate
current situations in an organization and the linkages among work groups employees and work performance
Which of the following statements best describes our understanding of the "avoidance approach" to conflict?
d. It is all right to use this approach when issues seem trivial.
In Perrow's study of the impact of technology on organization design, he considered all but which of the following elements?
d. The span of control in an organization as a whole.
The idea of placing human consideration at the center of job design is called:
d. anthropocentric.
Powerful external forces for change do not include:
d. bureaucratic guidelines.
Responsibilities of a team leader, in contrast to a manager, include:
d. hands-on skills of direct involvement and full membership in the team.
3 Problem solving and decision making are often examples of
d. two-way communication.
The Delphi technique is best suited for
decision making for groups that are difficult to bring physically together
Victor Vroom - and Philip Yetton
decision model that takes the form of tree
Janis Mann process
decision process that makes 5 assumptions - deals only with important life decisions
extinction
decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior
Mintzberg, Henry
defined basic managerial roles such as interpersonal roles - informational roles critical managerial skills
Which of the following is NOT one of the key factors in creating effective teams?
demographics
Avoidance of ______ is why most organizations develop multiple suppliers rather than give their business to only one.
dependency
theory X
described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a negative and pessimistic view of workers
theory Y
described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a positive and optimistic perspective on workers
rational approach to decision making
describes a systematic - step by step rocess
French and Raven
developed - legitimate power - reward power - coercive power -expert power and referent power
John RP French and Bertram Raven
developed a framework for studying five general bases of power in organizational change
Path goal theory of leadership
developed by Martin Evans and Robert House
Fred Fiedler
developed the contingency theory - considers the personality of the leader and the complexities of the situation
According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, goals should be _____.
difficult but attainable
A _____ leadership style, identified by House in path-goal theory, leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out.
directive
The question "To whom do you go to for information about what's going on?" is commonly asked
during a social network analysis
Jane is concerned that her company is selling products of very poor quality. However, when meeting with customers, Jane feels obligated to be positive and express confidence about the quality of the product. Jane is likely experiencing _____.
emotional dissonance
Which of the following is NOT thought to be a determinant of personality?
emotional intelligence
Six universal _____ are anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.
emotions
Tannen's research indicates that men use talk to ___, while women use it to _____.
emphasize status; create connection
A mechanistic organization
emphasizes specialization and control
According to equity theory model,
employee satisfaction is dependent on how fairly the employee believes he or she is treated in comparison to others
job enrichment
entails giving workers more tasks to perform and more control over how to perform them
defensive avoidance
entails making no changes in present activities and avoiding any further contact with associated issues because thre appears to be no hope of finding a better solution
intrapreneurship
entrepreneurial activity that takes place within the context of a large corporation
organizational environment
everything outside an organization including people other organizations economic factors objects and events that lie outside the boundaries of the organization
environmental uncertainty
exists when managers have little information about environmental events and their impact on the organization
Employees resist change most often because of the
fear of an adverse outcome
interpersonal roles
figurehead role - leader role - liasion role - are involved primarily with interactions with other people
Susan works from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day, while other employees in her office work from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. It appears that Susan's employer offers a _____ option.
flextime
All of the following are ways to become a learning organization EXCEPT
focus development efforts on senior management
Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory differs from other leadership theories most clearly because it _____.
focuses on the followers
All of the following serve to sustain a culture EXCEPT _____.
formalization
The _____ stage in group development which is characterized by uncertainty.
forming
Leaders demonstrate _____ when they use language to influence followers' perceptions of the world, the meaning of events, beliefs about causes and consequences, and visions of the future.
framing
A manager trying to motivate an employee should
give ample feedback
John's performance evaluation rates him on a scale of 1 to 5 for characteristics such as job knowledge and cooperation. John's company is using a _____ performance evaluation system.
graphic rating scale
Process consultants wil
guide and coach on workflow, informal relationships, and communication
Reinforcement theory
has operant conditioning at its foundation
A team member in the role of process observer contributes by
helping the group look at how it's functioning
People in good moods use _____, or rules of thumb, to make decisions.
