Organizational Behavior

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a spiritual organization?

Censorship of employee expression

_____ are responsible for initiating and managing change within an organization.

Change agents

A has ____ power over B if A can dismiss, suspend, or demote B, assuming that B values his or her job.

Coercive

According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the accommodative learning style?

Concrete experience, active experimentation, adaptive

As a rule of thumb, in the absence of information, what do many employees do?

Create and spread rumors

What is the trend in work space design?

Creating public spaces for employees to use for various purposes

Which is true about flat organization structures?

Customer problems can be solved quickly.

Which statement is TRUE about espoused values?

. They are what members say they are.

Herzberg's hygiene factors relate to:

. both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.

Even the most prestigious of schools has experienced grade inflation. In 1970, the average GPA of students at Princeton was _____, while it was _____ in 2000.

2.99, 3.40

_____ evaluation provides performance feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee might have.

360-degree

Grapevine studies have shown that ____ percent of employees hear about matters first through rumors on the grapevine.

75

John Kotter's _____ for implementing change builds on Lewin's three-step model.

8-step plan

What is an organigraph?

A map that gives an overview of a company's functions and the way people organize themselves at work

All of the following are factors that are necessary in the communication process EXCEPT

A) trust

hierarchy of needs theory

Abraham Maslows hierarchy that assumes human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance

_____ is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience.

Affect

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?

Agreeableness

All of the following accurately describe Alderfer's ERG theory EXCEPT

Alderfer reworked Herzberg's theory to align with empirical research

Leadership is the domain of which group of employees?

All employees

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

All managers are not leaders.

_____ has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries.

Anthropology

____ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization and build on these to improve performance.

Appreciative inquiry

_._____ leaders know who they are, know that they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly.

Authentic

Performance evaluation serves a number of purposes, including determining who gets merit increases and other rewards. This is an example of which of the following functions of performance evaluation?

Basis for reward allocations

All of the following are TRUE about both positive and negative reinforcement EXCEPT:

Both positive and negative reinforcement tend to weaken behavior and decrease it subsequent frequency.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a bureaucratic organizational structure?

Bureaucratic controls can suppress initiative and decision making at lower levels.

According to the Holmes and Rahe "Social Adjustment Rating Scale," which of the following is considered the most stressful event?

Death of a spouse

Which of the following is a frequently used research method for organizational behavior?

Interviews

Which one of the following is NOT a factor that influences perception?

Medium

_____ illustrates a process loss as a result of using teams.

Social loafing

_____ is the process that adapts employees to the organization's culture.

Socialization

Individual styles are likely to come into conflict during which stage of group development?

Storming

_____ theory states that people are born with certain characteristics that predispose them to being leaders.

Trait

Refreezing involves _____

making a new change permanent

The following are all conditions that favor social learning EXCEPT

need for power

long term orientation

people who focus on the future

A strong culture builds all of the following EXCEPT ____.

quality

The _____ initiates a message by encoding a thought.

sender

cross functional teams are

used most often for the purpose of product development

Which of the following is an accurate description of Emotional Intelligence (EI)?

A person's EI predicts performance better than IQ.

Which of the following best describes brainstorming?

A process for generating ideas.

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective communication?

Channel richness

_____ refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode.

Channel richness

Problem recognition, immersion, incubation, insight, and verification describe what organizational process?

Creative decision making

_____ exists when an individual perceives that the ratio of their inputs to outcomes is dissimilar to the ration of relevant others.

Equity tension

_____ is a field of study that examines the extent to which emotions, whether positive or negative, serve a purpose.

Evolutionary psychology

Which of the following was NOT specifically suggested by your author as a general category of employee skills?

Financial

____ groups are defined by the organization's structure.

Formal

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organizational culture?

Formalization

Which of the following is NOT a technique to enhance creativity?

Forming homogeneous work groups

Which of the following is NOT a way that culture is created?

Founders poll early employees to determine the appropriate cultural values.

Which organization structure is best suited to leveraging specialization?

Functional

Which of the following statements is true about group dynamics?

Groups go through predictable stages to become productive.

Which is NOT a weakness of group decision-making?

Groups offer increased diversity of views.

_____ occurs when people associate two events, when there is no real connection.

Illusory correlation

_____ is the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them.

Impression management

Which of the following is correc

In negotiations, Brazilians are likely to use physical contact.

Which is NOT one of the three primary factors that differentiate virtual teams from face-to-face teams?

Increased social rapport

What is the relationship between size and group performance?

Increases in group size are inversely related to individual performance.

Which of the following accurately describes organizational change?

Individuals' ability to learn to deal with change is a major part of managing change.

_____ bargaining builds long-term relationships and facilitates working together in the future.

Integrative

Which of the following is true about job enrichment?

It increases employee responsibility.

Which of the following accurately describes social loafing?

It is also known as freeloading.

Which of the following is true about gender differences in leadership?

It is difficult to judge the truth about stereotypes of gender differences.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Vroom's expectancy theory?

It is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of physical ability?

Looks

Individuals who are high in the _____ dimension of personality manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.

Machiavellianism

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?

Maslow believed that humans were creative beings seeking self-actualization.

What is the relationship between stress and job performance?

Moderate stress correlates with high performance.

_____ is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, tranquility, and poise on the low end.

Negative affect

_____ commitment refers to an employee's obligation to remain with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.

Normative

____ training includes job rotation, apprenticeships, understudy assignments, and formal mentoring programs.

On-the-job

Which of the following statements is true about organizational behavior?

Organizational behavior is a study of individuals, groups, and structure.

Teams are most effective when staffed with people who are _____.

Organizational demographics

_____ is a paradigm that values human and organizational growth, collaborative processes, and a spirit of inquiry.

Organizational development

Determining the tasks to be done, who should do them, and who reports to whom is an example of which management function?

Organizing

Most studies confirm that the concept of _____ is central to understanding sexual harassment.

Power

Which of the following is NOT a substitute for leadership?

Professional orientation of employees

What behavioral science discipline has made the MOST significant contributions to understanding individual behavior?

Psychology

The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ____ relationship.

Rewards-personal goals

_____ describe how others believe you should act in a given situation.

Role expectations

_____ refers to the attitudes and behaviors that are consistent with a role

Role identity

_____, one of the dimensions of emotional intelligence, is awareness of one's feelings.

Self-awareness

_____ teams go farther than problem-solving teams in getting employees involved in work-related decisions and processes.

Self-managed

_____ is the learning concept of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired new behavior.

Shaping

What differentiates a team from a group?

Shared versus individual accountability

What triggers the fight or flight response?

Stress

In order to build teamwork, a manager should avoid which of the following?

Supervising the group closely

_____ uses high-interaction group activities to increase trust and openness among team members.

Team building

According to the Leadership Grid®, which is the best leadership style?

Team management

Which of the following does NOT explain the current popularity of teams?

Teams enable organizations to better utilize employee talents.

Which is NOT a common class of norms appearing in most work groups?

Termination

What is a dependent variable?

The factor that an experiment or hypothesis tries to explain or predict that is affected by some other factor

Which of the following statements accurately describes situational leadership?

There is no one best way to influence group members.

What do denial, stereotyping, and projection have in common?

They are all ways to deal with sensory information

Which of the following is NOT true of charismatic leaders?

They are focused on their personal needs.

According to LMX theory, which of the following is NOT true of those individual's who fall into the out-group?

They are trusted.

_____ is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.

Uncertainty avoidance

What is cognitive dissonance?

When attitudes or beliefs held by a person are contradictory

Which of the following is a difference between men's and women's communication styles?

Women prefer to communicate to build rapport, and men use communication to display knowledge and skill.

Which of the following is NOT true about stress?

Women respond more intensely to stress than men and have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke.

attitudes

a persons complexes of beliefs and feelings about specific ideas situations or other people

In organizational justice, distributive justice:

a. concerns the fairness of outcomes individuals receive.

Which of the following is an element of the informal organization?

a. values

Change and acquisition is:

a. when the newcomer begins to master the demands of the job.

organizational politics

activities carried out by people to acquire enhance and use power and other resources to obtain thier desired outcomes

stess

an individuals response to a strong stimulus

Institutionalization is the process through which _____.

an organization takes on a life of its own

social responsibility

an organizations obligation to protect and contribute to the social environment in which it functions

outcome

anything that results from performing a particular behavior

behavioral approach

approach to leadership that tries to identify behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from nonleaders uses rules of thumb suboptimizing and satisficing in making decisions

job specialization

as advocated by scientific management it can help improve efficiency but it can also promote monotony and boredom

behaviorial approach to decision making

assumes decision makers act with bounded rationality rather than with perfect rationality

5 A process of self-motivation and evaluations by a manager, peers, and possibly customers is known as?

b. 360 degree feedback

________ is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from in-group pressures.

b. Groupthink

The most simplistic name for two or more people having common interests or objectives is a ________.

b. group

6 In attribution theory, a non-performing employee's internal attribution might include:

b. lack of commitment.

On the Leadership Grid, a manager who has a medium concern for people and production is a(n):

b. organization man manager.

A dynamic follower is one who:

b. practices self-management.

Teams are very useful when:

b. the tasks are interrelated.

Silence as a response has:

b. value for the listener who needs to sort out thoughts.

Scientific management emphasized:

b. work simplification.

initiating structure behavior

behavior that involves clearly defining the leader subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them

job centered leader behavior

behavior that involves paying close attention to the work of subordinates explaining work procedures and demonstrating a strong interest in performance

continuous reinforcement

behavior that is rewarded every time it occurs

job centered and employee cenetred leader

behavior were presumed to be at opposite ends of a single dimension

Decision makers operate within the confines of _____ i.e., they construct simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

bounded rationality

Empowerment is a strategy focused on improving all of the following EXCEPT

bureaucracy

The ____ is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization.

bureaucracy

Which tactic is an American manager most likely to use when dealing with a tardy employee?

c. If you don't start reporting on time for work, I will have to cut your pay.

________ conflict occurs when a person experiences conflict among the multiple roles in his or her life.

c. Interrole

The "interpersonal glue" that helps work groups stay together is known as:

c. group cohesion.

Max Webber -

classical organization theory was concerned with structuring organizations effectively

Which of the following is the least effective method of influencing others?

coalition formation

The belief that "discrimination is wrong" is a value statement. Such an opinion is the _____ component of an attitude.

cognitive

Individuals with a positive _____ like themselves, see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment.

core self-evaluations

systems innovation

creates a new functionality by assembling parts in new ways

Which one of the following is NOT one of the five major elements in a managing culture?

d. How well leaders know their employees.

The correspondence between attitudes and behaviors doesn't depend on:

d. selective perception.

According to the Situational Leadership model, a ________ style is characterized by high task behavior and high relationship behavior.

d. selling

Power distance is:

d. the degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.

Labor-management negotiations over wages exemplifies _____ bargaining.

distributive

Work specialization is also referred to as ___

division of labor

People who exhibit _____ know their own emotions and are good at reading others' emotions may be more effective in their jobs

emotional intelligence

A(n) _____is a situation in which an employee must define right and wrong conduct.

ethical dilemma

decision criteria are used to

evaluate alternatives

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Bill is a thinking-type. When reviewing a vendor proposal with his boss, he will most likely

express his opinion

Nonverbal communication has the main purpose of

expressing the communicator's emotions behind the message

Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining an unwanted behavior is called _____.

extinction

When organized around the Big Five, _____ is the most important trait of effective leaders.

extraversion

group performance factors

factors that affect the success of the group in fulfilling its goals including composition size norms and cohesiveness

primary dimensions of diversity

factors that are either inborn or exert extraordinary influcene on early socialization age ethnicity gender physical abilities race and sexual orientation

hygiene factors

factors that are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security

motivation factors

factors that are intrinsic to the work itself and include achievement and recognition

Jake tells his boss only what he believes the boss wants to hear. He is engaging in _____.

filtering

Fiedler's contingency model assumes that an individual's leadership style is _____.

fixed

The three most popular types of _____ are modular plans, core-plus options, and flexible spending accounts.

flexible benefits

The 4I framework of a learning organization consists of intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and

institutionalization

The _____ view of conflict argues that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively.

interactionist

A slot machine is an example of _____ reinforcement.

intermittent

job enlargement

involves giving workers more tasks to perform

Escalation of commitment:

is simply hanging on to a poor decision.

organizing

is the process of designing jobs grouping jobs into units and establishing patterns of authority between job and units

planning

is the process of determining an organizations desired future position and the best means of getting there

decision making roles

key roles include the entrepreneur, the disturbance handler the resource allocator and the negotiator

interpersonal roles

key roles include the figurehead the leader and the liasion

suboptimizing

knowingly accepting less than the best possible outcome to avoid unintended negative effects on other aspects of the organization

Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture?

language proficiency

achievement oriented leadership

leader sets challenging goals - expects subordinates to perform at thier highest level

The main difference between a leader and a manager is that:

leaders are advocates for change, and managers for the status quo.