heuristics
Outsourcing means that a company
hires other companies to do some of its work
job design
how organizations define and structure jobs
Cognitive style is determined by
how people gather and evaluate information
job characteristics approach
identifies five motivational properties of tasks and three psychological states of people
dual structure theory
identifies motivation factors which affect satisfaction and hygiene factors which determine dissatisfaction
homogeneous group
if members are similar in one of the several traits such as age - work experience education or technical specialty or cultural background
heterogeneous group
if members of the group differ along one or more dimensions
circle network
in this type of network -each member communicates with the people on both sides but with no one else
all channel network
in this type of network all members communicate with all other members
chain network
in this type of network each member communicates with the person above and below except for the individuals on each end who each communicate with only one person
wheel network
in this type of network information flows between the person at the end of each sopke and the person in the middle
work teams
include all the people working in an area are relatively permanent and do the daily work making decisions regarding how the work of the team is done
individual processes
include individual differences -attitudes personalities perception attribution, employee motivation learning reinforcement and work stress
Results of the contingency model
inconsistent LPC lacks validity
Advances in information technology have
increased access to information and made delayering possible
What is a common result of information overload?
increased work stress
The traditional view of conflict argues that conflict _____.
indicates a malfunctioning within the group
leadership substitutes
individual task and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leaders ability to affect subordinates satisfaction and performance
The office grapevine is an example of
information communication
According to attribution theory,
information on causation is gathered on three dimensions of behavior
The boundaryless organization relies heavily on _____.
information technology
In the book Profiles of Genius, thirteen key executives were interviewed and tested and all were found to be _____ types. This result is particularly interesting because this type represents only about five percent of the population.
intuitive thinking
informational roles
involve some aspect of information processng - monitor - disseminator - spokesperson decision making entrepreneur - disturbance handler resource allocator negotiater role
Job _____ measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his or her job and considers his or her perceived performance level important to self-worth.
involvement
unconflicted change
involves making changes in present activities if doing so presents no serious risks
vigilant information processing
involves thoroughly investigating all possible alternatives weighing their costs and benefits before making a decision and developing contingency plans
technical learning
is based on conscious learning where a consciously learning method has been chosen
informal learning
is learning by imitation. normally on a uncounscious level where the learner picks up the skills by another employee who masters the skill
planning
is the process of determining the organizations desired future position and deciding how best to get there
leading
is the process of getting the organizations members to work together toward achieving the organizations goals
controlling
is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its people to keep them headed toward their goals
controlling
is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organziation and its members to keep them directed toward their goals
leading
is the process of motivating members of the organization to work together toward the organizations goals
The _____ says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about.
job characteristics model
stereotypes
judgements about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority
Job rotation is used primarily to
keep employees from getting bored
informational roles
key roles include the monitor the disseminator and the spokesperson
Vroom decision tree approach
leadership model focuses on a songle aspect of leader behavior - subordinate participation in decision making
formal learning
learning by means of rewards and punishments such as incentives bonuses or reprimands and punishment
A _____ leader has five essential qualities: (1) individual capability; (2) team skills; (3) managerial competence; (4) the ability to stimulate others to high performance; and (5) a blend of personal humility and professional will.
level-5
Groupthink is
likely to occur when the group values getting along more than getting things done
In _____ cultures, the words themselves are the primary conveyors of meaning.
low-context
Quietly continuing to do your work, even though you're dissatisfied, is an example of _____ response to dissatisfaction.
loyalty
The most important challenge facing the field of organizational behavior is
managing workforce diversity
A leader with Machiavellian tendencies would likely
manipulate others for his or her personal gain
The _____ assumption assumes that people who are different will want to assimilate.
melting-pot
A ______ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee.
mentor
Hersey Blanchard Model
model of leadership identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers
hersey and blanchard model
model that identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers
Classical conditioning is:
modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response.
accomodation
occurs when the parties goals are compatible and the interaction between groups is relatively unimportant to the goals attainment
scientific management
one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees ar emotivated by money
_____ studies behavior as it relates to concerns such as absenteeism, turnover, productivity, and performance.
organizational behavior
A strategy, or method, for increasing organizational effectiveness by bringing about planned change is called
organizational development
The contingency approach to organization design affirms that
organizations are more effective when they are structured to fit the situational demand
task versus relationship motivation
parallels job centered and initiating structure leader behavior
Theory that allows for the possibility of adapting leadership to the situation
path goal theory
type a individuals
people who are extremely competitive highly committed to work and have a strong sense of time urgency
negative affectivity
people who are generally downbeat and pessimistic see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood
short term orientation
people with focus on the past or present
Conflict must be _____ by the parties to it.
perceived
Individual level independent variables include _____.
perception
work teams
permanent groups to do normal everyday work of the team and usually make decisions about how the work of the team will be performed
individual differences
personal attributes that vary from one person to another
John Holland argues that job satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest where _____.
personality and occupation are in agreement
phases of implementation
phase 1 startup - reality and unrest - leader centered teams - tightly formed teams - self managing teams
steps in implemeting teams
planning the change - making the decision - preparing for implementation
Power granted to a person by an organization is an example of
position power
During the _____ stage of the conflict process, conditions are present that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
potential opposition or incompatibility
authority
power that has been ligitimzed with a particular social context
According to Myers-Briggs typology, a sensation-type individual is best described as someone who
prefers routine and order when gathering information
A person with a high achievement need
prefers tasks of intermediate difficulty
At an Alcoa aluminum tubing plant in upstate New York, production is organized into five departments: casting; press; tubing; finishing and inspecting, packing, and shipping. This is an example of _____ departmentalization.
process
Accounting firms, consulting firms, and hospitals are examples of
professional bureaucracies
The internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II is an example of _____.
profiling
What is considered a standard response for routine problems?
programmed decision
Max Webber
proposed the development of what he called the bureaucratic form of organization structure
fixed ratio reinforcement
provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors
fixed interval reinforcement
provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule
The _____ model is effective at describing decision-making within temporary groups, particularly those with deadlines.
punctuated-equilibrium
human organization
renis likerts approach that is based on supportive relationships participation and overlapping work groups
personal power
resides in the person regardless of the position he or she fills
Which of the following has become a significant source of workplace conflict?
rudeness and incivility
_____ describes a positive feeling about your job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.
satisfaction
least preferred coworker - LPC scale
scale that presumes to measure a leader's motivation
schedules of reinforcement
schedules that indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behaviors
The objective of effective _____ is to match individual characteristics such as ability and experience, with the requirements of the job.
selection
Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in _____.
selective perception
Manager's can increase an employee's _____ through enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and arousal.
self-efficacy
quality circles
small groups of employees from the same work area who regularly meet to discuss and recommend solutions to workplace problems
The four management functions include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
staffing
If an employee misperceives an event that occurs in the workplace, it is likely that he or she has
strong attitudes about that event
Ohio state studies
studies based on a questionairre designed to assess subordinates perceptions of ther leaders behavior
Writers, attorneys, analysts, and employees who spend the majority of their time on computers or on the telephone are natural candidates for _____.
telecommuting
Electronic communication includes all of the following EXCEPT:
telephone calls.
problem solving teams
temporary teams established to attack specific problems in the workpplace
According to Rokeach, _____ values refer to desirable end-states of existence.
terminal
influence
the ability to affect the perceptions attitudes or behaviors of others
creativity
the ability to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas
valuing diversity
the act of putting an end to the assumption that everyone who is not a member of the dominant group must assimilate
cognitive dissonance
the anxiety a person experiences when he or she siimultanously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent
cognitive dissonance
the anxiety a person experiences when he or she simultaneously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent
organizational behavior modificaiton OB mod
the application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings
strategic values
the basic beliefs about an organizations environment that shape its strategy
human relations movement
the beginning of organizational behavior was based on the assumption that employee satisfaction is a key determinant of performance
equity
the belief that one is being treated fairly in relation to others inequity is the belief that one is being treated unfairly in relation to others
authoritariansism
the belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations
general environment
the broad set of dimensions and factors within which the organization operaties including political legal sociocultural technological economic and international factors
openness
the capacity to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information
medium
the channel or path through which the message is transmitted
goal specificity
the clarity and precision of a goal
conflict stimulation
the creation and constructive use of conflict by a manager
valence
the degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person
communication fidelity
the degree of correspondence between the message intended by the source and themessage understood by the receiver
group composition
the degree of similarity or difference among group members on factors important to the groups work
risk propenjsity
the degree to which a person is willing to take chances and make risky decisions
Assertiveness is _____.