The ____ violates the unity-of-command concept.

matrix structure

The _____ is a structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization.

mechanistic model

A Theory X manager would assume employees would _____.

need to be controlled

Steve is unhappy with his job. He takes every possible vacation and sick day and sometimes shows up for work late. He is expressing his dissatisfaction with a _____ response.

neglect

overdetermination

occurs because numerous organizational systems are in place to ensure that employees and systems behave as expected to maintain stability

superleadership

occurs when a leader gradually and purposefully turns over power responsibility and control to a sel managing work group

social learning

occurs when people observe the behaviors of others recognize their consequences and alter their own behavior as a result

turnover

occurs when people quit their jobs

competition

occurs when the goals are incompatible and the interactions between groups are important to meeting goals

accomomodation among groups

occurs when the groups goals are compatible but interactions are not considered important to goal attainment

collaboration

occurs when the interaction between groups is very important to goal attainment and the goals are compatible

directive leadership

occurs when the leader lets subordinates know what is expected of them -gives specific guidance

scientific management

one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees are motiviated by money

The chief means of conveying messages is _____ communication.

oral

type b individuals

people who are less competitive less committed to work and have a weaker sense of urgency

positive affectivity

people who are upbeat and optimistic have an overall sence of well being and see things in a positvie light

process based perspectives on motivaiton

perspectives that focus on how people behave in thier efforts to satisfy thier needs

An example of _____ is when an employee receives a one-week suspension from work and is fined $200 for stealing company property.

punishment

A _____ is a group of employees and supervisors who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems and recommend solutions.

quality circle

In spite of the fact that short-term stock price changes are essentially random, a large proportion of investors believe that they can predict the direction that prices will move. This is an example of _____.

randomness error

Openly discussing the worst-case possibilities of a situation is a way a company can

reduce the negative consequences of rumors

indirect compensation - benefits

refers to nonwage or salary compensation such as paid time off and insurance coverage

command group

relatively permanent group

management functions

set forth by henri fayol they include planning organizing command coordination and control

When errors are detected in _____, the correction process relies on past routines and present policies.

single-loop learning

interpersonal skills

skills used to communicate with understand and motivate individuals and groups

conceptual skills

skills used to think in the abstract

diagnostic skills

skills used to understand cause and effect relationships and to recognize the optimal solutions to problems

Experts predict that the predominant style of organization in the future will be

skills-oriented

quality circles

small groups of employees from the same work area who meet regularly to discuss and recommend solutions to problems

Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?

social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

perquisites

special privileges awarded to selected members of an organization usually top managers

6 There are several things that can assist a large organization to decentralize, including:

specialization of products/market/technology.

Delphi Technique

technique developed by the Rand Corp - a method of systematically gathering the judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts

nominal group technique

technique in which group members follow a generate discussion vote cycle until they reach an appropriate decision

Culture is most likely to be a liability when _____.

the environment is dynamic

Being "in the zone" is also known as

the experience of flow

goal acceptance

the extent t which a person accepts a goal as his or her own

self esteem

the extent to which a person believes he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual

goal commitment

the extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching a goal

need for affiliation

the need for human companionship

conscientiousness

the number of goals on which a person focuses

surface value

the objective meaning or worth a reward has to an employee

empowerment

the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals make decisions and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority

participation

the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about thier own work

refreeing

the process of making new behaviors relatively permanent and resistant to further change

semantics

the study of language forms

performance behaviors

the total set of work related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display

delegation

the transfer to others of the authority to make decisions and use organizational resources

need based theories of motivation

theories that assume that need deficiencies cause behavior

reinforcement thoery

theory based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences

ERG theory

theory that describes existence relatedness and growth needs

expectancy theory

theory that suggests people are motivated by how much they want something and the liklihood they perceive of getting it

LPC theory of leadership

theory that suggests that a leaders effectiveness depends on the situation

divionalized form

this structure is typical of old very large organizations the organization is divided according to the different markets served

isolated dyad

two people who tend to work alone and to interact and communicate little with others

task groups

usually are established to solve a particular organizational problem

a team

usually refers to people or animals organized to work together

preparation

usually the first tage in the creative process includes education and formal training

Decisions made so as to provide the greatest good for the greatest number are based on _____.

utilitarianism

Which of the following is not a basic proposition of interactional psychology?

. A person is changed by situations, rather than changing situations.

According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the convergent learning style?

Abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, problem-solving

Information technology

All of the following disciplines have contributed to the foundations of the field of organizational behavior EXCEPT

What is an affinity group?

An employee-involvement group made up of professional-level workers

A manager trying to motivate an employee should

By observing leaders and socialization

Which of the following is true about conflict?

Conflict can be both positive and negative.

People with positive _____ believe in their inner worth and basic competence.

Core self-evaluations

During which phase of the negotiation process do the parties exchange their initial proposals or demands?

Definition of ground rules

Which of the following individual qualities is not required in ethical decision making?

Dependence on a supervisor to always tell you what is right.

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of trust?

Distance

According to the Myers-Briggs type Indicator, people who are classified as _____ are conceptualizers.

ENTPs

Which of the following is true concerning online leadership?

Effective on-line leaders need to develop the skill of deciphering the emotional components of messages.

_____ refers to an employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.

Emotional labor

_____ refers to an individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work she does.

Employee engagement

_____ is a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization's success.

Employee involvement

Which of the following is true about employee recognition?

Employees welcome praise as much as a paycheck.

Which of the following is true about stress?

Employees with external locus of control perceive situations to be more stressful than employees with internal locus of control.

Which of the following is NOT a key element in motivation?

Environment

_____ is an increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.

Escalation of commitment

_____ is an incentive plan where improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is allocated.

Gainsharing

Which of the following statements is true concerning change?

Global competition is the leading force driving change at work.

Which of the following describes people with a directive style of decision making?

Has a low tolerance for ambiguity and seeks rationality

Which of the following is true of heuristics?

Heuristics lead to biases in judgment.

_____ are more likely to engage in impression management, molding their image to fit the situation.

High self-monitors

Which of the following is the foundation of all organization cultures?

History of the company and its founders

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of an organization's structure?

Industry

_____ skills training includes learning how to be a better listener and how to be a more effective team player.

Interpersonal

Which of the following statements is true concerning the climate of trust?

Interpersonal trust among team members reduces the need to monitor each others behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about Herzberg's two-factor theory?

Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction.

Each of the following is a question your text suggests to analyze ethical questions except:

Is the action legal?

personal approach to decision making

Janis Mann process called the conflict model

_____ may be implemented by combining tasks, forming natural work units, establishing client relationships, expanding jobs vertically, and opening feedback channels.

Job enrichment

____ (or cross-training) is the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another.

Job rotation

Who created the three-step model for change that includes unfreezing, movement, and refreezing?

Kurt Lewin

Which type of firm is likely to use a territorial departmentalization structure?

Large service firm

Which of the following ideas are associated with Fiedler's contingency theory?

Leaders are classified using an assessment tool called Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale.

____ research emphasizes style; whereas research on ____ focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.

Leadership; power

Which of the following is NOT an individual factor related to political behavior?

Level of trust

Who developed the situational leadership model?

Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard

personality and occupation are in agreement

Perception

_____ tests assess the applicant's ability in an authentic situation.

Performance simulation

What does the P stand for in the equation B = ƒ(P x E)?

Person

Which of the following is NOT an organizational constraint on decision-making?

Personality

Which of the following is considered an unethical political tactic to gain power in an organization?

Playing territorial games

______ occurs when people within organizations use whatever influence they can to taint the facts to support their goals and interests.

Politicking

What type of power will help a leader establish a power base?

Power as an expert

Which of the following is the most effective technique for preventing and reducing stress?

Power napping

_______ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.

Relationship

Which of the following is true about Total Quality Management (TQM)?

Relies on bottom-up, participative decision making in planning and execution

Which is NOT one of the steps in the rational decision making model?

Selecting the decision that satisfices

Which of the following is NOT a common form by which culture is transmitted to employees?

Selection

_____ is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Self-actualization

Which of the following is NOT identified that managers can create a more ethical culture?

Set aggressive performance goals.

_____ is an attribute of work teams which results in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.

Synergy

Which of the following generalizations about organizational structures and employee performance and satisfaction is MOST true?

There is no evidence that supports a relationship between span of control and employee performance.

Which of the following is true about virtual teams?

They benefit companies that are spread out in a wide geographic area.

According to your text, which is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate for women?

Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family.

The leader-participation model was developed by _____.

Vroom and Yetton

____ means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity.

Workforce diversity

_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.

_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.

machiavellianism

a behavior which causes people to behave to gain power and to control the behavior of others

What of the following best describe action research?

a change process based on the systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate

MBO - management by objectives

a collaborative goal setting process through which organizational goals cascade down throughout the organization

general adaption syndrome GAS

a cycle through which stress occurs alarm resistance and exhaustion

nonprogrammed deicision

a decision that recurs infrequently and for which there is no previously established decision rule

impression management

a direct and intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her own image in the eyes of others

channel noise

a disturbance in communication that is primarily a function of a medium

problem solving

a form of decision making in which the issue is unique and alternatives must be developed and evaluated without the aid of a programmed decision rule

hypervigilance

a frantic superficial pursuit of some satisficing strategy

The nominal group technique is

a group decision-making approach that generates creative alternatives independently

composition of a group

a group described in terms of the homogenity or hetergeneity of group members

organization

a group of people working together to attain common goals

friendship group

a group that is relatively permanent and informal and draws its benefits from the social relationships among its members

interest group

a group that is relatively temporary and informal and is organized around a common activity or interest of its members

Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following EXCEPT _____

a high degree of risk

radical innovation

a major breakthrough that changes or creates whole industries

delphi tenchnique

a method of systematically gathering judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts

workplace behavior

a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness

change agent

a person responsible for managing a change effort

aggreeableness

a person's ability to get along with others

psychological contract

a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to the organization and wht the organization will provide in return

organizational commitment

a persona identification with and attachment to an organization

effort to performance expectancy

a persons perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance

organizational downsizing

a popular trend aimed at reducing the size of corporate staff and middle management to reduce costs

linking role

a position for a person or group that serves to coordinate the activities of two or more organizational groups

command group

a relatevely permanent formal group with functional reporting relationships usually included in the organization chart

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience

positive reinforcement

a reward or other desireable consequence that a persona receives after exhibiting behavior

burnout

a sense of exhaustion that develops when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time

big five personality traits

a set of fundamental traits that are especially relevant to organizations

classical conditioning

a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus

norm

a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged

decision rule

a statement that tells a decision maker which alternative to choose based on the charcteristics of the decision situation

stressor

a strong stimulus that results in stress

centralization

a structural policy in which decision making authority is concentrated at the top of the organizational hierarchy

According to the text, the best approach for obtaining knowledge about human behavior is_____.

a systematic approach

rational decision making approach

a systematic step by step process for making decisions

structural change

a systemwide organization development involving a major restructuring of the organization or instituting programs such as quality of work life

conflict model

a very personal approach to decision making because it deals with the personal conflicts that people experience in particularly difficult decision situations

6 In order to create a conflict-positive organization, there are many interrelated steps to follow. They include which of the following?

a. Empower employees to feel confident and skillful.

Which of the following is one of the competencies that make up emotional intelligence?

a. empathy

5 Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Lewin's change model?

a. freezing

Which of the following is a level of cognitive moral development?

a. the premoral level

The manifest needs as identified by McClelland include

achievement, affiliation, and power.