the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his/her own concerns
formalization
the degree to which rules and procedures shape the jobs and activities of employees
environmental dynamism
the degree tow hich environmental components that impinge on organizational decision making change
need for achievement
the desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than in the past
need for power
the desire to control the resources in ones' environment
organizational citizenship
the extent to which a person's behavior makes a positive overall contribution to the organization
job satisfaction
the extent to which aperson is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work
Leon Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance would be determined by all of the following EXCEPT _____.
the extent to which attitudes are widely held by society.
power distance
the extent to which less powerful persons accept the unequal distribution of power
emotional intelligence - EQ
the extent to which people are self aware can manage thier emotions can motivate themselves express empathy for others and possess social skills
locus of control
the extent to which people believe their circumstances are a function of their own actions versus external factors beyond their control
self efficacy
the extent to which people believe they can accomplish their goals even if they failed to do so in the past
collectivism
the extent to which people emphasize the good of the group or society
individualism
the extent to which people place primary value on themselves
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which people prefer to be in unambiguous sitatuions
masculinity assertiveness or materialism
the extent to which the dominatnt values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and material goods over concern for people relationships among people and the overall quality of life
procedural justice
the extent to which the dynamics of an organizations decision making processes are judged to be fiar by those most affectied by them
goal compatibility
the extent to which the goals of more than one person or group can be achieved at the same time
person job fit
the extent to which the individuals contributions match the inducements offered by the organization
quality of work life
the extent to which workers can satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organization
verification
the final stage of the creative process in which the truthfulness of the insight is determined
verification
the final stage of the creative process in which the validity or turthfulness of the insight is determined
bounded rationality
the idea that decision makers cannot deal with information about all the aspects and alternatives pertaining to a problem and therefore choose to tackle some meaningful subset of it
source
the individual group or organization interested in communicating something to another party
job categories
the jobs in work groups are usually defined in narrow descriptions of highly specialized jobs that require minimal training
departmentalization
the manner in which divided tasks are combined and allocated to work groups
organizational technology
the mechanical and intellectual processes that transform inputs into outputs
environmental complexity
the number of invironmental components that impinge on organizational decision making
avoidance - negative reinforcement
the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior
avoidance -negative reinforcement
the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior
strategy
the plans and actions necessary to achieve organizational goals
unfreezing
the process by which people become aware of the need for change
performance measurement -
the process by which someone evaluates an employees work behaviors by measurement and comparison with previously established standards
encoding
the process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into transmittable symbols
decoding
the process by which the reciever of themessage interprets its meaning
stereotyping
the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute
decision making
the process of choosing from among several alternatives
innovation
the process of creating and doing new things that are introduced into the marketplace as products and services or processes
organizing
the process of designing jobs grupong jobs into manageable units and establishing patterns of authority amoung jobs and groups
rightsizing
the process of optimizing the size of an organizations workforce through downsizing expanding and or outsourcing
organizational development
the process of planned change and improvement of the organization through application of knowledge of the behavioral sciences
selective perception
the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts oru beliefs
transition management
the process of systematically planning organizing and implementing change
organizational socialization
the process through which emploees learn about the firm's culture and pass thier knowledge and understanding on to others
socialization
the process through which individuals become social beings
assimilation
the process through which memb ers of a minority group are forced to learn the ways of the dominant group
extraversion
the quality of being comfortable with relationships the opposite extreme introversion is characterized by more social discomfort
personality
the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one persona from another
transformational leadership
the set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change to create a vision to guide that change and to execute that change effectively
perception
the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment
organization culture
the set of values that helps the organizations employees understand which actions are considered acceptable and which unacceptable
technical skills
the skills necessary to accomplish specific tasks within the organization
jargon
the specialized or technical language of a trade profession or social group
insight
the stage in the creative process when all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation come together to produce a breakthrough
mutual acceptance group