The _____ communication network is best illustrated by an unstructured committee.

all-channel

contingency plans

alternative actions to take if the primary course of action is unexpectedly distupted or rendered inappropriate

trait approach

an approach that attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits that differentiated effective leaders from non leaders

human resource approach

an approach to motivation that assumes employees want and are able to make genuine contributions to the organization

human relations approach

an approach to motivation that suggests that favorable employee attitudes result in motivation to work hard

universal approach

an approach to organization design in which prescriptions or propositions are designed to work in any circumstance

contingency approach

an approach to organization design in which the desired outcomes for the organization can be achieved in several ways

classical organization theory

an early approach to management that focused on how organizations can be structured most effectively to meet thier goals

The following are true about making good business decisions EXCEPT

an estimated 20 percent of decisions made in organizations fail

gatekeeper

an individual who has a strategic position in the network that allows him or her to control information moving in either direction through a channel

cosmopolite

an individual who inks the organization to the external environment and may also be an opinion leader in the group

isolate

an individual who tends to work alone and to interact and communicate little with othes

performance to outcome expectancy

an individuals perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes

ethics

an individuals personal beliefs about what is right and wrong or good and bad

pluralistic organization

an organization that has diverse membership and takes steps to fully involve all people who differ from the dominant group

punishment

an unpleasant or aversive consequence that results from behavior

________ results from inaccurate definition of the expected job performance.

b. Invalidity

________ is the belief that one has the ability to do a job well.

b. Self-determination

Cognitive dissonance is caused by a conflict between:

b. attitudes and behavior.

The characteristics which appropriately impact the design of an organization's design processes are known as:

b. contextual variables.

The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____.

behavior modification

employee centered leader behavior

behavior occurs when the leader attempts to develop a cohesive work group and ensure that employees are basically satisfied with thier jobs

job centered leader

behavior occurs when the leader pays close attention to the work of subordinates

employee centered leader behavior

behavior that involves attempting to build effective work groups with high performance goals

consideration behavior

behavior that involves being concerned with subordinates feelings and respecting subordinates ideas

Which of the following statements about barriers to communication is TRUE?

c. They include gender differences and language.

The mechanics approach to job design emphasizes:

c. a lower chance of mental overload.

In studying motivational theories, we are learning that:

c. achievement is more of a motivator for Americans than for other nationalities.

It is the position of the authors, Nelson and Quick, that:

c. adapting, flexibility, and responsiveness are desirable hallmarks in change management.

The most visible and accessible level of culture is:

c. artifacts.

Type theory states that introverts:

c. have excellent social skills but prefer the internal world of ideas, thoughts, and concepts.

In comparing the organizational design needs of the small organization and the large organization, which of the following is a consideration for the small organization?

c. more centralization

Which of the following job core characteristics does NOT directly relate to meeting the needs of a critical psychological state?

c. rate of pay

Identify the five major barriers to social perception.

c. selective perception, stereotyping, first-impression error, projection and self-fulfilling prophecies

behavioral approaches to leadership

came from Michigan studies - the Ohio state studies and the leadership grid

If attitudes and behavior are inconsistent, individuals will most likely _____

change either their attitudes or behavior

Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to _____.

changes in an organization's structure

negative emotionality

characterized by moodiness and insecurity

Which is a major contributing factor to the transformational leader?

chharisma

According to the garbage can model of decision making, the four factors that need to connect to make a decision are problems, participants, solutions, and

choice opportunities

affinity group

collections of employees from the same level in the organization who meet on a regular basis to share information capture emerging opportunities and solve problems

product development teams

combinations of work teams and problem solving teams that create new designs for products or services that will satisfy customers needs

practical approach to decision making

combines the advantageous features of the rational and behavioral approaches

matrix design

combines two different designs to gain the benefits of each typically combined are product or project departmentalization scheme and a functional structure

The only way a person can influence someone else is to

communicate

self reactions

comparisons of alternatives with internatlized moral standards

performance management system PMS

comprises the processes and activities involved in performance appraisals

Hawthorne Studies

conducted between 1927 and 1932 led to some of the first discoveries of the importance of huma behavior in organizations

reinforcement

consequence of behavior

_____ is the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.

consideration

management teams

consist of manages from various areas they coordinate work teams

incremental innovation

continues the technical improvement and extends the applications of radical and systems innovations

unconflicted adherence

continuing with current activities if doing so does not entail serious risks

Stan is trying to implement a new organizational structure at his company. A group of key employees is resisting the change. In an attempt to "buy off" the leaders, Stan is giving them a key role in the change decision. He doesn't really value their opinion, but wants their endorsement. Stan is using the change strategy of _____.

cooptation

oganizational climate

current situations in an organization and the linkages among work groups employees and work performance

Which of the following statements best describes our understanding of the "avoidance approach" to conflict?

d. It is all right to use this approach when issues seem trivial.

In Perrow's study of the impact of technology on organization design, he considered all but which of the following elements?

d. The span of control in an organization as a whole.

The idea of placing human consideration at the center of job design is called:

d. anthropocentric.

Powerful external forces for change do not include:

d. bureaucratic guidelines.

Responsibilities of a team leader, in contrast to a manager, include:

d. hands-on skills of direct involvement and full membership in the team.

3 Problem solving and decision making are often examples of

d. two-way communication.

The Delphi technique is best suited for

decision making for groups that are difficult to bring physically together

Victor Vroom - and Philip Yetton

decision model that takes the form of tree

Janis Mann process

decision process that makes 5 assumptions - deals only with important life decisions

extinction

decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior

Mintzberg, Henry

defined basic managerial roles such as interpersonal roles - informational roles critical managerial skills

Which of the following is NOT one of the key factors in creating effective teams?

demographics

Avoidance of ______ is why most organizations develop multiple suppliers rather than give their business to only one.

dependency

theory X

described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a negative and pessimistic view of workers

theory Y

described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a positive and optimistic perspective on workers

rational approach to decision making

describes a systematic - step by step rocess

French and Raven

developed - legitimate power - reward power - coercive power -expert power and referent power

John RP French and Bertram Raven

developed a framework for studying five general bases of power in organizational change

Path goal theory of leadership

developed by Martin Evans and Robert House

Fred Fiedler

developed the contingency theory - considers the personality of the leader and the complexities of the situation

According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, goals should be _____.

difficult but attainable

A _____ leadership style, identified by House in path-goal theory, leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out.

directive

The question "To whom do you go to for information about what's going on?" is commonly asked

during a social network analysis

Jane is concerned that her company is selling products of very poor quality. However, when meeting with customers, Jane feels obligated to be positive and express confidence about the quality of the product. Jane is likely experiencing _____.

emotional dissonance

Which of the following is NOT thought to be a determinant of personality?

emotional intelligence

Six universal _____ are anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.

emotions

Tannen's research indicates that men use talk to ___, while women use it to _____.

emphasize status; create connection

A mechanistic organization

emphasizes specialization and control

According to equity theory model,

employee satisfaction is dependent on how fairly the employee believes he or she is treated in comparison to others

job enrichment

entails giving workers more tasks to perform and more control over how to perform them

defensive avoidance

entails making no changes in present activities and avoiding any further contact with associated issues because thre appears to be no hope of finding a better solution

intrapreneurship

entrepreneurial activity that takes place within the context of a large corporation

organizational environment

everything outside an organization including people other organizations economic factors objects and events that lie outside the boundaries of the organization

environmental uncertainty

exists when managers have little information about environmental events and their impact on the organization

Employees resist change most often because of the

fear of an adverse outcome

interpersonal roles

figurehead role - leader role - liasion role - are involved primarily with interactions with other people

Susan works from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day, while other employees in her office work from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. It appears that Susan's employer offers a _____ option.

flextime

All of the following are ways to become a learning organization EXCEPT

focus development efforts on senior management

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory differs from other leadership theories most clearly because it _____.

focuses on the followers

All of the following serve to sustain a culture EXCEPT _____.

formalization

The _____ stage in group development which is characterized by uncertainty.

forming

Leaders demonstrate _____ when they use language to influence followers' perceptions of the world, the meaning of events, beliefs about causes and consequences, and visions of the future.

framing

A manager trying to motivate an employee should

give ample feedback

John's performance evaluation rates him on a scale of 1 to 5 for characteristics such as job knowledge and cooperation. John's company is using a _____ performance evaluation system.

graphic rating scale

Process consultants wil

guide and coach on workflow, informal relationships, and communication

Reinforcement theory

has operant conditioning at its foundation

A team member in the role of process observer contributes by

helping the group look at how it's functioning

People in good moods use _____, or rules of thumb, to make decisions.

heuristics

Outsourcing means that a company

hires other companies to do some of its work

job design

how organizations define and structure jobs

Cognitive style is determined by

how people gather and evaluate information

job characteristics approach

identifies five motivational properties of tasks and three psychological states of people

dual structure theory

identifies motivation factors which affect satisfaction and hygiene factors which determine dissatisfaction

homogeneous group

if members are similar in one of the several traits such as age - work experience education or technical specialty or cultural background

heterogeneous group

if members of the group differ along one or more dimensions

circle network

in this type of network -each member communicates with the people on both sides but with no one else

all channel network

in this type of network all members communicate with all other members

chain network

in this type of network each member communicates with the person above and below except for the individuals on each end who each communicate with only one person

wheel network

in this type of network information flows between the person at the end of each sopke and the person in the middle

work teams

include all the people working in an area are relatively permanent and do the daily work making decisions regarding how the work of the team is done

individual processes

include individual differences -attitudes personalities perception attribution, employee motivation learning reinforcement and work stress

Results of the contingency model

inconsistent LPC lacks validity

Advances in information technology have

increased access to information and made delayering possible

What is a common result of information overload?

increased work stress

The traditional view of conflict argues that conflict _____.

indicates a malfunctioning within the group

leadership substitutes

individual task and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leaders ability to affect subordinates satisfaction and performance

The office grapevine is an example of

information communication

According to attribution theory,

information on causation is gathered on three dimensions of behavior

The boundaryless organization relies heavily on _____.

information technology

In the book Profiles of Genius, thirteen key executives were interviewed and tested and all were found to be _____ types. This result is particularly interesting because this type represents only about five percent of the population.

intuitive thinking

informational roles

involve some aspect of information processng - monitor - disseminator - spokesperson decision making entrepreneur - disturbance handler resource allocator negotiater role

Job _____ measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his or her job and considers his or her perceived performance level important to self-worth.

involvement

unconflicted change

involves making changes in present activities if doing so presents no serious risks

vigilant information processing

involves thoroughly investigating all possible alternatives weighing their costs and benefits before making a decision and developing contingency plans

technical learning

is based on conscious learning where a consciously learning method has been chosen

informal learning

is learning by imitation. normally on a uncounscious level where the learner picks up the skills by another employee who masters the skill

planning

is the process of determining the organizations desired future position and deciding how best to get there

leading

is the process of getting the organizations members to work together toward achieving the organizations goals

controlling

is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its people to keep them headed toward their goals

controlling

is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organziation and its members to keep them directed toward their goals

leading

is the process of motivating members of the organization to work together toward the organizations goals

The _____ says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about.

job characteristics model

stereotypes

judgements about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority

Job rotation is used primarily to

keep employees from getting bored

informational roles

key roles include the monitor the disseminator and the spokesperson

Vroom decision tree approach

leadership model focuses on a songle aspect of leader behavior - subordinate participation in decision making

formal learning

learning by means of rewards and punishments such as incentives bonuses or reprimands and punishment

A _____ leader has five essential qualities: (1) individual capability; (2) team skills; (3) managerial competence; (4) the ability to stimulate others to high performance; and (5) a blend of personal humility and professional will.

level-5

Groupthink is

likely to occur when the group values getting along more than getting things done

In _____ cultures, the words themselves are the primary conveyors of meaning.

low-context

Quietly continuing to do your work, even though you're dissatisfied, is an example of _____ response to dissatisfaction.

loyalty

The most important challenge facing the field of organizational behavior is

managing workforce diversity

A leader with Machiavellian tendencies would likely

manipulate others for his or her personal gain

The _____ assumption assumes that people who are different will want to assimilate.

melting-pot

A ______ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee.

mentor

Hersey Blanchard Model

model of leadership identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers

hersey and blanchard model

model that identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers

Classical conditioning is:

modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response.

accomodation

occurs when the parties goals are compatible and the interaction between groups is relatively unimportant to the goals attainment

scientific management

one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees ar emotivated by money

_____ studies behavior as it relates to concerns such as absenteeism, turnover, productivity, and performance.

organizational behavior

A strategy, or method, for increasing organizational effectiveness by bringing about planned change is called

organizational development

The contingency approach to organization design affirms that

organizations are more effective when they are structured to fit the situational demand

task versus relationship motivation

parallels job centered and initiating structure leader behavior

Theory that allows for the possibility of adapting leadership to the situation

path goal theory

type a individuals

people who are extremely competitive highly committed to work and have a strong sense of time urgency

negative affectivity

people who are generally downbeat and pessimistic see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood

short term orientation

people with focus on the past or present

Conflict must be _____ by the parties to it.