the stage of group development that is characterized by members sharing information about themselves and getting to know each other
control and organization
the stage of group development when the group is mature members work together and are flexible adaptive and self correcting
communication and decision making
the stage of group development where members discuss their feelings more openly and agree on group goals and individual roles in the group
incubaiton
the stage of less intense conscious concentration during which a creative person lets the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop
organization behavior
the study of human behavior in organizational settings of the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself
symbolic value
the subjective and personal meaning or worth a reward has to an employee
administrative hierarchy
the system of reporting relationships in the organization from the lowest to the highest managerial levels
organization structure
the system of task reporting and authority relationships within which the organization does its work
inducements
the tangible and intangible rewards provided by organizations to individuals
group polarization
the tendency for a groups average post discussion attitudes to be more extreme than its average prediscussion attitudes
acceptance theory of authority
the theory that the managers authority depends on the subordianates acceptance of the managers right to give directives and to expect compliance with them
structural imperatives
the three structural imperatives environment, technology and size and the three primary determinants of organizational structure
Path goal theory of leadership
theory that suggests that effective leaders clarify the paths - behaviors- that will lead to desired rewards - goals
situational perspective
theory that suggests that in most organizations situations and outcomes are contingent on or influcence by other variables
michigan leadership studies
these studies defined job centered and employee centered leadership as opposite ends of a single leadership continuum
ohio state leaderships studies
these studies defined leader consideration and initating structure behaviors as independent dimensions of leadership
practical approach to decision making
this approach combines the steps of the rational approach with the conditions in the behavioral approach to create a more realistic process for making decisions in organizations
task environment
this environment includes specific organizations groups and individuals that influence the organization
vroom's decision tree approach to leadership
this model attempts to prescribe how much participation subordinates should be allowed in making decisions
PRAM model
this model guides the negotiater through the four steps of planning for agreement building relationships reaching agreements and maintaining relationships
professional bureaucracy
this structure is characterized by horizontal specialization by professional area of expertise little formalization and decentralized decision making
mechanistic structure
this structure is primarily hierarchical interactions and communications are typically vertical instructions come from the boss knowledge is concentrated at the top and loyalty and obedience are required to sustain membership
organic structure
this structure is set up like a network interactions and communications are horizontal knowledge resides where ever it is most useuful to the organization and membership requires a commitment to the organizations tasks
machine bureaucracy
this structure is typical of large well established organizations work is highly specialized and formalized and decision making is usually concentrated at the top
simple structure
this structure is typical of relatively small or new organizations and has little specialization or formalization power and decision making are concentrated in the chief executive
adhocracy
this structure is typically found in young organizations in highly technical fields within it decision making is spread throughout the organization power resides with the experts horizontal and vertical specialization exists and there is little formalization
Flextime, job sharing, and part-time work are examples of _____ for managing work-life conflicts.
time-based strategies
Piece-rate plans, merit based pay, bonuses, profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock ownership plans are all forms of _____ programs.
variable-pay
For a salesperson who is paid commission, reinforcement occurs on a _____ schedule.
variable-ratio
variable interval reinforcement
varies the amount of time between reinforcements
variable ratio reinforcement
varies the number of behaviors between reinforcements
The ____ is also called the network or modular organization.
virtual organization
A charismatic leader's _____ is key to follower acceptance.
vision
ideal bureaucracy
weber's model that is characterized by a hierarchy of authority and a system of rules and procedures designed to create an optimally effective system for large organizations
contributions
what the individual's contributes to an organization including effort skills ability time and loyalty
competition among groups
when the goals of the interacting groups are incompatible and the interactions are important to goal attainment
cyclic process
where the employee is doing - then reflecting then thinking then deciding and this process continues with re-doing
Which of the following groups will NOT increase as a percentage of the workforce?
white males
fred fiedler
who contends the only alternative is to change the situation through job engineering
Gerald Cavanaugh - Dennis Moberg and Manuel Velasquez
who developed a model of ethical political behavior
Gary Yukl
who developed a useful perspective for understanding how power might be used
Robert Blake and Jane srygley Mouton
who developed the Leadership grid
Max Weber
who developed the structuring the organization effectively
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence,
wisdom, street smarts, and common sense are important factors of intelligence
dysfunctional behaviors
work related behaviors that detract from organizational performance
Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as _____ cause dissatisfaction.
working conditions