perceived

Individual level independent variables include _____.

perception

work teams

permanent groups to do normal everyday work of the team and usually make decisions about how the work of the team will be performed

individual differences

personal attributes that vary from one person to another

John Holland argues that job satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest where _____.

personality and occupation are in agreement

phases of implementation

phase 1 startup - reality and unrest - leader centered teams - tightly formed teams - self managing teams

steps in implemeting teams

planning the change - making the decision - preparing for implementation

Power granted to a person by an organization is an example of

position power

During the _____ stage of the conflict process, conditions are present that create opportunities for conflict to arise.

potential opposition or incompatibility

authority

power that has been ligitimzed with a particular social context

According to Myers-Briggs typology, a sensation-type individual is best described as someone who

prefers routine and order when gathering information

A person with a high achievement need

prefers tasks of intermediate difficulty

At an Alcoa aluminum tubing plant in upstate New York, production is organized into five departments: casting; press; tubing; finishing and inspecting, packing, and shipping. This is an example of _____ departmentalization.

process

Accounting firms, consulting firms, and hospitals are examples of

professional bureaucracies

The internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II is an example of _____.

profiling

What is considered a standard response for routine problems?

programmed decision

Max Webber

proposed the development of what he called the bureaucratic form of organization structure

fixed ratio reinforcement

provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors

fixed interval reinforcement

provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule

The _____ model is effective at describing decision-making within temporary groups, particularly those with deadlines.

punctuated-equilibrium

human organization

renis likerts approach that is based on supportive relationships participation and overlapping work groups

personal power

resides in the person regardless of the position he or she fills

Which of the following has become a significant source of workplace conflict?

rudeness and incivility

_____ describes a positive feeling about your job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.

satisfaction

least preferred coworker - LPC scale

scale that presumes to measure a leader's motivation

schedules of reinforcement

schedules that indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behaviors

The objective of effective _____ is to match individual characteristics such as ability and experience, with the requirements of the job.

selection

Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in _____.

selective perception

Manager's can increase an employee's _____ through enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and arousal.

self-efficacy

quality circles

small groups of employees from the same work area who regularly meet to discuss and recommend solutions to workplace problems

The four management functions include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

staffing

If an employee misperceives an event that occurs in the workplace, it is likely that he or she has

strong attitudes about that event

Ohio state studies

studies based on a questionairre designed to assess subordinates perceptions of ther leaders behavior

Writers, attorneys, analysts, and employees who spend the majority of their time on computers or on the telephone are natural candidates for _____.

telecommuting

Electronic communication includes all of the following EXCEPT:

telephone calls.

problem solving teams

temporary teams established to attack specific problems in the workpplace

According to Rokeach, _____ values refer to desirable end-states of existence.

terminal

influence

the ability to affect the perceptions attitudes or behaviors of others

creativity

the ability to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas

valuing diversity

the act of putting an end to the assumption that everyone who is not a member of the dominant group must assimilate

cognitive dissonance

the anxiety a person experiences when he or she siimultanously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent

cognitive dissonance

the anxiety a person experiences when he or she simultaneously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent

organizational behavior modificaiton OB mod

the application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings

strategic values

the basic beliefs about an organizations environment that shape its strategy

human relations movement

the beginning of organizational behavior was based on the assumption that employee satisfaction is a key determinant of performance

equity

the belief that one is being treated fairly in relation to others inequity is the belief that one is being treated unfairly in relation to others

authoritariansism

the belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations

general environment

the broad set of dimensions and factors within which the organization operaties including political legal sociocultural technological economic and international factors

openness

the capacity to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information

medium

the channel or path through which the message is transmitted

goal specificity

the clarity and precision of a goal

conflict stimulation

the creation and constructive use of conflict by a manager

valence

the degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person

communication fidelity

the degree of correspondence between the message intended by the source and themessage understood by the receiver

group composition

the degree of similarity or difference among group members on factors important to the groups work

risk propenjsity

the degree to which a person is willing to take chances and make risky decisions

Assertiveness is _____.

the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his/her own concerns

formalization

the degree to which rules and procedures shape the jobs and activities of employees

environmental dynamism

the degree tow hich environmental components that impinge on organizational decision making change

need for achievement

the desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than in the past

need for power

the desire to control the resources in ones' environment

organizational citizenship

the extent to which a person's behavior makes a positive overall contribution to the organization

job satisfaction

the extent to which aperson is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work

Leon Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance would be determined by all of the following EXCEPT _____.

the extent to which attitudes are widely held by society.

power distance

the extent to which less powerful persons accept the unequal distribution of power

emotional intelligence - EQ

the extent to which people are self aware can manage thier emotions can motivate themselves express empathy for others and possess social skills

locus of control

the extent to which people believe their circumstances are a function of their own actions versus external factors beyond their control

self efficacy

the extent to which people believe they can accomplish their goals even if they failed to do so in the past

collectivism

the extent to which people emphasize the good of the group or society

individualism

the extent to which people place primary value on themselves

uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which people prefer to be in unambiguous sitatuions

masculinity assertiveness or materialism

the extent to which the dominatnt values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and material goods over concern for people relationships among people and the overall quality of life

procedural justice

the extent to which the dynamics of an organizations decision making processes are judged to be fiar by those most affectied by them

goal compatibility

the extent to which the goals of more than one person or group can be achieved at the same time

person job fit

the extent to which the individuals contributions match the inducements offered by the organization

quality of work life

the extent to which workers can satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organization

verification

the final stage of the creative process in which the truthfulness of the insight is determined

verification

the final stage of the creative process in which the validity or turthfulness of the insight is determined

bounded rationality

the idea that decision makers cannot deal with information about all the aspects and alternatives pertaining to a problem and therefore choose to tackle some meaningful subset of it

source

the individual group or organization interested in communicating something to another party

job categories

the jobs in work groups are usually defined in narrow descriptions of highly specialized jobs that require minimal training

departmentalization

the manner in which divided tasks are combined and allocated to work groups

organizational technology

the mechanical and intellectual processes that transform inputs into outputs

environmental complexity

the number of invironmental components that impinge on organizational decision making

avoidance - negative reinforcement

the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior

avoidance -negative reinforcement

the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior

strategy

the plans and actions necessary to achieve organizational goals

unfreezing

the process by which people become aware of the need for change

performance measurement -

the process by which someone evaluates an employees work behaviors by measurement and comparison with previously established standards

encoding

the process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into transmittable symbols

decoding

the process by which the reciever of themessage interprets its meaning

stereotyping

the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute

decision making

the process of choosing from among several alternatives

innovation

the process of creating and doing new things that are introduced into the marketplace as products and services or processes

organizing

the process of designing jobs grupong jobs into manageable units and establishing patterns of authority amoung jobs and groups

rightsizing

the process of optimizing the size of an organizations workforce through downsizing expanding and or outsourcing

organizational development

the process of planned change and improvement of the organization through application of knowledge of the behavioral sciences

selective perception

the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts oru beliefs

transition management

the process of systematically planning organizing and implementing change

organizational socialization

the process through which emploees learn about the firm's culture and pass thier knowledge and understanding on to others

socialization

the process through which individuals become social beings

assimilation

the process through which memb ers of a minority group are forced to learn the ways of the dominant group

extraversion

the quality of being comfortable with relationships the opposite extreme introversion is characterized by more social discomfort

personality

the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one persona from another

transformational leadership

the set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change to create a vision to guide that change and to execute that change effectively

perception

the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment

organization culture

the set of values that helps the organizations employees understand which actions are considered acceptable and which unacceptable

technical skills

the skills necessary to accomplish specific tasks within the organization

jargon

the specialized or technical language of a trade profession or social group

insight

the stage in the creative process when all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation come together to produce a breakthrough

mutual acceptance group

the stage of group development that is characterized by members sharing information about themselves and getting to know each other

control and organization

the stage of group development when the group is mature members work together and are flexible adaptive and self correcting

communication and decision making

the stage of group development where members discuss their feelings more openly and agree on group goals and individual roles in the group

incubaiton

the stage of less intense conscious concentration during which a creative person lets the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop

organization behavior

the study of human behavior in organizational settings of the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself

symbolic value

the subjective and personal meaning or worth a reward has to an employee

administrative hierarchy

the system of reporting relationships in the organization from the lowest to the highest managerial levels

organization structure

the system of task reporting and authority relationships within which the organization does its work

inducements

the tangible and intangible rewards provided by organizations to individuals

group polarization

the tendency for a groups average post discussion attitudes to be more extreme than its average prediscussion attitudes

acceptance theory of authority

the theory that the managers authority depends on the subordianates acceptance of the managers right to give directives and to expect compliance with them

structural imperatives

the three structural imperatives environment, technology and size and the three primary determinants of organizational structure

Path goal theory of leadership

theory that suggests that effective leaders clarify the paths - behaviors- that will lead to desired rewards - goals

situational perspective

theory that suggests that in most organizations situations and outcomes are contingent on or influcence by other variables

michigan leadership studies

these studies defined job centered and employee centered leadership as opposite ends of a single leadership continuum

ohio state leaderships studies

these studies defined leader consideration and initating structure behaviors as independent dimensions of leadership

practical approach to decision making

this approach combines the steps of the rational approach with the conditions in the behavioral approach to create a more realistic process for making decisions in organizations

task environment

this environment includes specific organizations groups and individuals that influence the organization

vroom's decision tree approach to leadership

this model attempts to prescribe how much participation subordinates should be allowed in making decisions

PRAM model

this model guides the negotiater through the four steps of planning for agreement building relationships reaching agreements and maintaining relationships

professional bureaucracy

this structure is characterized by horizontal specialization by professional area of expertise little formalization and decentralized decision making

mechanistic structure

this structure is primarily hierarchical interactions and communications are typically vertical instructions come from the boss knowledge is concentrated at the top and loyalty and obedience are required to sustain membership

organic structure

this structure is set up like a network interactions and communications are horizontal knowledge resides where ever it is most useuful to the organization and membership requires a commitment to the organizations tasks

machine bureaucracy

this structure is typical of large well established organizations work is highly specialized and formalized and decision making is usually concentrated at the top

simple structure

this structure is typical of relatively small or new organizations and has little specialization or formalization power and decision making are concentrated in the chief executive

adhocracy

this structure is typically found in young organizations in highly technical fields within it decision making is spread throughout the organization power resides with the experts horizontal and vertical specialization exists and there is little formalization

Flextime, job sharing, and part-time work are examples of _____ for managing work-life conflicts.

time-based strategies

Piece-rate plans, merit based pay, bonuses, profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock ownership plans are all forms of _____ programs.

variable-pay

For a salesperson who is paid commission, reinforcement occurs on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

variable interval reinforcement

varies the amount of time between reinforcements

variable ratio reinforcement

varies the number of behaviors between reinforcements

The ____ is also called the network or modular organization.

virtual organization

A charismatic leader's _____ is key to follower acceptance.

vision

ideal bureaucracy

weber's model that is characterized by a hierarchy of authority and a system of rules and procedures designed to create an optimally effective system for large organizations

contributions

what the individual's contributes to an organization including effort skills ability time and loyalty

competition among groups

when the goals of the interacting groups are incompatible and the interactions are important to goal attainment

cyclic process

where the employee is doing - then reflecting then thinking then deciding and this process continues with re-doing

Which of the following groups will NOT increase as a percentage of the workforce?

white males

fred fiedler

who contends the only alternative is to change the situation through job engineering

Gerald Cavanaugh - Dennis Moberg and Manuel Velasquez

who developed a model of ethical political behavior

Gary Yukl

who developed a useful perspective for understanding how power might be used

Robert Blake and Jane srygley Mouton

who developed the Leadership grid

Max Weber

who developed the structuring the organization effectively

According to the triarchic theory of intelligence,

wisdom, street smarts, and common sense are important factors of intelligence

dysfunctional behaviors

work related behaviors that detract from organizational performance

Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as _____ cause dissatisfaction.

working conditions


Related study sets

Chapter 27: Missouri Business Conduct & Practices

View Set

general principles TABAG + AMPONGAN

View Set

health assessment prep u midterm

View Set